You’ve got problems to solve and work to do, but your existing software doesn’t quite cut it. Even with all those programs on your computer, you still need to do something different, something specific to you.

You want to do more with your computer. You want to take control.

Learning to program gives you the power to create and solve.Learning to program puts you in charge.

But, how does programming work?

Let’s look at a simple game written in Python.

Sharpen your pencil

This code is a guessing-game program. Study it carefully, and opposite each line of code in the program, write down what you think the code does. If you’re not sure what a particular line of code does, don’t worry, but try to guess anyway. One line has already been entered to get you started:

Sharpen your pencil Solution

This code is a guessing-game program. You were to write down what you think the code does.

But what are g and guess?

You might be wondering what g and guess are in the code. They are called variables and they’re used to keep track of data in the computer’s memory.

Watch it!

Be careful with = signs in code.

Programming languages use = signs for different purposes. In most languages (including Python), a double equals (==) is a test for equality. It means, “are these two things equal?” In contrast, a single equal (=) is an instruction (known as assignment) that means “set the value to.”

A variable is really just a label for data. So if the user inputs “3” at the keyboard, then guess will be set to the number 3, and whenever the computer reads guess, it will read it as the value 3.

There are two things that you will need to run the guessing-game program: an editor and an interpreter.

The editor saves the code you write into a file on your hard disk. The code (sometimes called the source code) is just text, and it can be written and read by humans.

But computers can’t process text meant for humans, at least not very well. That’s why we need a tool to translate the human-friendly source code into the binary 1s and 0s that computers do understand. That’s what an interpreter does. In this book, an interpreter called Python is used.

So we need an editor and a Python interpreter. Fortunately, Python 3 comes with a built-in application called IDLE, which does both jobs and more. IDLE enables you to write and edit Python code, it translates this code into binary form, and finally, it runs the Python 3 program. Because of this, IDLE is known as an Integrated Development Environment.

Let’s see these steps in action.

When you first start IDLE, it displays a window called the Python Shell. Select the New Window option from the Python Shell File menu, which creates a new edit window for you. Input your program code as text into this edit window and you’ll be on your way.

The next step is to prepare your program code for execution. To do this, select File → Save from the menu to save your program code to a file. Choose an appropriate name for your program.

Python programs are usually saved in files that end with .py, so let’s call this program game.py.

It doesn’t really matter to IDLE which directory you save the file in. Some coders like to create special directories for each new programming project. But for now, just save the code in some directory that’s easy to remember.

Now, let’s see what happens when we run the program.

Test Drive

To run the program, you need to make sure that the edit window for the game.py program code is selected. Each time you run (or rerun) the program, you need to click on the IDLE edit window and choose the Run Module option from the Run menu. The word module is a name that IDLE uses to refer to your program code.

Here’s what happens when you run the code:

Congratulations! The program works.

Each time you run the code, it displays a “Welcome!” message, accepts input from the keyboard, and then tells us whether or not we guessed the right answer. That means the program is accepting input, it’s processing the data, and then it generates output.

The program needs to do more.

At the moment, the guessing game tells the user whether his guess is right or wrong, but nothing more than that. It might be more helpful if the program displayed more informative messages, such as whether the guess is higher or lower than the correct answer. That would help the user to hone in on the right answer the next time the program is run.

We can do this by changing the code. But in what way?

Sharpen your pencil

You need to decide what messages should be displayed to the user. Below is a table showing some typical values the user might enter. What do you think the message should say?

Sharpen your pencil Solution

You needed to decide what messages should be displayed to the user. Below is a table showing some typical values the user might enter. What did you think the message should say?

You could create a program that was simply a list of commands. But you almost never will. This is because a simple list of commands can only be run in one direction. It’s just like driving down a straight piece of road: there’s really only one way of doing it.

But programs need to be much smarter than that.

Programs need to do different things under different circumstances. In the game, the code displays “You win!” if the user guesses the number correctly, and “You lose!” if not. This means that all programs, even really simple programs, typically have multiple paths through them.

A path refers to the set of instructions that the computer will actually follow (or execute). Your code is like a street network, with lots of sections of code connected together just like the streets in a city. When you drive through a city, you make decisions as to which streets you drive down by turning left or right at different intersections. It’s the same for a program. It also needs to make decisions from time to time as to which path to take, but for your code, it is not like driving along a road, it’s executing a particular path.

Let’s look in more detail at how a program decides which path to take.

Driving down a street is easy. You need to make a decision only when you get to an intersection. It’s the same for your program. When a program has a list of commands, it can blindly execute them one after another. But sometimes, your program needs to make a decision. Does it run this piece of code or that piece of code?

These decision points are called branches, and they are the road intersections in your code.

Your program makes a decision using a branch condition. A branch condition has the value true or false. If the branch condition is true, it runs the code on the true branch. And if the branch condition is false, it runs the code on the false branch.

You need to amend the game program to give more informative messages to the user.

But what will the paths in the program look like?

Race Track Construction Kit

The countdown’s started on the Codeville Grand Prix. The cars have arrived, they’re warming their tires on the grid, and the race is about to start. Can you assemble the track so that it displays the right feedback message? Note that you might not need all the pieces of track.

Number entered	Feedback message
3	Too low
5	You win!
7	Too high
8	Too high

Race Track Construction Kit Solution

The countdown’s started on the Codeville Grand Prix. The cars have arrived, they’re warming their tires on the grid, and the race is about to start. Were you able to assemble the track so that it displays the right feedback message?

Number entered	Feedback message
3	Too low
5	You win!
7	Too high
8	Too high

The solution’s mapped out, and now we know that the program code will need to have paths that match this:

But isn’t there a problem here? In the design there are many interconnecting paths, but so far, we have only written code that contains just one branch:

if guess == 5:
    print("You win!")
else:
    print("You lose!")

In the new code, we will need to connect two branches together. We need the second branch to appear on the false path of the first.

So how do you connect branches together in Python?

The code inside the if and else statements is indented. This isn’t just to make the code pretty. In Python, indents matter. Let’s consider a different piece of example code: something that will decide if you can drive downtown. Python uses indents to connect a sequence of commands together to form paths.

So how do you connect branches together? You simply indent the second branch in by one more level.

You should now have enough information to go fix the code, but before we do that, let’s take a look at how IDLE helps you indent code.

IDLE ...at a glance

You’ll be using IDLE to enter all of the Python code in this book, so it’s worth taking a little time to familiarize yourself with a few of its features.

Even though IDLE looks like a simple editor, it’s actually packed full of smarts that will make Python programming much easier and faster for you. It’s worth spending some time exploring IDLE’s menus and help system, but for now here’s a few handy hints to help you feel at home.

Pool Puzzle

Your task is to take the Python code fragments from the pool and place them into the blank lines in the game. You may not use the same code fragment more than once, and you won’t need to use all the code fragments. Your goal is to complete the guessing game program.

Hint: Don’t forget to indent.

print("Welcome!")
g = input("Guess the number: ")
guess = int(g)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Note: each code fragment from the pool can be used only once!

Pool Puzzle Solution

Your task was to take the Python code fragments from the pool and place them into the blank lines in the game. You could not use the same code fragment more than once, and you didn’t need to use all the code fragments. Your goal was to complete the guessing game program.

Hint: Don’t forget to indent.

Test Drive

So, what happens if you run the new version of the program?

Let’s try a few tests. Remember, you will need to switch back to the program window for each run and choose Run module from the menu.

The program works! But, are the users any happier?

The users still don’t like it.

The program works, and now generates extra feedback, but there’s a problem. If the users want to have another guess, they have to run the program again. They really want the program to keep asking them for another guess until they finally get the correct answer.

Can you see what the problem is?

How do we get the computer to do something repeatedly? Should we just make a copy of the code and paste it at the end of the file? That would make sure the user is asked twice. But what if they need to make 3 guesses? Or 4 guesses? Or 10,000 guesses? What about the case where the guess is correct?

The guessing game program needs to be able to run some code repeatedly.

Programs often need to keep running the same piece of code many times. In addition to branches, programming languages also provide loops.

Loops are a little like branches. Just like branches, loops have a condition (the loop condition) that is either true or false. Also, like the if part of branches, if the loop condition is true, then a loop will run a given piece of code. For a branch, this code is called the body. For a loop, it’s called the loop body.

The big difference between a loop and a branch is how many times it runs the code associated with it. A branch will run its code only once. But a loop will run the loop body, then check the loop condition again and, if it’s still true, it will run the loop body again. And again. And again. In fact, it will keep running the loop body until the loop condition becomes false.

Programming languages have lots of different ways of creating loops, but one of the simplest ways in Python is to use a while loop. Here’s an example:

This is what the loop looks like when you write it as a Python while loop. The code keeps asking the question “Are we there?” until the user types something other than no. This is what it looks like when it runs:

Did you notice that you had to set the value of the answer variable to something sensible before you started the loop? This is important, because if the answer variable doesn’t already have the value no, the loop condition would have been false and the code in the loop body would never have run at all.

Bear that in mind. It might be useful in this next exercise...

Long Exercise

Now, it’s time to apply your programming mojo. Be warned: this exercise is kind of tricky. You need to rewrite your game program so it keeps running until the user guesses the correct answer. You will need to use all of the things you’ve learned in this chapter. You will need to work out the conditions for each of the branches and loops that are required.

Remember: the program needs to keep asking the user for an answer while the current guess is wrong.

Hint: If you need to test that two things have different values, use the != operator.

Note

This is the “not equal to” operator.

Ready Bake Code

If you add these two lines of code to the top of your program:

from random import randint
secret = randint(1, 10)

The secret variable will be set to a random number between 1 and 10. Modify your program from the facing page so that instead of the answer always being 5, it will instead use a random number from 1 to 10 as the answer.

Long Exercise Solution

You needed to rewrite your game program so it keeps running until the user guesses the correct answer. You needed to use all of the things you’ve learned in this chapter. You needed to work out the conditions for each of the branches and loops that are required.

Hint: If you need to test that two things have different values, use the != operator.

Ready Bake Code

If you add these two lines of code to the top of your program:

from random import randint
secret = randint(1, 10)

The secret variable will be set to a random number between 1 and 10. You were to modify your program from the facing page so that instead of the answer always being 5, it will instead use a random number from 1 to 10 as the answer.

Test Drive

So, what happens when you run the new version of your program?

Your users love the program.

And you created it all yourself. By carefully analyzing the problem, deciding what the feedback needed to be, and working out the intricate looping and branching logic, you’ve created something that really rocks.

Well done. You’re on your way to becoming a real code jockey.

You’ve got Chapter 1 under your belt. Let’s look back at what you’ve learned so far.