Top left: A young engineer standing in the influent sewage pipe during construction of upgrades to the Fort Wayne, Indiana wastewater treatment facility. Source: Courtesy of Donohue & Associates/Stacy Cooke.
Top right: September 2, 2005—A staging area for rescue operations in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the flooding caused by hurricane Katrina. Source: Courtesy of FEMA/Joscelin Augustino.
Bottom: A portion of the Big Dig project in Boston, under construction. Source: Courtesy of Massachusetts Department of Transportation.
| VICE PRESIDENT & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER | Don Fowley |
| ACQUISITIONS EDITOR | Jennifer Welter |
| ASSISTANT EDITOR | Alexandra Spicehandler |
| EDITORIAL ASSISTANT | Samantha Mandel |
| MARKETING MANAGER | Christopher Ruel |
| MEDIA EDITOR | Thomas Kulesa |
| PHOTO RESEARCHER | Sheena Goldstein |
| SENIOR PRODUCTION MANAGER | Janis Soo |
| ASSOCIATE PRODUCTION MANAGER | Joyce Poh |
| ASSISTANT PRODUCTION EDITOR | Yee Lyn Song |
| COVER DESIGNER | Seng Ping Ngieng |
This book was set in 10/12 Palatino-Times Roman by Laserwords Private Limited and printed and bound by Hamilton Printing Company. The cover was printed by Hamilton Printing Company.
This book is printed on acid free paper.∞
Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Penn, Michael R., 1964-
Introduction to infrastructure : an introduction to civil and environmental engineering / Michael R. Penn, Philip J. Parker.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-41191-9 (pbk.)
1. Civil engineering. 2. Environmental engineering. I. Parker, Philip J., 1971- II. Title.
TA147.P46 2012
624–dc23
2011029037
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1