Notes
Chapter 1
1 Professor Anil Gupta, Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, personal interview with Simone Ahuja, January 9, 2009.
2 Mansukh Prajapati, personal interview with Simone Ahuja, January 9, 2009.
3 “Infrastructure 2011.” Urban Land Institute and Ernst & Young, 2011.
4 “Forbes Lists Top Seven ‘Rural Indians.’ ” [http://news.in.msn.com/business/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4579411]. November 15, 2010.
5 “Stretching the Rupee to the Maximum.” [http://indiandream.blogspot.com/2007/05/stretching-rupee-to-maximum.html]. May 4, 2007.
6 V. Muniz, “Campana Brothers.” [http://bombsite.com/issues/102/articles/3040]. 2008.
7 Segal, A. “China's Innovation Wall: Beijing's Push for Homegrown Technology.” Foreign Affairs, September 28, 2010.
8 Daniels, S. “Making Do. Innovation in Kenya's Informal Economy.” [http://www.analoguedigital.com/docs/makingdo-download-lores.pdf]. 2010.
9 Neuwirth, R. “The Shadow Superpower.” Foreign Policy, October 28, 2011.
10 In the MacGyver TV series popular in the late 1980s, the resourceful secret agent MacGyver carries no gun and relies purely on ingenuity to solve complex problems using whatever limited resources he has at hand—usually duct tape and a Swiss Army knife.
11 “Cyrus McCormick.” [http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/mccormick.html]. “The 20th Century Transformation of U.S. Agriculture and Farm Policy.” United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Information Bulletin, June 2005.
12 Bellis, M. “Cyrus McCormick—the Reaper.” [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmccormick.htm].
13 Inventors and Inventions, Vol. 4. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish, 2008.
14 “Cyrus McCormick.” [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/mccormick_hi.html].
15 “Benjamin Franklin, Entrepreneur.” [http://www.benfranklin300.org/etc_article_entrepreneur.htm].
16 “Franklin Stove.” [http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/franklin.html].
17 Bellis, M. “The Inventions and Scientific Achievements of Benjamin.” [http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventors/ss/Franklin_invent_2.htm].
18 Franklin, B. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: 1706–1757. Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 2008.
19 Jaruzelski, B., Loehr, J., and Holman, R. “The Global Innovation 1000: Why Culture Is Key.” strategy+business, Winter 2011.
20 Jaruzelski, B., Dehoff, K., and Bordi, R. “The Booz Allen Hamilton Global Innovation 1000: Money Isn't Everything.” strategy+business, Winter 2005.
21 Key Industry Facts About PhRMA. [http://www.phrma.org/about/key-industry-facts-about-phrma].
22 Hirschler, B. “ ‘Last Chance’ for Sickly Pharma to Deliver on R&D.” [http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/10/pharmaceuticals-rd-idUSLDE71912R20110210]. February 10, 2011.
23 Schaper, E. V. “How Novartis Plans to Avoid the ‘Patent Cliff.’ ” [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/how-novartis-plans-to-avoid-the-patent-cliff-08042011.html]. August 4, 2011.
24 “Contribution of the Automotive Industry to the Economies of All Fifty States and the United States.” [http://www.cargroup.org/pdfs/association_paper.pdf]. April 2010.
25 Gardner, G. “GM Cars: Good December Sales Can't Make Up for Poor 2010.” Christian Science Monitor, January 5, 2011.
26 Isidore, C. “Big Three Want More Money in Bailout.” [http://money.cnn.com/2008/12/02/news/companies/automakers_plans/index.htm]. December 4, 2008.
27 Bunkley, N. “G.M. Repays U.S. Loan, While Chrysler Posts Improved Quarterly Results.” New York Times, April 21, 2010; “The U.S. Motor Vehicle Industry: Confronting a New Dynamic in the Global Economy.” Congressional Research Service, March 26, 2010.
28 “Six Sigma: So Yesterday?” [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_24/b4038409.htm]. June 11, 2007.
29 Pascale, R., Sternin, J., and Sternin, M. The Power of Positive Deviance: How Unlikely Innovators Solve the World's Toughest Problem. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2010.
30 Gladwell, M. Outliers. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company, 2008.
31 Hindo, B. “At 3M, a Struggle Between Efficiency and Creativity.” Bloomberg Businessweek, June 11, 2007.
32 Tellis, G., Prabhu, J., and Chandy. R. “Radical Innovation Across Nations: The Preeminence of Corporate Culture.” Journal of Marketing, 2003, 73(1), 3–23.
33 McDonald, B. “Touching Lives, Improving Life: Why Innovation Matters and How to Make It Work.” [http://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/company/purpose_people/touching_lives_improving_life.pdf]. December 2008.
34 Jana, R. “Facebook's Design Strategy: A Status Update.” [http://designmind.frogdesign.com/articles/facebook-s-design-strategy-a-status-update.html].
35 Kirkpatrick, D. “Social Power and the Coming Corporate Revolution.” Forbes, September 26, 2011, p. 72.
36 “Capitalizing on Complexity. Insights from the 2010 IBM Global CEO Study.” [http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/ceo/ceostudy2010/].
37 Stangler, D., and Litan, R.E. “Where Will the Jobs Come From?” Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, November 2009.
38 Censky, A. “Poverty Rate Rises in America.” [http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/13/news/economy/poverty_rate_income/index.htm]. September 13, 2011.
39 “The Great American Divide.” Time, October 10, 2011, p. 29.
40 Wolf, Z. B., and Arnall, D. “Debt Debate for Dummies: Six Keys to Understanding the Issue.” ABC News, July 8, 2011.
41 Kirkup, J. “Britain's National Debt to Reach £1.4 Trillion Under 2009 Budget.” Telegraph, April 22, 2009.
42 Koch, W. “Global Warming Raises Water Shortage Risks in One-Third of U.S. Counties.” USA Today, July 20, 2010.
43 Palmer, K. “Why Gen Y May Be Too Frugal.” US News and World Report, March 2, 2011.
44 May, M. “Hispanics Expected to be State's Majority by 2042: Alameda County to Have Top Proportion of Asian Americans.” San Francisco Chronicle, July 10, 2007, p. C1.
45 Pink, D. Free Agent Nation: The Future of Working for Yourself. New York: Business Plus, 2002.
46 “World Energy Outlook 2011.” International Energy Agency, 2011.
47 The acronym BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) was coined by former Goldman Sachs chief economist Jim O'Neill in a 2001 paper entitled “The World Needs Better Economic BRICs.”
48 Wilson, D., and Purushothaman, R. “Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050.” Global Economics Paper No. 99, Goldman Sachs, October 1, 2003.
49 “Ernst & Young Rapid Growth Markets Forecast (RGMF).” [http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Ernst-and-Young-Rapid-Growth-Markets-Forecast]. October 24, 2011.
50 “South Asia: India.” [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html]. October 21, 2011.
51 Dr. Liu Jiren, chairman and CEO, Neusoft, personal interview with Navi Radjou, September 15, 2011.
52 Abi Naha, CEO, Zone V, personal interview with Navi Radjou, June 23, 2011.
53 The Best Buy–supported television series Indique: Big Ideas from Emerging India ran on PBS stations in 2010.
Chapter 2
1 “Access to Electricity.” [http://www.iea.org/weo/electricity.asp]. 2010.
2 Tulsi Tanti, chairman and managing director, Suzlon Energy, personal interview with Navi Radjou, November 14, 2011.
3 Doing Business in a More Transparent World. Economy Profile: India. Washington, DC: The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, 2012.
4 Doing Business in South Asia 2007. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2007.
5 Rural Roads. A Lifeline for Villages in India. The World Bank, 2000.
6 Majumdar, B. “India's Poor Healthcare a Threat to Growth: Report.” [http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/09/16/idINIndia-42468920090916]. September 16, 2009.
7 Granito, A. “80% of Indians Live on Less Than $2 a Day: WB.” [http://www.livemint.com/articles/2007/10/16235421/80-of-Indians-live-on-less-th.html]. October 16, 2007.
8 “Population Below Poverty Line.” The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html].
9 Ratemo, J. “Airtel Kenya Unveils New Online Payment System.” Business Daily, November 4, 2011; “High Costs Keep Patients Out of Hospitals.” Xinhua News Agency. November 23, 2004.
10 “The Difference Defines Us: The DNA of the Entrepreneur.” Exceptional, Ernst & Young, July-December 2011.
11 Radjou, N., Prabhu, J., Kaipa, P., and Ahuja, S. “How Reframers Unleash Innovation in Their Companies (And Beyond).” [http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/07/how_reframers_are_unleashing_a.html]. July 13, 2010.
12 Dr. Prasad Kaipa, CEO coach, personal interview with Navi Radjou, November 3, 2011.
13 Radjou, N., Prabhu, J., Kaipa, P., and Ahuja, S. “How to Ignite Creative Leadership in Your Organization.” [http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/05/how_to_ignite_creative_leaders.html]. May 19, 2010.
14 Comments collected from Professor Anil Gupta, who spoke at “Innovation in India and China. How to Create Value from Emerging Markets”—a conference hosted by the Centre for India & Global Business at Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, on May 19–20, 2009.
15 Thakor, P. “Villager from Guwahati Gave MIT Tech Ideas.” DNA, December 10, 2010.
16 We collected initial details on Enrique Gómez Junco and his company Optima Energía through our interview with Fernando Fabre, president of Endeavor—a non-profit organization that provides mentorship and strategic advice to high-impact jugaad entrepreneurs such as Junco around the world. Additional details were provided later by Junco himself.
17 “IFC Investment in Optima Energía Supports Energy Efficiency in Mexico's Hotel Sector.” Press release from International Finance Corporation, October 21, 2009.
18 “Our Entrepreneurs. Enrique Gómez Junco.” [http://www.endeavor.org/entrepreneurs/enrique-gomez-junco/169].
19 “Mexico: Optima Energia's Novel Business Model Helps Mexican Hotels Reduce Energy Costs.” [http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/gms.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/CaseStudyOptima/$FILE/Optima.pdf]. 2010.
20 “Infosys and Wharton School Announce the Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Awards 2006 for North America and Latin America.” [http://wwwstage.wharton.upenn.edu/whartonfacts/news_and_events/newsreleases/2006/p_2006_11_570.html]. November 13, 2006.
21 “I.M.F. Slashes Growth Outlook for U.S. and Europe.” [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/business/global/imf-slashes-growth-outlook-for-us-and-europe.html]. September 20, 2011.
22 Edgerton, J. “Automakers Agree to 54 MPG Standard.” CBS MoneyWatch, July 29, 2011.
23 Elliott, L., and Kollewe, J. “Germany Faces Up to Problem of Ageing Workforce.” [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/17/new-europe-germany-retirement-pensions-exports]. March 17, 2011.
24 Water Scarcity and Climate Change: Growing Risks for Businesses and Investors. A Ceres Report authored by the Pacific Institute, February 2009.
25 Hamel, G. The Future of Management. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2008.
26 Stelter, B., and Vega, T. “Ad Money Reliably Goes to Television.” New York Times, August 7, 2011.
27 Richardson, A. Innovation X: Why a Company's Toughest Problems Are Its Great Advantage. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.
28 Menkes, J. Better Under Pressure. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2011.
29 Overby, C. S. The Essentials of Consumer-Driven Innovation. Best Practices Report, Forrester Research, May 26, 2006.
30 Neff, J. “P&G's Buzz-Building Networks Thrive in Age of Social Media.” Ad Age, October 10, 2011.
31 “New Procter & Gamble Survey of Moms Shows Teens Need More Input from Their Parents When It Comes to Spending.” New York Times, September 8, 2011.
32 Fleschner, M. “Best Friends.” [http://www.sellingpower.com/magazine/article.php?i=1168&ia=6273].
33 Hagel, J. III, Brown, J. S., and Davison, L. “Shaping Strategy in a World of Constant Disruption.” Harvard Business Review, October 2008.
34 “Salesforce.com Announces Fiscal Second Quarter Results.” [http://www.salesforce.com/company/news-press/press-releases/2011/08/110818.jsp]. August 18, 2011.
35 “Salesforce.com Announces Fiscal Third Quarter Results.” [http://www.salesforce.com/company/news-press/press-releases/2011/11/111117.jsp]. November 17, 2011.
36 Hardy, Q. “A Leader in the Cloud Gains Rivals.” New York Times, December 11, 2011.
37 Ried, S., and Kisker, H. Sizing the Cloud. Forrester Research report, April 21, 2011.
38 “Why Is Behind the Cloud a Great Book for These Times?” [http://www.salesforce.com/behindthecloud/].
39 “Psychological Capital: What Lies Beneath.” Rotman Magazine, Fall 2008.
40 “Meeting of Minds.” [http://www.danonecommunities.com/en/content/meeting-minds].
41 Radjou, N., and Kaipa, P. “Do Multinationals Really Understand Globalization?” [http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/aug2010/gb2010086_282527.htm]. August 6, 2010.
42 “Developing Employees' Autonomy and Efficiency.” [http://www.danone.com/en/axes-strategiques/developing-employees-autonomy-and-efficiency.html].
43 Global Knowledge Management at Danone. Case No. 9-608-107. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 2008; Shanine, K., Buchko, A., and Wheeler, A. R. “International Human Resource Management Practices from a Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective: An Exploratory Investigation.” International Journal of Business and Social Science, April 2011, 2(6).
44 “Our Values.” [http://www.danone.com/en/company/values.html].
45 Barclay's “Back to School” Consumer Conference—Transcript.[http://finance.danone.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=95168&p=irol-presentations]. September 7, 2011; “Sustainable Development.” [http://finance.danone.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=95168&p=irol-presentations].September 7, 2011; “Sustainable Development.” [http://www.danone.com/en/sustainable-development.html].
46 “2010 Growth First—Interview with Franck Riboud, CEO of Danone.” [http://www.danone.com/en/company/strategy.html].
47 The Dannon Company: Marketing and Corporate Social Responsibility. Case No. 9-410-121. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 2010.
48 Maney, K., Hamm, S., and O'Brien, J. M. Making the World Work Better—the Ideas That Shaped a Century and a Company. Upper Saddle River, NJ: IBM Press, 2011.
49 Goldman, D. “HP Decides to Keep Its PC Business.” CNNMoney, October 27, 2011.
50 Lohr, S. “Even a Giant Can Learn to Run.” [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/01/business/how-samuel-palmisano-of-ibm-stayed-a-step-ahead-unboxed.html]. December 31, 2011.
51 “Samuel J. Palmisano. Computer History Museum.” [http://www.ibm.com/ibm100/us/en/lectures/what_changes_and_what_endures.html]. August 4, 2011.
52 Pierson, R. “New Pfizer CEO Slashes R&D to Save 2012 Forecast.” Reuters, February 2, 2011; Krauskopf, L. “Pfizer R&D Chief Upbeat Despite Smaller Budget.” Reuters, March 31, 2011.
53 Krauskopf, L., and Nagaraju, B. “Pfizer to Sell Biosimilar Insulins in Biocon Deal.” Reuters, October 18, 2010.
54 “A Century of Innovation.” [http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_WW/History/3M/Company/century-innovation/].
55 Goetz, K. “How 3M Gave Everyone Days Off and Created an Innovation Dynamo.” [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1663137/how-3m-gave-everyone-days-off-and-created-an-innovation-dynamo]. Feburary 1, 2011.
56 Hindo, B. “At 3M, a Struggle Between Efficiency and Creativity.” Bloomberg Businessweek, June 11, 2007.
57 Ibid.
58 Salter, C. “The Nine Passions of 3M's Mauro Porcini.” Fast Company, October 2011, p. 128.
59 Mauro Porcini, head of global strategic design, 3M, personal interview with Simone Ahuja and Navi Radjou, October 7, 2011.
60 Ibid.
61 Ibid.
62 Marc Gunther, M. “3M's Innovation Revival.” [http://money.cnn.com/2010/09/23/news/companies/3m_innovation_revival.fortune/index.htm]. September 24, 2010.
63 Jaruzelski B., Loehr, J., and Holman, R. “The Global Innovation 1000 Why Culture Is Key.” [http://www.strategy-business.com/article/11404?pg=all]. October 25, 2011.
Chapter 3
1 Farber, D. “GE CEO Jeff Immelt: India, Globalization and the Economics of Scarcity.” ZDNet, July 6, 2007.
2 Gustavo Grobocopatel, CEO, Los Grobo, email exchange with Navi Radjou, September 26, 2011.
3 “The World Factbook. Field Listing: Land Use.” [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html]
4 Los Grobo: Farming's Future? Case No. 9-511-088. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 2010.
5 “Entrepreneurs Speak Out. A Call to Action for G20 Governments. Country Digest: Argentina.” Report produced by Ernst & Young for the G20 Young Entrepreneur Summit, October 2011.
6 “Entrepreneurs Speak Out. A Call to Action for G20 Governments. Country Digest: Africa.” Report produced by Ernst & Young for the G20 Young Entrepreneur Summit, October 2011.
7 “India Lags China in R&D Spending: Sibal.” Financial Express, March 13, 2008.
8 2001 Talent Shortage Survey Results. ManpowerGroup, 2011.
9 Zeng, M., and Williamson, P. J. Dragons at Your Door: How Chinese Cost Innovation Is Disrupting Global Competition. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2007.
10 Mas, I., and Radcliffe, D. “Mobile Payments Go Viral: M-PESA in Kenya.” Capco Institute Journal of Financial Transformation, 2011, 32.
11 Hughes, N., and Lonie, S. “M-PESA: Mobile Money for the ‘Unbankd.’ ” Innovations, Special Edition for the GSMA Mobile World Congress 2009, MIT Press, 2009.
12 Strategic Outsourcing at Bharti Airtel Limited. Case No. 9-107-003. Harvard Business School. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 2006.
13 Dholakia, R. R., Anwar, S. F., and Hasan, K. (Eds.). Marketing Practices in Developing Economy: Cases from South Asia. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning, 2010.
14 Prahalad, C. K. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2004.
15 FAQs. Hapinoy website. [http://hapinoy.com/faqs.html].
16 Weinstein, J. “Awakening a ‘Sleeping Giant,’ Microfranchise as a Distribution Platform.” [http://www.nextbillion.net/blog/awakening-a-sleeping-giant]. February 15, 2011.
17 Bam Aquino, president, MicroVentures Inc., personal interview with Navi Radjou, September 16, 2011.
18 Doggett, S. “Low Cost ‘Revolo’ Hybridization Kit Could Boost India's Presence in Gas-Electric Arena.” Autoobserver.com, September 13, 2010.
19 Ravi Pandit, CEO, KPIT Cummins Infosystems, personal interview with Simone Ahuja and Navi Radjou, January 5, 2010.
20 “Trailblazers, Shapers and Innovators—Model of Success from the Community of Global Growth Companies.” The World Economic Forum, 2011.
21 John, S., and Sood, V. “Cleaner, Greener, Cheaper.” Mint, July 29, 2010.
22 Steen, M. “Portable Baby Warmer Goes from Classroom Project to Nascent Organization.” Stanford Business Magazine, Autumn 2011.
23 “Embrace—How It Works.” [http://embraceglobal.org/main/product?section=howitworks].
24 Jane Chen, CEO, Embrace, personal interview with Navi Radjou, September 2, 2011.
25 Schrage, M. “Procurement's Best-Priced Deal May Stifle.” [http://blogs.hbr.org/schrage/2011/12/killing-innovation-in-the-proc.html]. December 1, 2011.
26 Berfield, S. “Hip Eyewear: Warby Parker's New Spectacles.” Bloomberg Businessweek, June 30, 2011.
27 John Maeda, president of the Rhode Island School of Design, personal interview with Navi Radjou, November 1, 2011.
28 Bradner, L. Five Ways CPG Marketers Are Fighting the Recession. Forrester Research report, July 16, 2009.
29 Redefining the Future of Growth: The New Sustainability Champions. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2011.
30 Ramón Mendiola Sánchez, CEO of Florida Ice & Farm Co., personal interview with Navi Radjou, December 19, 2011.
31 “Special Report—the Race to the Modern 5,000 Euro Car.” [http://www.autobrief.com/autobrief/?lng=en-us&mode=art_one&aid=635&rid=0]. June 5, 2007.
32 Ghosh, R. “Ghosn Back to Praising ‘Frugal Engg.’ ” DNA, October 30, 2007; Sehgal, V., Dehoff, K., and Panneer, G. “The Importance of Frugal Engineering.” strategy+business, Summer 2010.
33 Welch, D. “The Leaner Baby Boomer Economy.” Bloomberg Businessweek, July 23, 2009.
34 Binkley, C. “Beyond Bridal: Vera Wang's New Look.” Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2011.
35 Byron, E. “As Middle Class Shrinks, P&G Marketing Aims High and Low.” Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2011.
36 McGregor, J. “GE: Reinventing Tech for the Emerging World.” Bloomberg Businessweek, April 17, 2008.
37 Huston, L., and Sakkab, N. “Connect and Develop: Inside Procter & Gamble's New Model for Innovation.” Harvard Business Review, March 2011.
38 Indra Nooyi, chairman and CEO, PepsiCo Inc., personal interview with Navi Radjou, January 21, 2010.
39 Jana, R. “India's Next Global Export: Innovation.” Bloomberg Businessweek, December 2, 2009.
40 PepsiCo 2010 Annual Report. [http://pepsico.com/Download/PepsiCo_Annual_Report_2010_Full_Annual_Report.pdf].
41 Ibid.
42 York, E. B. “Dr. Mehmood Khan Taking on the PepsiCo Nutritional Challenge.” Chicago Tribune, June 20, 2011.
43 Tanmaya Vats, head of Global Value Innovation Center, PepsiCo Inc., personal interview with Navi Radjou and Jaideep Prabhu, October 3, 2011.
44 “PepsiCo: Our Commitment to Sustainable Agriculture Practices.” [http://pepsico.com/Download/PepsiCo_agri_0531_final.pdf].
45 Ibid.
46 Radjou, N., and Prabhu, J. “PepsiCo and GE Are Innovating in India.” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 9, 2010.
47 “Frito-Lay Unveils ‘Near Net Zero’ Manufacturing Facility.” [http://www.pepsico.com/PressRelease/Frito-Lay-Unveils-Near-Net-Zero-Manufacturing-Facility10052011.html]. October 5, 2011.
Chapter 4
1 Sinha, K. “India's Diabetes Burden to Cross 100 Million by 2030.” Times of India, December 14, 2011.
2 Dr. V. Mohan, chairman of Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, personal interview with Simone Ahuja, December 15, 2008.
3 Dr. Harish Hande, founder, SELCO, personal interview with Simone Ahuja, December 23, 2008.
4 Abrar, P. “Solar Entrepreneur Harish Hande's Solar Electric Light Company Taps Rural Schools, Homes.” Economic Times, December 16, 2011.
5 Ravi Kant, nonexecutive vice chairman, Tata Motors, personal interview with Jaideep Prabhu and Navi Radjou, June 18, 2010.
6 A K Bhattacharya. “Singur to Sanand.” Business Standard, August 6, 2011.
7 Baggonkar, S. “Tata Motors Goes on Nano Overdrive.” Business Standard, November 10, 2011.
8 Zeng, M., and Williamson, P. J. Dragons at Your Door: How Chinese Cost Innovation Is Disrupting Global Competition. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2007.
9 Zhang, R. “Creating New Business Models.” [http://www.daonong.com/g/2011EN/Columns/20110915/32691.html]. September 15, 2011.
10 Ibid.
11 Colvin, G. “Zhang Ruimin: Management's Next Icon.” Fortune, July 25, 2011.
12 Madden, N. “Why It's OK to Wash Potatoes in a Washing Machine.” Ad Age, February 3, 2010.
13 Backaler, J. “Haier: A Chinese Company That Innovates.” Forbes, June 17, 2010.
14 Professor Carol Dweck, Stanford University, personal interview with Navi Radjou, September 9, 2011.
15 Dweck, C. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Random House, 2006.
16 Dr. Prasad Kaipa, CEO coach and leadership expert, personal interview with Navi Radjou, November 3, 2011; Kaipa, P. “The Flip Side of Signature Strength.” SiliconIndia, April 2007.
17 Shashank Samant, president, GlobalLogic, personal interview with Navi Radjou, August 17, 2011.
18 Doreen Lorenzo, president, frog, personal interview with Navi Radjou, August 24, 2011.
19 Hammond, A., Kramer, W. J., Tran, J., Katz, R., and Walker, C. “The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid.” [http://www.wri.org/publication/the-next-4-billion]. March 2007.
20 Pfeiffer, P., Massen, S., and Bombka, U. “Serving the Low-Income Consumer: How to Tackle This Mostly Ignored Market.” [http://www.atkearney.com/index.php/Publications/serving-the-low-income-consumer.html].
21 Prahalad, C. K. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2004.
22 Christensen, C. The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1997.
23 Khaliq, A. A., and Thompson, D. M. “The Impact of Hospital CEO Turnover in U.S. Hospitals.” Final Report prepared for the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE), February 2006.
24 “Majority of American Workers Not Engaged in Their Jobs.” [http://www.gallup.com/poll/150383/majority-american-workers-not-engaged-jobs.aspx]. October 28, 2011.
25 Hardy, Q. “Google's Innovation—and Everyone's?” Forbes, July 16, 2011.
26 Harford, T. Adapt: Why Success Always Starts with Failure. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.
27 Zhang, L. R&D at Huawei. Beijing, China: China Machine Press, 2009.
28 Hardy, Q. “Google's Innovation—and Everyone's?”
29 Hemp, P., and Stewart, T. A. “Leading Change When Business Is Good.” Harvard Business Review, December 2004.
30 Palmisano, S. “Our Values at Work on Being an IBMer.” IBM website. [http://www.ibm.com/ibm/values/us/].
31 Lohr, S. “Can Apple Find More Hits Without Its Tastemaker?” [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/19/technology/companies/19innovate.html]. January 18, 2011.
32 Battelle, J. “The 70 Percent Solution.” Business 2.0, December 1, 2005.
33 Kirkpatrick, M. “Leader of Google Maps to Launch Multiple New Mobile Apps Inside Google.” New York Times, January 14, 2011.
34 Radjou, N., Prabhu, J., Kaipa, P., and S. Ahuja. “Indian Tales of Inclusive Business Models.” Harvard Business Review Blog, January 5, 2011.
35 Kal Patel, partner at VantagePoint Capital Partners and former president, Asia, Best Buy, personal interview with Navi Radjou and Simone Ahuja, August 11, 2011.
36 Hamm, S. “Big Blue's Global Lab.” Bloomberg Businessweek, August 27, 2009.
37 Radjou, N., Prabhu, J., Kaipa, P., and S. Ahuja. “The New Arithmetic of Collaboration.” Harvard Business Review Blog, November 4, 2010.
38 Levy, S. “Jeff Bezos Owns the Web in More Ways Than You Think.” Wired, December 2011.
39 “How to Be a High-Impact Entrepreneur: Ten Rules for Defeating Risk and Launching a Successful Start-Up.” Study conducted by Endeavor's Center for High-Impact Entrepreneurship, 2011.
40 “Google to Pull Plug on Power Meter and Health Services.” Newsmax.com, June 24, 2011.
41 “Best Buy Shuts China Stores to Focus on More Profitable Brand.” Bloomberg News, February 21, 2011.
42 Fowler, G. “The Man Who Got Us to ‘Like’ Everything.” Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2011.
43 Jana, R. “Facebook's Design Strategy: A Status Update.” design mind, August 2, 2011.
44 “P&G Sets Two New Goals for Open Innovation Partnerships: Company Seeks to Triple the Impact of Connect + Develop.” Press release, Procter & Gamble website, October 28, 2010.
45 “Why U.S. Newspapers Suffer More Than Others.” The State of the News Media 2011: An Annual Report on American Journalism, Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2011.
46 Strupp, J. “New York Times' R&D Team Seeks Next Big Thing.” Editor & Publisher, December 10, 2009.
47 Garber, M. “The New York Times' R&D Lab Has Built a Tool That Explores the Life Stories Take in the Social Space.” Nieman Journalism Lab website, April 22, 2010.
48 Fiore, J. “Welcome to beta620.” [http://beta620.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/intro-beta620-post/]. August 7, 2011.
Chapter 5
1 “Neonatal Mortality and Newborn Care in India.” [http://mchstar.org/pdf/neonatalMortalityAndNewbornCareInIndia.pdf].
2 “Innovative Local Technology Warms the Prospects for India's Vulnerable Infants.” Lemelson Foundation website. [http://www.lemelson.org/programs-grants/developing-country-program/recognition-and-mentoring-programs-ramps/india/sathya-jeg].
3 Oshima, K. “Plastic Bottles Light Up Lives.” CNN World, August 30, 2011.
4 McGeown, K. “How Water Bottles Create Cheap Lighting in Philippines.” BBC, September 18, 2011.
5 “Nokia's Cheap Phone Tops Electronics Chart.” [http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/05/03/us-nokia-history-idUKL0262945620070503].
6 Keating, J. “The AK-47 of the Cell-Phone World.” Foreign Policy, January/February 2011.
7 Lakshman, N. “One Laptop per Child Lands in India.” Bloomberg Businessweek, August 4, 2008.
8 Raina, P., and Timmons, H. “Meet Aakash, India's $35 ‘Laptop.’” India Link, New York Times, October 5, 2011.
9 Ahmed, M. “Mobile Web Becomes a Reality.” The Financial Express, December 1, 2011.
10 Chima, C. “Hands On: India's $35 Aakash Android Tablet Lands in America” (exclusive). MobileBeat, October 26, 2011.
11 Ushahidi—Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). [http://www.ushahidi.com/about-us/faq].
12 Giridharadas, A. “Africa's Gift to Silicon Valley: How to Track a Crisis.” New York Times, March 13, 2010.
13 “Why Do Inclusive Design?” [http://www.inclusivedesigntoolkit.com/betterdesign2/why/why.html].
14 Capps, R. “The Good Enough Revolution: When Cheap and Simple Is Just Fine.” Wired Magazine, August 24, 2009.
15 Glock, A. “Back to Basics: Living with ‘Voluntary Simplicity.’ ” O, the Oprah Magazine, January 2009.
16 Markowitz, E. M., and Bowerman, T. “How Much Is Enough? Examining the Public's Beliefs About Consumption.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01230.x. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01230.x/abstract]. 2011.
17 “Corporate R&D Spending Rebounds in 2010, Finds Booz & Company Global Innovation 1000 Study.” [http://www.booz.com/global/home/press/article/49852237]. October 24, 2011.
18 Maeda, J. The Laws of Simplicity (Simplicity: Design, Technology, Business, Life). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
19 Radjou, N. “R&D 2.0: Fewer Engineers, More Anthropologists.” [http://blogs.hbr.org/radjou/2009/06/rd-20-fewer-engineers-more-ant.html]. June 10, 2009.
20 Radjou, N. Transforming R&D Culture. Forrester Research report. March 20, 2006.
21 “The Simplicity Imperative.” [http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/speechespublications/archive/2004/article-3188.wpd]. January 9, 2004.
22 Ang, J. “Philips: Sense and Simplicity.” [http://designtaxi.com/article/100322/Philips-Sense-Simplicity/].
23 Tischler, L. “The Beauty of Simplicity.” Fast Company, December 19, 2007.
24 “Delivering ‘Sense and Simplicity.’ ” Philips corporate website. [http://www.philips.com/about/company/brand/brandpromise/index.page].
25 “Simplicity Advisory Board.” Philips corporate website. [http://www.philips.com.my/philips5philipsmy/about/brand/simplicityadvisoryboard/index.page].
26 Tischler, L. “The Beauty of Simplicity.” Fast Company, December 19, 2007.
27 “The Highest Number Ever of Annual iF Product Design Awards for Philips.” [http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/design/news/press/2011/if2011.wpd]. February 8, 2011.
28 “The Seed of Apple's Innovation.” Bloomberg Businessweek, October 12, 2004.
29 “Siemens 2011.” [http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/homepage/the_company_2011.pdf]. October 2011.
30 “Siemens to Expand Market Share in Emerging Markets.” Siemens corporate press release, June 28, 2011.
31 “Innovations for the Entry Level.” [http://www.kpmg.de/WhatWeDo/26472.htm].
32 Lamont, J. “The Age of ‘Indovation’ Dawns.” Financial Times, June 15, 2010.
33 “New Approaches for China.” [http://www.siemens.com/corporate-technology/en/research-areas/smart-and-cost-innovation.htm].
34 “Innovations for the Entry Level.”
35 Dr. Mukul Saxena, senior vice-president and head of Siemens Corporate Research and Technologies, Siemens India, personal interview with Jaideep Prabhu and Navi Radjou, March 26, 2010.
36 “Innovations for the Entry Level.”
37 Ibid.
38 “Siemens to Expand Market Share.”
39 “Less Is More.” The World in 2012, The Economist, p. 132; Loescher, P. “Strategies to Save the Only Planet We Have.” [http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2011/11/03/strategies-to-save-the-only-planet-we-have/]. November 3, 2011.
40 “Principles of Universal Design.” [http://www.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/about_ud/udprinciples.htm].
41 “Universal Design.” OXO corporate website. [http://www.oxo.com/UniversalDesign.aspx].
42 “OXO Gives Universal Design a Shot in the Arm.” [http://www.core77.com/blog/object_culture/oxo_gives_universal_design_a_shot_in_the_arm_13772.asp]. June 16, 2009.
43 Gertner, J. “How Do You Solve a Problem Like GM, Mary?” Fast Company, 2011.
44 Ibid.
45 “Better by Design.” The Economist Technology Quarterly, September 15, 2005.
46 “Simplicity and Enterprise Search.” Google white paper.
47 Tischler, L. “The Beauty of Simplicity.” [http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/100/beauty-of-simplicity.html]. December 19, 2007.
48 “100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, and More.” [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20312226_20324138,00.html].
49 Kate Aronowitz, director of design at Facebook, email exchange with Navi Radjou, December 13, 2011.
50 Jana, R. “Facebook's Design Strategy: A Status Update.” design mind, August 2, 2011.
51 Ibid.
Chapter 6
1 Dr. Rana Kapoor, CEO, YES BANK, personal interview with Simone Ahuja and Navi Radjou, January 7, 2010.
2 Anand, M., and Bhuva, R. “Banking on Innovation.” Outlook Business, September 19, 2009.
3 Ibid.
4 Gates, B. “Making Capitalism More Creative.” Time, July 31, 2008.
5 Abhi Naha, CEO, Zone V, personal interview with Navi Radjou, June 23, 2011.
6 “Visual impairment and blindness.” [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/]. October 2001.
7 Bijapurkar, R. Winning in the Indian Market: Understanding the Transformation of Consumer India. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia), 2008.
8 Rama Bijapurkar, marketing consultant, personal interview with Navi Radjou and Jaideep Prabhu, November 18, 2010.
9 Rubinstein, D. “Playing Grown-Up at KidZania.” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 19, 2011.
10 We collected details on Heloísa Helena Assis (known as Zica) and her company Beleza Natural through Endeavor, a non-profit organization that provides mentorship and strategic advice to high-impact jugaad entrepreneurs such as Zica around the world.
11 Smith, G. “Brazil's Coming Rebound.” Bloomberg Businessweek, August 6, 2009.
12 “Our Entrepreneurs. Heloísa Helena Assis.” Endeavor website. [http://www.endeavor.org/entrepreneurs/helo%C3%ADsa-helena-assis/96].
13 Details on YES MONEY were provided to us by Ajay Desai, chief financial inclusion officer, YES BANK.
14 “GE Healthcare and Government of Gujarat Sign MOU for First of Its Kind Public and Private Partnership Model for Healthcare in the Country.” Press release, GE Healthcare, August 2, 2008.
15 Prakash, S., and Velu, C. “Reuters Market Light: Business Model Innovation for Growth.” [http://www.india.jbs.cam.ac.uk/opinion/pieces/downloads/2010/prakash_reuters.pdf]. February 2010.
16 Dr. Liu Jiren (see ch. 1, n. 51).
17 Ibid.
18 “Neusoft Unveils Health Cloud Strategy.” [http://www.sinocast.com/readbeatarticle.do?id=68980]. December 22, 2011.
19 “Emerging Focus: Ageing Population in Emerging Market Economies.” Euromonitor, May 5, 2010.
20 Hewitt, P. S. “Depopulation and Ageing in Europe and Japan: The Hazardous Transition to a Labor Shortage Economy.” [http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ipg/ipg-2002-1/arthewitt.pdf]. January 2002.
21 “The ‘Grey Pound’ Set to Hit £100bn Mark.” Press release, Age UK, April 7, 2010.
22 “50+ Fact and Fiction.” Immersion Active. [http://www.immersionactive.com/resources/50-plus-facts-and-fiction/].
23 Ian Hosking, senior research associate at the Engineering Design Centre at the University of Cambridge's Department of Engineering, personal interview with Jaideep Prabhu and Navi Radjou, September 8, 2011.
24 Abelson, J. “Suds with Splash.” [http://articles.boston.com/2011-06-12/bostonworks/29650542_1_hispanic-population-p-g-hispanic-consumers]. June 12, 2011.
25 Roberts, S. “In a Generation, Minorities May Be the U.S. Majority.” New York Times, August 13, 2008.
26 Michaels, A. “A Fifth of European Union Will Be Muslim by 2050.” The Telegraph, August 8, 2009.
27 Censky, A. “Poverty Rate Rises in America.” CNN Money, September 13, 2011.
28 Eichler, A. “Middle-Class Americans Often Fall Down Economic Ladder: Study.” Huffington Post, September 7, 2011.
29 Censky, A. “Poverty Rate Rises in America.” CNN Money, September 13, 2011.
30 Peck, D. “Can the Middle Class Be Saved?” Atlantic, September 2011.
31 Reich, R. “The Limping Middle Class.” New York Times, September 3, 2011.
32 Anderson, C. The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More. New York: Hyperion, 2006.
33 “National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households.” Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, December 2009.
34 Rob Levy, manager, innovation and research, Center for Financial Services Innovation (CFSI), personal interview with Navi Radjou, Jaideep Prabhu, and Simone Ahuja, September 9, 2011.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Levy, A. “PayNearMe Targets ‘Underbanked’ Americans.” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 10, 2011.
38 Andreessen, M. “Why Software Is Eating the World.” Wall Street Journal, August 20, 2011.
39 Ramón Mendiola Sánchez, CEO of Florida Ice & Farm Co., personal interview with Navi Radjou, December 19, 2011.
40 Moffett, S. “Renault's Basic Car Detours.” Wall Street Journal, February 2, 2011.
41 Ghosh, R. “Ghosn Back to Praising ‘Frugal Engg.’ ” DNA, October 30, 2007; Sehgal, V., Dehoff, K., and Panneer, G. “The Importance of Frugal Engineering.” strategy+business, Summer 2010.
42 Kirkpatrick, D. “The Socialist State of ThoughtWorks.” CNNMoney, March 17, 2008.
43 Roy Neville Singham, founder and chairman, ThoughtWorks, personal interview with Navi Radjou, October 26, 2011.
44 Lallos, L. “YourEncore Keeps Retirees in the Game.” Bloomberg Businessweek, April 15, 2010.
45 Ho, A. H. “The Telehealth Promise: Better Healthcare and Cost Savings for the 21st Century.” Report prepared by the AT&T Center for Telehealth Research and Policy at the University of Texas Medical Branch, May 2008.
46 Sandhu, J. S. “Opportunities in Mobile Health.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall 2011.
47 Rettner, R. “U.S. Newborn Death Rate Tied with Qatar.” Msnbc.com, August 30, 2011.
48 Miller, N. S. “National Texting Program for New Moms Continues Growth.” Pediatric News Digital Network, December 9, 2011.
49 “As Middle Class Shrinks, P&G Marketing Aims High and Low.” Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2011.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
Chapter 7
1 Kishore Biyani, CEO, Future Group, personal interview with Simone Ahuja, October 30, 2008.
2 Smith, A. Theory of Moral Sentiments. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000.
3 Venkat Rangan, cofounder and CEO, INXS Technologies, personal interview with Navi Radjou, December 28, 2010.
4 “Diane Geng and Sara Lam.” [http://www.echoinggreen.org/fellows/diane-geng-and-sara-lam]. 2007.
5 Ibid.
6 Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., and Eyre, R. N. “Overcoming Intuition: Metacognitive Difficulty Activates Analytic Reasoning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, November 2007, 136(4), 569–576.
7 Jan Chipchase, executive creative director of Global Insights, frog, and Ravi Chhatpar, strategy director, frog, personal interview with Navi Radjou, August 26, 2011.
8 Roberts, K. Lovemarks: The Future Beyond Brands. New York: Power House Books, 2004.
9 Roberts, K. “Magic Time.” [http://www.saatchikevin.com/Magic_Time/]. June 14, 2011.
10 Comments made by Anil Jain, managing director, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., at the World Economic Forum's Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2011 in Dalian, China, September 15, 2011.
11 Bam Aquino interview (see ch. 3, n. 17).
12 Dr. Prasad Kaipa, CEO coach and senior fellow at the Indian School of Business, personal interview with Navi Radjou, November 3, 2011.
13 Dr. Devi Shetty, founder of Narayana Hrudayalaya, personal interview with Simone Ahuja and Navi Radjou, December 14, 2009.
14 Radjou, N. “Future Group's Mythological Marketing.” Harvard Business Review Blog Network, September 15, 2009.
15 Pink, D. A Whole New Mind: Moving from the Information Age to the Conceptual Age. New York: Riverhead Hardcover, 2005.
16 Welch, J., and Byrne, J. Jack: Straight from the Gut. New York: Business Plus, 2003.
17 Gladwell, M. Blink: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. New York: Back Bay Books, 2002.
18 “Millennials: The Challenger Generation.” Prosumer Report, EURORSG, 2011, 11.
19 Kim, P. Consumers Love to Hate Advertising. Forrester Research report, November 26, 2006.
20 Li, C., and Bernoff, J. Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2008.
21 Smart CRM for CPG Manufacturers. Forrester Research brief, May 29, 2002.
22 Radjou, N. Transforming R&D Culture. Forrester Research report, March 20, 2006.
23 Comment made by Tim Brown, CEO of IDEO, at the 2011 State of Design conference, April 2011.
24 Liu, Y., and Cui, T. H. “The Length of Product Line in Distribution Channels.” Marketing Science, May-June 2010, 29(3), 474–482.
25 Roberts, K. “Why Lovemarks Are More Valid Than Ever, or Welcome to the Age of Now.” Ad Age, February 14, 2011.
26 Ludwig, A. “John Hagel on Empowerment, Management Fears, and Social Software in Business.” Forbes, September 7, 2011.
27 “HR Development of the Future.” [https://www.allianz.com/en/press/news/company_news/human_resources/news_2011-03-29.html]. March 29, 2011.
28 Hippel, E. v., Ogawa, S., and de Jong, J.P.J. “The Age of the Consumer-Innovator.” MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall 2011.
29 Brooks, D. The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement. New York: Random House, 2011.
30 Roberts, “Magic Time.”
31 Robert Fabricant, creative director, frog, personal interview with Navi Radjou, September 22, 2011.
32 “Connected Experiences—Denise Burton, frog Fellow, Austin.” [http://www.frogdesign.com/about/centers-of-passion.html].
33 Tindell, K., and Bryant, A. “Three Good Hires? He'll Pay More for One Who's Great.” New York Times, March 13, 2010.
34 “Corporate R&D Spending Rebounds in 2010, Finds Booz & Company Global Innovation 1000 Study.” [http://www.booz.com/global/home/press/article/49852237]. October 24, 2011.
35 “I Learned Intuition in India: Steve Jobs.” [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-learned-intuition-in-india-steve-jobs/864708/]. October 24, 2011.
36 Kuang, C. “What Can Steve Jobs Still Teach Us?” Fast Company, 2011.
37 Steve Jobs's interview with Inc. for its “The Entrepreneur of the Decade Award.” [http://www.inc.com/magazine/19890401/5602.html]. April 1, 1989.
38 Walters, H. “Apple's Design Process.” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 8, 2008.
39 “ ‘You've Got to Find What You Love,’ Jobs Says.” [http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html]. June 14, 2005.
Chapter 8
1 Tim Leberecht, chief marketing officer, frog, personal interview with Navi Radjou, August 5, 2011.
2 Radjou, N., and Prabhu, J. “PepsiCo and GE Are Innovating in India.” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 9, 2010.
3 “Nueclear Healthcare Ltd (NHL) and GE Healthcare Join Hands in the Fight Against Cancer.” [http://www.nueclear.com/NHL_GE.html]. December 10, 2011.
4 Bresenham, T. “Putting Innovation to Work for a Healthier India.” Economic Times, February 3, 2012.
5 McGregor, J. “GE: Reinventing Tech for the Emerging World.” Bloomberg Businessweek, April 17, 2008.
6 Jana, R. “Innovation Trickles in a New Direction.” [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_12/b4124038287365.htm]. March 11, 2009.
7 Chandran, R. “In India, for India: Medical Device Makers Plug In.” [http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/07/05/us-india-healthcare-feature-idUSTRE6640F120100705]. July 4, 2010.
8 Joydeep Nag, CFO of GE Healthcare South Asia, personal interview with Navi Radjou and Jaideep Prabhu, December 26, 2011.
9 Ibid.
10 Radjou, N., and Kaipa, P. “Do Multinationals Really Understand Globalization?” Bloomberg Businessweek, August 6, 2010.
11 “Scripps Study First to Validate Usefulness of Pocket Ultrasound Device; Could Significantly Reduce Cost and Inconvenience of Traditional Echocardiograms.” PR Newswire, July 4, 2011.
12 “Healthymagination—2010 Progress Report.” GE website [http://www.healthymagination.com/progress/].
13 Comstock, B. “A New Blueprint for Innovation.” [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/01/27/ges-beth-comstock-a-new-blueprint-for-innovation.html]. January 27, 2011.
14 Siegler, M. G. “Schmidt Talks Wave's Death: ‘We Celebrate Our Failures.’” TechCrunch, August 4, 2010.
15 Madhavan, N. “Made in India, for the World.” [http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/made-in-india,-for-the-world.html/1/5601.html]. May 30, 2010.
16 Jean-Philippe Salar, head of Renault's Design Studio in Mumbai, India, personal interview with Navi Radjou, January 24, 2011.
17 Dr. Liu Jiren (see ch. 1, n. 51).
18 “3M's Open Innovation.” [www.strategy-business.com/article/00078?gko=121c3]. May 30, 2011.
19 Brown, M. “OpenIDEO Helps Solve Society's Problems Together.” [http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-08/04/openideo-brainstorming]. August 4, 2010.
20 Heath, C., and Heath, D. Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. New York: Random House, 2007.
Chapter 9
1 Dickey, C. “Citizens, It's Down to You.” Newsweek, September 11, 2011.
2 Dr. Vivian Fonseca, professor of medicine, Tulane University, personal interview with coauthors, August 25, 2011.
3 “About MyBnk.” [http://www.mybnk.org/about-mybnk].
4 Anand, A. “Startup Generation Ready to Fix the Economy.” MSNBC.com, August 8, 2011.
5 Anderson, C. “Q&A: Open Source Electronics Pioneer Limor Fried on the DIY Revolution.” Wired, April 2011.
6 “Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace.” [http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/lovelace.html].
7 Tanz, J. “Kinect Hackers Are Changing the Future of Robotics.” Wired, July 2011.
8 “2011: Most Influential Women in Technology. Limor Fried.” Fast Company, 2011.
9 Thompson, C. “How Khan Academy Is Changing the Rules of Education.” Wired, August 2011.
10 Ryan, T. “Fostering a Love for Learning Through Game Mechanics [Future of Gaming]” [http://www.psfk.com/2011/12/fostering-a-love-for-learning-through-game-mechanics.html]. December 8, 2011.
11 Levey, N. “Pressing for Better Quality Across Healthcare.” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 2011.
12 “BillFloat CEO Testifies ‘Too Scared to Lend’ a Growing Problem in Consumer Lending.” PR Newswire, September 22, 2011.
13 “Will Plastyc Encourage the Broke to Save More?” [http://www.prweb.com/releases/prwebNew_Generation/HIgh-Reward_Savings/prweb8802732.htm]. September 16, 2011.
14 “Piggymojo, ‘Impulse Saving’ ” [http://cfsinnovation.com/financialcapability/Piggymojo].
15 Jason Rohrer, independent game developer, personal interview with Simone Ahuja, Navi Radjou, and Jaideep Prabhu, August 16, 2011.
16 Thompson, M. “Playing God.” [http://www.hemispheresmagazine.com/2011/07/01/playing-god/]. July 1, 2011.
17 Berman, J. “Can D.I.Y. Supplant the First-Person Shooter?” New York Times, November 13, 2009.
18 “Remarks by the President on Community Solutions Agenda.” [http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-community-solutions-agenda-6-30-09]. June 30, 2009.
19 “Social Innovation Fund.” [http://www.nationalservice.gov/about/programs/innovation.asp].
20 Sonal Shah, former director of the White House Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation, personal interview with Navi Radjou and Simone Ahuja, September 12, 2011.
21 Huang, G. T. “Desh Deshpande on Starting Merrimack Valley Innovation Center—and Making a Global Impact from Massachusetts to India.” Xconomy, January 6, 2011.
22 Radjou, N., Prabhu, J., Kaipa, P., and Ahuja, S. “The UK Could Rise to the Scarcity Challenge. Can Europe?” Harvard Business Review Blog, July 21, 2010.
23 “Tax Rise as UK Debt Hits Record.” [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8011321.stm]. April 22, 2009.
24 “La Mise en Place de L'auto-Entrepreneur: Bilan au 31 Août 2011.” Press release from ACOSS, September 21, 2011.
25 Neuwirth, R. “The Shadow Superpower.” Foreign Policy, October 28, 2011.
26 Polak, P. Out of Poverty. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2008.
27 Professor James Patell, Stanford University, personal interview with Navi Radjou, May 20, 2011.
28 Colvin, B., Gandhi, M., Parker, J., and Zhang, W. “Water Telemetry—Team Soochak.” [http://www.scu.edu/socialbenefit/programs/frugalinnovation/upload/team_soochak.pdf].
29 Radha Basu, director of Frugal Innovation Labs at Santa Clara University, personal interview with Jaideep Prabhu, Simone Ahuja, and Navi Radjou, September 2, 2011.
30 Ian Hosking, senior research associate at the Engineering Design Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, personal interview with Jaideep Prabhu and Navi Radjou, September 8, 2011.
31 Ibid.
32 Yuri Malina, founder of Design for America, personal interview with Navi Radjou, October 4, 2011.
33 Ibid.
34 “Monitoring Hospital-Acquired Infections to Promote Patient Safety—United States, 1990-1999.” [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4908a1.htm].
35 “Our Mission.” [http://www.endeavor.org/model/ourmission].
36 Dr. Rajiv Doshi, executive director, Stanford-India Biodesign Program, Stanford University, personal interview with Navi Radjou, September 6, 2011.
37 Alec Ross, senior advisor for innovation to U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, personal interview with Jaideep Prabhu and Navi Radjou, September 8, 2011.
38 “CFSI Convenes Innovators for the First Bay Area Financial Capability Development Lab.” [http://cfsinnovation.com/news/article/440974]. September 26, 2011.
39 Kirkpatrick, D. “Social Power and the Coming Corporate Revolution.” Forbes, September 26, 2011, p. 72.
40 Ibid.
41 Melin, E. “Scott Monty in Kansas City: Ford's Approach to Social Media.” [http://www.spiral16.com/blog/2011/09/scott-monty-in-kansas-city-fords-appraoch-to-social-media/]. September 2, 2011.
42 Lawrence, J. “The New Shape of Innovation.” [http://www.i-cio.com/features/july-2010/polycentric-innovation]. July 19, 2010.
43 Radjou, N., Prabhu, J., Kaipa, P., and Ahuja, S. “How Xerox Innovates with Emerging Markets' Brainpower.” [http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/08/how_xerox_innovates_with.html]. August 25, 2010.