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Index

a

ablation
- biological tissue 13, 16, 260–261
- dental enamel 260
- polymer 23, 275
absorption
- atmospheric 1–2, 11, 13, 34
- Cr²⁺‐dopant 19–20
- diode‐laser‐pump 11
- Er³⁺‐dopant 49
- excited state 44, 48, 50
- Fe²⁺‐dopant 19–20
- four‐photon (4PA) 206
- free carrier 66, 96
- human tissue 23–24, 164, 258–261
- ‘in‐well’ 96
- long‐wave edge 112, 138
- molecular 4–5, 79, 132, 235, 265–266
- multiphonon 116, 127, 130, 170, 172
- nonlinear 26
- residual near‐IR tail 136, 141
- ro‐vibrational 72, 247–257, 262–264
- saturable 56
- spectrum 4–5, 11, 13, 248–249, 254–256, 259
- surface‐enhanced 267–269
- three‐photon (3PA) 171–172, 232, 234
- two‐photon (2PA) 116–120, 140, 163, 171–172
- water 14, 48, 51, 259
absorption spectroscopy 5, 65, 70, 72, 85, 87, 123, 132, 189, 247–267, 269
acetylene see C₂H₂
active region, laser 66–67, 74–78, 82–85, 90, 92, 95, 98–99
AgGaS₂ (AGS) 35, 115, 117, 119, 130–131, 134–135, 145, 154–155, 158, 161, 166
AgGaSe₂ (AGSe) 115, 117, 128–130, 135, 145, 154–156, 158–160, 163, 223, 225
AlGaInAsSb barrier 67–69
AlGaIn/AsSb material system 95
angle tuning 135–137, 142, 149
anomalous dispersion 59, 169, 190–192, 194, 198, 200–201, 204–205, 207, 212
anti‐Stokes 171
arsenic selenide glass see As₂Se₃
arsenic sulfide glass see As₂S₃
As₂S₃ chalcogenide glass 53
- Raman medium 53–54, 57, 172
- step‐index fiber 53, 200, 208–209
- suspended core fiber 196–198
- tapered fiber 197–200, 208–209, 216
- waveguide 204–205, 216, 221
As₂Se₃ chalcogenide glass 53
- Raman medium 53, 172
- step‐index fiber 200, 209
- tapered fiber 200–201, 203, 209
atmospheric transparency window 1–2, 11, 13, 34, 85–86
attosecond 270–273
Auger recombination 66, 68, 72, 96

b

BaGa₄Se₇ (BGSe) 135, 142, 145
band alignment (semiconductors) 89
bandwidth
- laser gain 19, 21, 27, 56, 83
- phase‐matching 122, 135, 226, 228
- spectral output 156, 166, 172, 200, 205–206, 211, 215, 217, 219, 225, 235–236, 254–257, 264
- X‐ray supercontinuum 270–273
beam filamentation 207, 210, 212
beam profile 28, 78, 138, 140, 152
birefringent 12
- nonlinear crystal 110–121
Bloch oscillation 272
bound‐to‐continuum QCL 81, 83, 85, 88–89
Bragg grating
- chirped 30
- fiber 50–54, 59
- laterally coupled 73
Bragg reflector 95–97
broadening
- homogeneous 18–19, 24
- inhomogeneous in QCLs 83
- type‐I OPO phase matching 167
buried
- channel waveguide 26
- gain region, QCL 76
- grating, QCL 82
- heterostructure QCL 84
- ridge waveguide, QCL 77–78, 88

c

carbon dioxide see CO₂
carbon monoxide see CO
cascaded emission of photons
- ICL 87, 89–91
- QCL 73–74
cascaded lasing
- Er³⁺‐fiber 50, 57
- Ho³⁺‐fiber 47–48, 57
cascaded χ⁽²⁾ nonlinearity 207, 211
cascaded OPO 135, 146
cascaded pumping, injection lasers 68–69, 72
cascaded Raman lasing 53, 169–172, 194
cascaded Raman self‐shifting 194
cascaded SC generation 200
cascaded Tm‐Ho solid state laser 11
cascading frequencies, microresonators 230, 232
cavity‐enhanced frequency comb spectroscopy 253, 264
cavity finesse 25, 143, 234, 251, 253, 255, 264
cavity ring‐down spectroscopy (CRDS) 251
CdGeAs₂ (CGA) 115, 117, 130–131
CdS 7, 18
CdSe
- laser host 7, 18, 20, 22–23, 30, 32, 35
- nonlinear crystal 115, 117, 161, 166
CdSiP₂ (CSP) 115–117, 121, 140–141, 160–161, 164, 168, 174
C₂H₂ 248, 255–256, 264
C₂H₆ 252, 255–256, 262
CH₄ 248, 255–256, 262, 264
chalcogenide 7, 18, 53, 95, 142, 172, 196–199, 205, 216–217
- chromium‐doped see Cr²⁺‐doped chalcogenides
- fiber 198, 200
- iron‐doped see Fe²⁺‐doped chalcogenides
charge oscillation 267
CH₂O 121, 250, 252, 264
CO 5, 132, 248, 250, 255–256, 262–264
CO₂ 2, 34, 199, 248, 250–251, 255–256, 262, 264
coherence length 118
compressive strain 68
conduction band 66, 73–74
- offset 77, 85
confinement
- carrier 77
- hole 68, 72
- quantum 91
conversion efficiency
- frequency combs 225–226
- nonlinear optical 112, 121–122, 126, 128, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140–142, 148–154, 162, 166, 257
- optical‐to‐optical 9, 12, 23–24, 27, 31, 35
- Raman 169, 172, 174
- semiconductor lasers 68, 93
- supercontinuum 195–196, 207
Cr²⁺‐doped chalcogenides 18
- CdMnTe 23
- CdS 7, 18, 30
- CdSe 7, 18, 20, 22–23, 30, 32, 33
- ZnS 18–20, 23, 27–36, 210–211, 215, 228, 260
- ZnSe 18–36, 210–211, 215, 228, 260
cross relaxation, ‘two‐for‐one’ process 8–9, 15, 44–46, 61

d

damage threshold 116, 119–120, 135, 141, 171
detection limit, gas sensors 249, 252–253, 262
diamond
- microresonator 172
- submount 76
diode pumping 7, 47–49
dispersion‐engineered 204
dispersion length 192
dispersive wave generation 198, 201–202, 216–217
distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) 95
distributed feedback (DFB) 70, 72–73, 79, 87
double‐clad fiber 49, 51, 54–55, 201
double‐heterostructure (DH) laser 66
double‐pass
- laser amplifier 12
- OPG 141, 166
- OPO cavity 136–137, 142, 150
double QW laser 67–69, 71
double‐stack active region, QCL 85
doubly resonant OPO (DROPO) 125, 128, 144–145, 226–229
dual‐wavelength pumping, fiber laser 51–52, 61
Dy³⁺ fiber laser 44–45, 52

e

effective nonlinear coefficient 111–114
electron injector 68, 74, 90
emission spectra 19–20, 45, 87, 92
energy‐level diagram 3–4, 7–11, 14–15, 43–48, 66, 74
energy transfer 46–49, 55
erbium see Er³⁺
Er³⁺, Cr³⁺: YSGG laser 18
Er³⁺‐doped 35–36
- emission cross section 45
- energy‐level diagram 14–15, 18, 44, 46
- fluoride fiber laser 51, 53, 59
- fluorozirconate (ZrF₄) laser 52, 200
- GGG laser 15–16
- GSGG laser 14–15
- YAG laser 13–18, 30, 31–34, 35, 259–260
- YSGG laser 13–18, 31, 261
- ZBLAN fiber laser 49–50, 52, 54, 59–60
- zirconium fluoride glass 59
Er³⁺, Pr³⁺: ZBLAN fiber laser 49
ethane see C₂H₆
excited state absorption (ESA) 44, 48, 50
excited state lifetime 19–20
external cavity
- injection laser 69, 72,
- QCL 82–87, 248–249, 251
- VECSEL 94

f

Fabry–Pérot laser cavity 53, 79, 84
Fe²⁺‐doped chalcogenides 18
- CdMnTe 19–20
- CdSe 32, 35
- CdZnTe 20
- ZnSe 18–21, 30, 31–36
- ZnTe 32, 35
ferroelectric oxide 116, 119, 133, 151
fiber amplifier 45, 55, 194, 196, 218–219
first Stokes emission 53, 169, 171
fluorescence lifetime 9–10
fluoride glass fiber 49–54, 59–60, 200
formaldehyde see CH₂O
Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectrometry 253–255, 264–265
four‐level laser 3, 8, 9
four‐wave mixing (FWM) 171, 190, 196, 201, 204, 207, 212, 230, 232, 234
free carrier absorption 66, 96
free spectral range, microresonator 232, 234
frequency down conversion 109–110
fundamental ro‐vibrational absorption 72, 247–257, 262–264

g

GaAlSbAs/InGaSbAs/GaAlSbAs, double heterostructure 66
GaAs/AlGaAs QCL 75
GaInAs/AlInAs/InP QCL structure 77–78, 88
GaInAs/AlInAs, QCL 76
GaInAsSb/ AlGaAsSb
- QW laser 67–69
- semiconductor disk laser 69
GaInSb/AlGaAsSb laser 68–69
GaInSb/InAs heterojunction 89
gain‐switched laser 24–25, 32–33
gallium arsenide (GaAs) 189, 210–212, 272
- orientation patterned (OP‐GaAs) 118–124, 127–129, 136–140, 145–146, 149–150, 153, 155–156, 158, 174, 216, 223, 228, 229, 254, 272
gallium phosphide (GaP)
- orientation patterned (OP‐GaP) 115, 118–121, 160, 164–165, 174, 219–220, 222–223, 228, 253
gallium selenide (GaSe) 115, 117, 119, 130–131, 154–155, 157–159, 161, 166–167, 219, 222, 272
GaSb/InAs heterojunction 89
gas sensing 71, 132
germanate‐based Raman gain cavity 53
grating‐coupled QCL 82–83
group velocity dispersion (GVD) 163–164, 190, 206, 229

h

heavily strained 67
- type‐I QW 68
Herriott multipass gas cell 252–255, 264
heterojunction diode laser 65–66
HF laser 33
High‐harmonic generation (HHG) 213, 270–273
HITRAN database 2, 248–249, 254, 256
Ho³⁺‐doped
- emission cross section 11, 45
- energy‐level diagram 11, 44
- fiber laser 47–48
- YAG laser 11–13, 24, 33, 129, 148–149, 157, 258–259
- YLF laser 12–13, 30, 151–153, 168
- YSGG laser 35
- ZBLAN fiber laser 48
hole confinement 68, 72
homogeneous broadening 18–19, 24
Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺ codoped fiber laser 55
Ho³⁺, Tm³⁺ codoped YLF laser 148
hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) 120, 127

i

idler wave, OPO 113
InAs/GaSb QCL 75, 85–87
indium arsenide (InAs) 56, 58–59, 65
InGaAs/AlInAs/InP 77–78, 88
InGaAs/InAlAs 75, 85, 89, 224
inhomogeneous broadening 83
InP 75
- cladding layer 76
intersubband transition 75
intrapulse DFG 119, 157, 272
iron doped lasers see Fe²⁺‐doped

k

Kerr‐lens mode locking (KLM) 27
KTiOAsO₄ (KTA) 116, 131–132, 150, 162, 168
- periodically poled (PPKTA) 117
KTiOPO₄ (KTP) 116, 135, 146–148, 150, 160–161, 168
- periodically poled (PPKTP) 117, 146–147, 174

l

laser spectroscopy
- cavity ring‐down (CRDS) 251
- frequency comb 253–256, 264
- photoacoustic (PAS) 87, 180, 467, 478, 528
- photothermal 249, 265–266
laser tissue interaction 54, 164, 258–261
laterally coupled distributed feedback (LC‐DFB) 69, 72–73, 92
lattice‐matched 66, 74, 76, 96, 120
lifetime
- fluorescence 9–10
- lower laser level 14
- upper laser level 8, 13, 19
lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) 112, 115, 146, 150
- periodically poled (PPLN) 115, 117, 118, 120–122, 146, 151, 154, 162, 252
lithium tantalate (LiTaO₃)
- periodically poled (PPLT) 117, 127, 151
Littrow configuration 23–24, 49–50, 72, 82, 84

m

master oscillator–power amplifier (MOPA) 23, 142, 153
metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 77
methane see CH₄
MgO:LiNbO₃ 154
mode‐locked fiber lasers 56–60, 214–215
molecular spectroscopy 219, 255
momentum conservation 109
multipass gas cell 252–255, 264
multiphonon absorption 116, 127, 130, 170, 172
multiple quantum well (MQW) 78, 96–97
multiwavelength QCL array 81–82

n

narrow‐linewidth
- DFB laser 70, 72, 79
- DFG 121, 132
- OPO 127, 143–146
- QCL 251
nested‐cavity OPO 144–145
noncollinear phase matching 163, 167–168
noncritical phase matching 116, 162
nonlinear optical
- coefficient 112, 117–118
- effective coefficient 112
- figure of merit (FOM) 112
nonlinear parameter γ, waveguides 204
nonlinear polarization evolution (rotation) 56, 59–60
nonlinear refractive index 194, 196, 204
nonlinear susceptibility, 2^nd order 109–112
nonlinear susceptibility, 3^rd order 189–190

o

optical parametric
- gain 114–115
- quantum noise 133
optical rectification (OR) 119, 157, 272

p

periodic poling 110–112
phase‐matching 109–111
- noncollinear 163, 167–168
- noncritical 116, 162
- quasi‐(QPM) 109–112
photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) 132, 249–251
photon energy conservation 109, 220
photonic crystal fiber (PCF) 155, 191
photothermal IR spectroscopy 249, 265–266
potassium titanyl phosphate see KTiOPO₄
pump absorption spectrum
- Ho:YAG 11
- Ho:YLF 13

q

Q‐switching 141
- acousto‐optic 12, 148
- electro‐optic 17
quantum defect 96, 98
quantum efficiency 8, 15, 31, 96, 128, 162
quantum well (QW) 66–67
quasi‐CW 13, 17, 53–54
quasi‐phase matching (QPM) 109–112

r

Raman
- cascaded 170
- converter using solid para‐hydrogen 173
- intra‐pulse scattering of solitons 154
- self‐frequency shift 59, 155–156
- soliton pulses 60
rare‐earth ions 7–10
RbTiOAsO₄ (RTA) 116
- periodically poled (PP‐RTA) 117, 150, 257
ridge‐waveguide laser 68–73, 76–81, 88, 91–93

s

second Stokes wave 33, 54, 171
self‐focusing 207, 210
side pumping, Er:YAG laser 17
signal wave, OPO 113
silicon (Si) waveguide 206, 216–217, 232
single longitudinal mode (SLM)
- ICL 91–93
- injection laser 69–70
- quantum cascade lasers (QCL) 82–83, 88
soliton 190
- fiber laser 56, 58–60
- fission 192, 197–199, 201, 204–206, 216
- higher‐order 201
- self‐frequency shifted 155–156, 192, 196–197, 200–202, 204
spinning‐ring amplifier 23–24, 28
stimulated emission cross section 10, 11, 19, 32, 43–45
Stokes
- limit 48–50, 123
- wave output 24, 33, 52–54, 155, 169–173, 261
synchronous pumping, OPO 113, 161–164

t

tellurite glass 53, 192–193
Tm³⁺‐doped,
- emission cross section 11, 45
- energy‐level diagram 8–9, 44, 46
- fiber master oscillator power amplifier 196, 219
- mode‐locked fiber laser 56, 214
- silica fiber laser 27, 45–47, 53, 96, 150, 258–259
- YAG laser 8–11, 24
- YALO laser 21, 24
- YAP laser 22
- YLF laser 11–12
- YSGG laser 9
Tm³⁺, Ho³⁺‐codoped silica fiber laser 55
trace‐gas detection 252–253, 261
transmission spectrum, atmosphere 1–2, 11, 13, 35, 85–86
type‐I QW diode laser 66, 68–69, 71–72
type‐II QW ICL 89–90, 93

u

upper‐level lifetime 8, 13, 19
uranium‐doped calcium fluoride (U³⁺: CaF₂) 3–4

v

vertical‐external‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (VECSEL). 94
vibronically broadened transition 18–20
vibronic laser 18–20

w

water, liquid phase absorption 14, 48, 51, 259
waveguide (WG)
- As₂S₃ embedded in silica 216
- nanospike 205
- nonlinearity 193, 204
- planar 204
- PPLN 207
- rib 205
- silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) 206, 216–217, 232
- silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) 232
- silicon‐on‐sapphire (SOS) 206
wavelength tuning, via
- acousto‐optic modulator (AOM) 84
- cavity length 98, 144–145
- chirp of the driving pulses 219
- coupled‐in power 155
- diffraction grating 21–24, 82–83, 85–87
- intracavity prism 35
- multiwavelength QCL array 81
- quasi‐phase‐matched (QPM) period 125, 134
- phase‐matching angle 113, 135–137, 166–167
- pump wavelength 112–113, 123, 127, 138–140, 152–154, 173
- temperature 80, 92, 98, 139–140

x

X‐ray supercontinuum 270–273

z

ZBLAN 194
- fiber lasers 48–50, 52, 54, 59–60
ZnGeP₂ (ZGP) 106, 121, 153, 155, 160, 163–173
ZnS 207, 272
- chromium‐doped see Cr²⁺‐doped chalcogenides
ZnSe 115, 118, 120, 138–139, 141–142, 165, 173, 202, 207–210, 272
- chromium‐doped see Cr²⁺‐doped chalcogenides
- iron doped see Fe²⁺‐doped chalcogenides
ZnTe 272
- iron doped see Fe²⁺‐doped chalcogenides

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a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

z

Table of Contents for
Index