Exercise 33. While Loops
Now to totally blow your mind with a new loop, the while-loop. A while-loop will keep executing the code block under it as long as a Boolean expression is True.
Wait, you have been keeping up with the terminology, right? That if we write a line and end it with a : (colon) then that tells Python to start a new block of code? Then we indent and that’s the new code. This is all about structuring your programs so that Python knows what you mean. If you do not get that idea then go back and do some more work with if-statements, functions, and the for-loop until you get it.
Later on we’ll have some exercises that will train your brain to read these structures, similar to how we burned Boolean expressions into your brain.
Back to while-loops. What they do is simply do a test like an if-statement, but instead of running the code block once, they jump back to the “top” where the while is and repeat. A while-loop runs until the expression is False.
Here’s the problem with while-loops: Sometimes they do not stop. This is great if your intention is to just keep looping until the end of the universe. Otherwise, you almost always want your loops to end eventually.
To avoid these problems, there are some rules to follow:
1. Make sure that you use while-loops sparingly. Usually a for-loop is better.
2. Review your while statements and make sure that the Boolean test will become False at some point.
3. When in doubt, print out your test variable at the top and bottom of the while-loop to see what it’s doing.
In this exercise, you learn the while-loop while doing these three checks:
ex33.py
1 i = 0
2 numbers = []
3
4 while i < 6:
5 print(f"At the top i is {i}")
6 numbers.append(i)
7
8 i = i + 1
9 print("Numbers now: ", numbers)
10 print(f"At the bottom i is {i}")
11
12
13 print("The numbers: ")
14
15 for num in numbers:
16 print(num)
What You Should See
Exercise 33 Session
$ python3.6 ex33.py
At the top i is 0
Numbers now: [0]
At the bottom i is 1
At the top i is 1
Numbers now: [0, 1]
At the bottom i is 2
At the top i is 2
Numbers now: [0, 1, 2]
At the bottom i is 3
At the top i is 3
Numbers now: [0, 1, 2, 3]
At the bottom i is 4
At the top i is 4
Numbers now: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
At the bottom i is 5
At the top i is 5
Numbers now: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
At the bottom i is 6
The numbers:
0
1
2
3
4
5
Study Drills
1. Convert this while-loop to a function that you can call, and replace 6 in the test (i < 6) with a variable.
2. Use this function to rewrite the script to try different numbers.
3. Add another variable to the function arguments that you can pass in that lets you change the + 1 on line 8 so you can change how much it increments by.
4. Rewrite the script again to use this function to see what effect that has.
5. Write it to use for-loops and range. Do you need the incrementor in the middle anymore? What happens if you do not get rid of it?
If at any time you are doing this it goes crazy (it probably will), just hold down CTRL and press c (CTRL-c) and the program will abort.
Common Student Questions
What’s the difference between a for-loop and a while-loop? A for-loop can only iterate (loop) “over” collections of things. A while-loop can do any kind of iteration (looping) you want. However, while-loops are harder to get right, and you normally can get many things done with for-loops.
Loops are hard. How do I figure them out? The main reason people don’t understand loops is because they can’t follow the “jumping” that the code does. When a loop runs, it goes through its block of code, and at the end it jumps back to the top. To visualize this, put print statements all over the loop printing out where in the loop Python is running and what the variables are set to at those points. Write print lines before the loop, at the top of the loop, in the middle, and at the bottom. Study the output and try to understand the jumping that’s going on.