3.9. SUMMARY

In summary, this chapter has comprehensively defined organization productivity in terms of organization effectiveness and has presented suggestions regarding what might constitute organization effectiveness. Creating such an organization, its team structure, and its culture have been discussed. Further information on creative tensions and staffing was included in Chapter 2, "Elements Needed for an R&D Organization." We have tried to focus on such interesting questions as the way in which new ideas are generated and who are the inventors and innovators. Ideas and empirical data available on such issues cannot be precise. Thus, rigid formulation of information about the characteristics of an innovator or inventor is treacherous ground and should be avoided. Instead, in managing a productive and effective R&D organization, a manager should foster the environment so it will be conducive to the characteristics of successful innovators and inventors.