These maps work with color, attaching a provided image, such as a wallpaper, to the surface of a 3D object. SelfIlluminationMap also adds an additional inside glow to the image. 

For example, let's take a map of Earth and put it on a sphere:

It will look as shown in the following screenshots. Note that I've added a rotation to make the results more visible:

The material method I've used here is material.setSelfIlluminationMap(Image bumpImage). See the inline comments for more details:

// chapter12/EarthDemo.java
public void start(Stage stage) {
    // preparing a material
    PhongMaterial mat = new PhongMaterial();
    Image image = new Image( "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Reversed_Earth_map_1000x500.jpg/800px-Reversed_Earth_map_1000x500.jpg");
    // we took an Earth map and used it as a material
    mat.setSelfIlluminationMap(image);

    // creating sphere 
    Sphere sphere = new Sphere(150);
    sphere.setTranslateX(450);
    sphere.setTranslateY(300);
    sphere.setTranslateZ(400);
    sphere.setRotationAxis(new Point3D(1, 1, 0));
    // attaching our map material to the sphere
    sphere.setMaterial(mat);

    // adding a point light at the top of the scene
    PointLight light = new PointLight(Color.LIGHTYELLOW);
    light.setTranslateX(350);
    light.setTranslateY(100);
    light.setTranslateZ(300);

    // setting the camera 
    PerspectiveCamera camera = new PerspectiveCamera(false);
    camera.setTranslateX(300);
    camera.setTranslateY(150);
    camera.setTranslateZ(300);

    Scene scene = new Scene(new Group(sphere, light), 300, 300, true);
    scene.setCamera(camera);
    stage.setScene(scene);
    stage.setTitle("3D shapes demo");
    stage.show();

    // this animation will rotate a sphere for us, so viewer can see a whole globe
    RotateTransition rot = new RotateTransition(Duration.seconds(10), sphere);
    rot.setToAngle(360);
    rot.setInterpolator(Interpolator.LINEAR);
    rot.setCycleCount(Timeline.INDEFINITE);
    rot.play();
}

Note how, at the end of the sample, we used an Animation API—it works with 3D objects in the same way as with 2D ones.