In this chapter, we looked at  the basics of packet-crafting and sniffing with various Python modules, and saw that scapy is very powerful and easy to use. By now, we have learned the basics of socket programming and scapy. During our security assessments, we may need the raw output and access to basic levels of packet topology so that we can analyze the information and make decisions ourselves. The most attractive part of scapy is that it can be imported and used to create networking tools without going to create packets from scratch.

In the next chapter, we will explore programming packages in Python to extract public information from servers with services such as shodan.