List of greek symbols
| Δfn | Factor accounting for member slenderness in the global buckling utilization calculation |
| αs | Wind power-law exponent |
 | Reduced slenderness, see Ref. [3] |
| βm | Bending moment coefficient in the global buckling utilization calculation |
| δj | Logarithmic decrement damping for j-th mode of vibration |
| Table Continued | |
| γK | Stiffness correction factor |
| γM | Mass correction factor |
| γf | Generic load PSF |
| γm | Material PSF |
| γn | Consequence of failure PSF |
| γMb,u | Material PSF for the bolt characteristic ultimate strength |
| γMb,y | Material PSF for the bolt characteristic yield strength |
| γMf,y | Material PSF for the flange characteristic yield strength |
| γMs,y | Material PSF for the shell characteristic yield strength |
| γfa | Aerodynamic load PSF |
| γfg | Gravitational load PSF |
 | Linear combination of assumed eigenmodes |
| κ | Reduction factor in the global buckling utilization calculation |
 | Geometric parameter for the flange connection in Schmidt/Neuper's method |
| λf | Geometric parameter for the flange connection |
| ωj | Forcing frequency associated with the j-th mode of vibration |
| ϕj | j-th modal coefficient, or periodic function of time |
| ρa | Air density |
| ρw | Sea water density |
| ρ | Material density |
| σ–N | S–N curve |
| σu | Ultimate strength |
| σθ,Ed | Hoop design (factored) stress |
| σθ,Rd | Hoop buckling strength |
| σa,i | i-th bin stress-range |
| σeq,i | i-th bin equivalent stress range after Goodman's correction |
| σm,i | i-th bin stress-range mean |
| σvm | Von-Mises stress |
| σz,Ed | Axial (meridional) design (factored) stress |
| σz,Rd | Axial (meridional) buckling strength |
| τzθ,Ed | Shear design (factored) stress |
| τzθ,Rd | Shear buckling strength |
| ξj | Damping ratio associated with the j-th mode of vibration |
| Table Continued | |
| ξ | Damping ratio |
| ζ | Dummy coordinate along z axis |
| kτ | Exponent factor the shear stress ratio, in the local buckling utilization calculation |
| kθ | Exponent factor the hoop stress ratio, in the local buckling utilization calculation |
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Senu Sirnivas (NREL) for reviewing this text; Dr. Braulio Barahona and Andy Platt (both from NREL) for providing sample data for postprocessing analysis; Patrick Fullenkamp (GLWN) and Joshua Bauer (NREL communications department) for providing some of the photos and illustrations.
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