Index

A

access-control lists (ACLs), 832

ACLs (access-control lists), 832

ACPI (advanced configuration and power interface), 862

address space layout randomization (ASLR), 832

admission-control algorithms, 286

advanced configuration and power interface (ACPI), 862

advanced encryption standard (AES), 677

advanced local procedure call (ALPC), 135, 854

ALPC (advanced local procedure call), 135, 854

AMD64 architecture, 387

Amdahl's Law, 167

AMD virtualization technology (AMD-V), 720

Android operating system, 85–86

API (application program interface), 63–64

Apple iPad, 60, 84

application containment, 713, 727–728

Aqua interface, 59, 84

ARM architecture, 388

arrays, 31

ASIDs (address-space identifiers), 374

ASLR (address space layout randomization), 832

assembly language, 77

asynchronous threading, 172

augmented-reality applications, 36

authentication:

multifactor, 689

automatic working-set trimming, 446

B

background processes, 74–75, 115, 296

balanced binary search trees, 33

binary search trees, 33

binary translation, 718–720

binary trees, 33

bitmaps, 34

bourne-Again shell (bash), 789

bridging, 732

bugs, 66

C

CFQ (Completely Fair Queueing), 817

children, 33

chipsets, 836

Chrome, 123

CIFS (common internet file system), 871

circularly linked lists, 32

client(s):

thin, 35

client-server model, 854–855

clock algorithm, 418–419

clones, 715

cloud computing, 41–42, 716

Cocoa Touch, 84

code integrity module (Windows 7), 832

COM (component object model), 873

common internet file system (CIFS), 871

Completely Fair Queueing (CFQ), 817

computational kernels, 835–836

computer environments:

cloud computing, 41–42

distributed systems, 37–38

mobile computing, 36–37

real-time embedded systems, 43

virtualization, 40–41

computing:

mobile, 36–37

concurrency, 166

Concurrency Runtime (ConcRT), 297, 880–881

condition variables, 879

conflict phase (of dispatch latency), 285

containers, 728

control partitions, 723

coupling, symmetric, 17

CPU scheduling:

real-time, 283–290

earliest-deadline-first scheduling, 288–289

and minimizing latency, 283–285

POSIX real-time scheduling, 290

priority-based scheduling, 285–287

proportional share scheduling, 289–290

rate-monotonic scheduling, 287–288

virtual machines, 729

critical-section problem:

and mutex locks, 212–213

D

Dalvik virtual machine, 86

data parallelism, 168–169

defense in depth, 689

desktop window manager (DWM), 831

device objects, 855

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 379

digital signatures, 832

DirectCompute, 835

discovery protocols, 39

disk(s):

solid-state, 469

dispatcher, 294

DMA controller, 595

doubly linked lists, 32

driver objects, 855

DWM (desktop window manager), 831

dynamic configurations, 837, 838

E

earliest-deadline-first (EDF) scheduling, 288–289

EC2, 41

EDF (earliest-deadline-first) scheduling, 288–289

efficiency, 837

emulation, 40, 727

emulators, 713

encryption:

public-key, 678

energy efficiency, 837

Erlang language, 241–242

event latency, 283–284

event-pair objects, 855

exit() system call, 120, 121

ext2 (second extended file system), 811

ext3 (third extended file system), 811–813

ext4 (fourth extended file system), 811

extended file attributes, 505

extensibility, 736

F

fast-user switching, 863–864

FIFO, 32

file info window (Mac OS X), 505

file replication, 767

file systems:

Windows 7, see Windows 7

foreground processes, 115, 296

fork-join strategy, 172

fourth extended file system (ext4), 811

G

GCD (Grand Central Dispatch), 182–183

general trees, 33

gestures, 60

global positioning system (GPS), 36

GNOME desktop, 60

GPS (global positioning system), 36

Grand Central Dispatch (GCD), 182–183

granularity, minimum, 797

graphics shaders, 835

guard pages, 847

GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 59–62

H

Hadoop, 765

Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS), 767

handle tables, 844

hands-on computer systems, 20

hardware:

virtual machines, 720–721

hash collisions, 471

hash functions, 33–34

hash maps, 471

HDFS (Hadoop distributed file system), 767

hibernation, 860–861

hybrid cloud, 42

hybrid operating systems, 83–86

Android, 85–86

iOS, 84–85

Mac OS X, 84

hypercalls, 726

hypervisors, 712

type 0, 723–724

type 1, 724–725

type 2, 725

I

IA-32 architecture, 384–387

paging in, 385–387

segmentation in, 384–385

IA-64 architecture, 387

IaaS (infrastructure as a service), 42

idle threads, 840

IDSs (intrusion-detection systems), 691–694

imperative languages, 241

impersonation, 853

implicit threading, 177–183

Grand Central Dispatch (GCD), 182–183

OpenMP and, 181–182

thread pools and, 179–181

infrastructure as a service (IaaS), 42

Intel processors:

IA-32 architecture, 384–387

IA-64 architecture, 387

interface(s):

choice of, 61–62

Internet Key Exchange (IKE), 682

interpretation, 40

interpreted languages, 727

interrupt latency, 284–285

interrupt service routines (ISRs), 840

I/O (input/output):

virtual machines, 731–732

iOS operating system, 84–85

I/O system(s):

application interface:

vectored I/O, 603–604

IP (Internet Protocol), 681–683

iPad, see Apple iPad

ISRs (interrupt service routines), 840

J

Java Virtual Machine (JVM), 107, 726, 736–737

journaling file systems, 569–570

just-in-time (JIT) compilers, 727

JVM, see Java Virtual Machine

K

K Desktop Environment (KDE), 60

kernel(s):

computational, 835

kernel code, 96

kernel data structures, 31–34

arrays, 31

bitmaps, 34

hash functions and maps, 33–34

lists, 31–33

queues, 32

stacks, 32

trees, 31–33

kernel environment, 84

Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF), 856

kernel-mode threads (KT), 844

kernel modules:

Linux, 96–101

kernel transaction manager (KTM), 862

KMDF (Kernel-Mode Driver Framework), 856

KT (kernel-mode threads), 844

KTM (kernel transaction manager), 862

L

latency:

in real-time systems, 283–285

target, 797

left child, 33

LFH design, 883–884

LIFO, 32

Linux:

kernel modules, 96–101

Linux system(s):

obtaining page size on, 370

lists, 31–32

live migration (virtual machines), 716, 733–735

lock(s):

mutex, 212–214

loosely-coupled systems, 17

love bug virus, 694

low-fragmentation heap (LFH) design, 883–884

LPCs (local procedure calls), 834

M

Mac OS X operating system, 84

main memory:

paging for management of:

and Oracle SPARC Solaris, 383

memory:

transactional, 239–240

memory leaks, 101

memory management:

with virtual machines, 730–731

memory-management unit (MMU), 384

micro TLBs, 388

migration:

with virtual machines, 733–735

minimum granularity, 797

mobile computing, 36–37

mobile systems:

multitasking in, 115

swapping on, 360, 407

module entry point, 97

module exit point, 97

Moore's Law, 6, 835

multicore systems, 14, 16, 166

multifactor authentication, 689

multiprocessor systems (parallel systems, tightly coupled systems), 166

multi-touch hardware, 863

mutant (Windows 7), 841

mutex locks, 212–214

N

namespaces, 793

NAT (network address translation), 732

nested page tables (NPTs), 720

network address translation (NAT), 732

non-uniform memory access (NUMA), 834

NPTs (nested page tables), 720

O

OLE (object linking and embedding), 873

open-file table, 546–547

OpenMP, 181–182, 240–241

OpenSolaris, 46

operating system(s):

hybrid systems, 83–86

portability of, 836–837

Oracle SPARC Solaris, 383

Orange Book, 832

OSI model, 757–758

OSI Reference Model, 682

overcommitment, 729

P

PaaS (platform as a service), 42

page address extension (PAE), 396

page directory pointer table, 386

page-frame number (PFN) database, 850–851

page-table entries (PTEs), 847

paging:

and Oracle SPARC Solaris, 383

parallelism, 166, 168–169

paravirtualization, 713, 725–726

partition(s):

control, 723

PC systems, 863

PDAs (personal digital assistants), 11

periodic processes, 286

periodic task rate, 286

personal computer (PC) systems, 863

personalities, 83

PFF (page-fault-frequency), 429–430

PFN database, 850–851

platform as a service (PaaS), 42

pop, 32

POSIX:

real-time scheduling, 290

POST (power-on self-test), 862

power manager (Windows 7), 860–861

power-on self-test (POST), 862

priority-based scheduling, 285–287

private cloud, 42

privilege levels, 23

procedural languages, 241

process(es):

background, 74–75, 115, 296

foreground, 115, 296

system, 8

processor groups, 835

process synchronization:

alternative approaches to, 238–242

functional programming languages, 241–242

OpenMP, 240–241

transactional memory, 239–240

critical-section problem:

software solution to, 212–213

programming-environment virtualization, 713, 726–727

proportional share scheduling, 289–290

protection domain, 721

protocols:

discovery, 39

pseudo-device driver, 730–731

PTEs (page-table entries), 847

PTE tables, 847

Pthreads:

thread cancellation in, 186–187

public cloud, 41

public-key encryption, 678

push, 32

R

RAID sets, 868

rate, periodic task, 286

rate-monotonic scheduling, 287–288

rate-monotonic scheduling algorithm, 287–288

RC4, 677

RDP, 717

real-time CPU scheduling, 283–290

earliest-deadline-first scheduling, 288–289

and minimizing latency, 283–285

POSIX real-time scheduling, 290

priority-based scheduling, 285–287

proportional share scheduling, 289–290

rate-monotonic scheduling, 287–288

red-black trees, 35

resume, 715

right child, 33

ROM (read-only memory), 93, 480

routers, 754

RR scheduling algorithm, 271–273

S

SaaS (software as a service), 42

Scala language, 241–242

scheduling:

earliest-deadline-first, 288–289

priority-based, 285–287

proportional share, 289–290

rate-monotonic, 287–288

SSDs and, 478

SCM (Service Control Manager), 860

second extended file system (ext2), 811

security identity (SID), 853

security tokens, 853

Service Control Manager (SCM), 860

services, operating system, 115

session manager subsystem (SMSS), 862

SID (security identity), 853

singly linked lists, 32

SJF scheduling algorithm, 267–270

Skype, 40

slim reader-writer (SRW) locks, 879

SLOB allocator, 439

SLUB allocator, 439

SMB (server-message-block), 871

SMSS (session manager subsystem), 862

software as a service (SaaS), 42

solid-state disks (SSDs), 11, 469, 478

SPARC, 383

SRM (security reference monitor), 858–859

SRW (slim reader-writer) locks, 879

SSTF scheduling algorithm, 474–475

standard swapping, 358–360

storage:

thread-local, 187

storage management:

with virtual machines, 732–733

subsystems, 135

superuser, 688

Surface Computer, 863

suspended state, 715

swapping:

on mobile systems, 360, 407

standard, 358–360

switching:

fast-user, 863–864

symmetric coupling, 17

symmetric encryption algorithm, 676

synchronous threading, 172

SYSGEN, 91–92

system daemons, 8

system-development time, 715

system hive, 861

system processes, 8, 844–845

system restore point, 861

T

target latency, 797

task parallelism, 168–169

TEBs (thread environment blocks), 880

terminal applications, 96

terminal server systems, 864

thin clients, 35

third extended file system (ext3), 811–813

threads:

implicit threading, 177–183

thread attach, 853

thread environment blocks (TEBs), 880

thread-local storage, 187

thread pools, 179–181

thunking, 834

time sharing (multitasking), 115

time slice, 796

timestamp counters (TSCs), 840–841

touch screen (touchscreen computing), 5, 60

transactions:

atomic, 210

transactional memory, 239–240

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 758–761

trap-and-emulate method, 717–718

trees, 33, 35

TSCs (timestamp counters), 840–841

type 0 hypervisors, 712, 723–724

type 1 hypervisors, 712, 724–725

type 2 hypervisors, 713, 725

U

UAC (User Account Control), 701

UI (user interface), 52–55

UMDF (User-Mode Driver Framework), 856

UMS, see user-mode scheduling

USBs (universal serial buses), 469

User Account Control (UAC), 701

user mode, 787

User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF), 856

user-mode scheduling (UMS), 296–297, 835, 880–881

user-mode threads (UT), 844

UT (user-mode threads), 844

V

VACB (virtual address control block), 857

variables:

condition, 879

VAX minicomputer, 379–380

VCPU (virtual CPU), 717

vectored I/O, 603–604

virtual CPU (VCPU), 717

virtualization, 40–41

advantages and disadvantages of, 714–716

and application containment, 727–728

and emulation, 727

and operating-system components, 728–735

CPU scheduling, 729

I/O, 731–732

live migration, 733–735

memory management, 730–731

storage management, 732–733

para-, 725–726

programming-environment, 726–727

virtual machines, 711–738. See also virtualization

advantages and disadvantages of, 714–716

and binary translation, 718–720

examples, 735–737

features of, 715–717

and hardware assistance, 720–721

history of, 713–714

Java Virtual Machine, 736–737

life cycle of, 722–723

trap-and-emulate systems, 717–718

type 0 hypervisors, 723–724

type 1 hypervisors, 724–725

type 2 hypervisors, 725

VMware, 735–736

virtual machine control structures (VMCSs), 721

virtual machine manager (VMM), 22–23, 41, 712

virtual machine sprawl, 723

VMCSs (virtual machine control structures), 721

VMM, see virtual machine manager

VM manager, 846–852

VMware, 714, 735–736

W

wait() system call, 120–122

Win32 API, 875

Windows 7:

dynamic device support, 837, 838

and energy efficiency, 837

fast-user switching with, 863–864

security in, 700–701

synchronization in, 833–834, 878–879

terminal services, 863–864

user-mode scheduling in, 296–297

Windows executive:

booting, 862–863

power manager, 860–861

Windows group policy, 875

Windows Task Manager, 87, 88

Windows Vista, 830

security in, 700

symbolic links in, 869–870

Windows XP, 830

Winsock, 881

Workstation (VMWare), 735–736

X

x86-64 architecture, 387

Xen, 714

Z

zones, 728