Contents

PART ONE images OVERVIEW

Chapter 1 Introduction

   1.1 What Operating Systems Do

   1.2 Computer-System Organization

   1.3 Computer-System Architecture

   1.4 Operating-System Structure

   1.5 Operating-System Operations

   1.6 Process Management

   1.7 Memory Management

   1.8 Storage Management

   1.9 Protection and Security

 1.10 Kernel Data Structures

 1.11 Computing Environments

 1.12 Open-Source Operating Systems

 1.13 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures

   2.1 Operating-System Services

   2.2 User and Operating-System Interface

   2.3 System Calls

   2.4 Types of System Calls

   2.5 System Programs

   2.6 Operating-System Design and Implementation

   2.7 Operating-System Structure

   2.8 Operating-System Debugging

   2.9 Operating-System Generation

 2.10 System Boot

 2.11 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

PART TWO images PROCESS MANAGEMENT

Chapter 3 Processes

   3.1 Process Concept

   3.2 Process Scheduling

   3.3 Operations on Processes

   3.4 Interprocess Communication

   3.5 Examples of IPC Systems

   3.6 Communication in Client–Server Systems

   3.7 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 4 Threads

   4.1 Overview

   4.2 Multicore Programming

   4.3 Multithreading Models

   4.4 Thread Libraries

   4.5 Implicit Threading

   4.6 Threading Issues

   4.7 Operating-System Examples

   4.8 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 5 Process Synchronization

   5.1 Background

   5.2 The Critical-Section Problem

   5.3 Peterson's Solution

   5.4 Synchronization Hardware

   5.5 Mutex Locks

   5.6 Semaphores

   5.7 Classic Problems of Synchronization

   5.8 Monitors

   5.9 Synchronization Examples

 5.10 Alternative Approaches

 5.11 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 6 CPU Scheduling

   6.1 Basic Concepts

   6.2 Scheduling Criteria

   6.3 Scheduling Algorithms

   6.4 Thread Scheduling

   6.5 Multiple-Processor Scheduling

   6.6 Real-Time CPU Scheduling

   6.7 Operating-System Examples

   6.8 Algorithm Evaluation

   6.9 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 7 Deadlocks

   7.1 System Model

   7.2 Deadlock Characterization

   7.3 Methods for Handling Deadlocks

   7.4 Deadlock Prevention

   7.5 Deadlock Avoidance

   7.6 Deadlock Detection

   7.7 Recovery from Deadlock

   7.8 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

PART THREE images MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Chapter 8 Main Memory

   8.1 Background

   8.2 Swapping

   8.3 Contiguous Memory Allocation

   8.4 Segmentation

   8.5 Paging

   8.6 Structure of the Page Table

   8.7 Example: Intel 32 and 64-bit Architectures

   8.8 Example: ARM Architecture

   8.9 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 9 Virtual Memory

   9.1 Background

   9.2 Demand Paging

   9.3 Copy-on-Write

   9.4 Page Replacement

   9.5 Allocation of Frames

   9.6 Thrashing

   9.7 Memory-Mapped Files

   9.8 Allocating Kernel Memory

   9.9 Other Considerations

 9.10 Operating-System Examples

 9.11 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

PART FOUR images STORAGE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 10 Mass-Storage Structure

 10.1 Overview of Mass-Storage Structure

 10.2 Disk Structure

 10.3 Disk Attachment

 10.4 Disk Scheduling

 10.5 Disk Management

 10.6 Swap-Space Management

 10.7 RAID Structure

 10.8 Stable-Storage Implementation

 10.9 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 11 File-System Interface

 11.1 File Concept

 11.2 Access Methods

 11.3 Directory and Disk Structure

 11.4 File-System Mounting

 11.5 File Sharing

 11.6 Protection

 11.7 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 12 File-System Implementation

 12.1 File-System Structure

 12.2 File-System Implementation

 12.3 Directory Implementation

 12.4 Allocation Methods

 12.5 Free-Space Management

 12.6 Efficiency and Performance

 12.7 Recovery

 12.8 NFS

 12.9 Example: The WAFL File System

12.10 Summary

    Exercises

    Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 13 I/O Systems

 13.1 Overview

 13.2 I/O Hardware

 13.3 Application I/O Interface

 13.4 Kernel I/O Subsystem

 13.5 Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations

 13.6 STREAMS

 13.7 Performance

 13.8 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

PART FIVE images PROTECTION AND SECURITY

Chapter 14 Protection

 14.1 Goals of Protection

 14.2 Principles of Protection

 14.3 Domain of Protection

 14.4 Access Matrix

 14.5 Implementation of the Access Matrix

 14.6 Access Control

 14.7 Revocation of Access Rights

 14.8 Capability-Based Systems

 14.9 Language-Based Protection

14.10 Summary

    Exercises

    Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 15 Security

 15.1 The Security Problem

 15.2 Program Threats

 15.3 System and Network Threats

 15.4 Cryptography as a Security Tool

 15.5 User Authentication

 15.6 Implementing Security Defenses

 15.7 Firewalling to Protect Systems and Networks

 15.8 Computer-Security Classifications

 15.9 An Example: Windows 7

15.10 Summary

    Exercises

    Bibliographical Notes

PART SIX images ADVANCED TOPICS

Chapter 16 Virtual Machines

 16.1 Overview

 16.2 History

 16.3 Benefits and Features

 16.4 Building Blocks

 16.5 Types of Virtual Machines and Their Implementations

 16.6 Virtualization and Operating-System Components

 16.7 Examples

 16.8 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 17 Distributed Systems

 17.1 Advantages of Distributed Systems

 17.2 Types of Network-based Operating Systems

 17.3 Network Structure

 17.4 Communication Structure

 17.5 Communication Protocols

 17.6 An Example: TCP/IP

 17.7 Robustness

 17.8 Design Issues

 17.9 Distributed File Systems

17.10 Summary

    Exercises

    Bibliographical Notes

PART SEVEN images CASE STUDIES

Chapter 18 The Linux System

 18.1 Linux History

 18.2 Design Principles

 18.3 Kernel Modules

 18.4 Process Management

 18.5 Scheduling

 18.6 Memory Management

 18.7 File Systems

 18.8 Input and Output

 18.9 Interprocess Communication

18.10 Network Structure

18.11 Security

18.12 Summary

    Exercises

    Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 19 Windows 7

 19.1 History

 19.2 Design Principles

 19.3 System Components

 19.4 Terminal Services and Fast User Switching

 19.5 File System

 19.6 Networking

 19.7 Programmer Interface

 19.8 Summary

   Exercises

   Bibliographical Notes

Chapter 20 Influential Operating Systems

 20.1 Feature Migration

 20.2 Early Systems

 20.3 Atlas

 20.4 XDS-940

 20.5 THE

 20.6 RC 4000

 20.7 CTSS

 20.8 MULTICS

 20.9 IBM OS/360

20.10 TOPS-20

20.11 CP/M and MS/DOS

20.12 Macintosh Operating System and Windows

20.13 Mach

20.14 Other Systems

    Exercises

    Bibliographical Notes

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