Contents

Foreword

Preface

About the Author

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1   Motivation

1.2   The usual (classical) mechanics

1.3   The process of observation

1.4   The new mechanics

Chapter 2 Wave-particle Duality

2.1   Introduction

2.2   Young’s two-slit experiment

2.3   Bragg’s x-ray diffraction

2.4   Photoelectric effect

2.5   Compton effect

2.6   Wave-particle nature of electromagnetic radiations

2.7   Electron/neutron diffraction

2.8   Davisson and Germer electron diffraction experiment

2.9   Wave-particle nature of matter

2.10   What is the real nature of matter and radiations?

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 3 Wave Packets and Uncertainty Principle

3.1   Introduction

3.2   Superposition of waves

3.3   Phase velocity and group velocity

3.4   de Broglie relation

3.5   Measurement and uncertainty principle

3.6   Uncertainty principle: Thought experiments

3.7   Conclusions

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 4 Operators, Eigenstates, Eigenvalues and Schrodinger Equation

4.1   Introduction

4.2   Measurement process as operator operating on the state function/wave function of a particle having definite linear momentum

4.3   Physical interpretation of wave function ψ(r, t)

4.4   Schrodinger equation for a free particle

4.5   Schrodinger equation for a free wave packet

4.6   Schrodinger equation for a particle in a potential

4.7   Expectation value and operators

4.8   Probability current density: Equation of continuity

4.9   Gaussian wave packet and its spread with time

4.10   Wave function in momentum space

4.11   The Ehrenfest theorem

4.12   The uncertainty relations (revisited)

4.13   The (resulting) quantum logic

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 5 One-dimensional Problems

5.1   Introduction

5.2   Time-independent schrodinger equation and stationary states

5.3   Some characteristics of wave functions

5.4   Particle in a one-dimensional potential box

5.5   Potential box with periodic boundary conditions

5.6   The potential step

5.7   Rectangular potential barrier

5.8   Potential well of finite depth

5.9   Kronig–Penney model

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 6 The Linear Harmonic Oscillator

6.1   Introduction

6.2   Classical harmonic oscillator

6.3   Quantum harmonic oscillator

6.4   The Normalized Wave Functions

6.5   The Hermite polynomials

6.6   Parity

6.7   Conclusions

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 7 The Linear Vector Space

7.1   Introduction

7.2   Some characteristics of eigenstates of Hermitian operators

7.3   Dirac bra and ket notations

7.4   More about bra, ket vectors and linear vector space

7.5   Matrix representation of state vectors and operators

7.6   Some special matrices/operators

7.7   Change of basis: Unitary transformation

7.8   Tensor product or direct product of vector spaces

7.9   Outer product operators

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 8 Linear Harmonic Oscillator—Revisited

8.1   Introduction

8.2   The creation and annihilation operators

8.3   Energy eigenstates

8.4   Matrix representation of various operators

8.5   Expectation values of various operators

8.6   The coherent states

8.7   Time evolution of the coherent state and its comparison with classical oscillator

8.8   The Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 9 Angular Momentum

9.1   Introduction

9.2   Orbital angular momentum operator

9.3   Commutation relations

9.4   Angular momentum operator in spherical polar coordinates

9.5   The eigenvalues and eigenfunctons of equation and equation

9.6   Measurement of angular momentum components and the uncertainty relations

9.7   Orbital angular momentum and spatial rotation

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 10 Three-dimensional Systems

10.1 Introduction

10.2 A particle in a cubic potential box

10.3 Cubic box with periodic boundary conditions

10.4 Density of states of free particles (free electron gas in metals)

10.5 Spherically symmetric potentials

10.6 The free particle in spherical polar coordinates

10.7 Schrodinger equation for a two-body system

10.8 The hydrogenic atom

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 11 Angular Momentum—Revisited

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Raising and lowering operators (the ladder operators)

11.3 Eigenvalues and eigenstates of orbital angular momentum operators: Second construction of spherical harmonics

11.4 The constants C+ and C

11.5 Matrix representation of angular momentum operator corresponding to j = 1

11.6 Matrix representation of angular momentum operator corresponding to j = ½

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 12 The Spin

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Orbital angular momentum and magnetic moment

12.3 The electron spin: Spin operators and spin eigenstates

12.4 Total wave function of an electron

12.5 The Stern–Gerlach experiment

12.6 Spin and rotation (spinor transformation)

12.7 A magnetic moment in a uniform magnetic field: The Larmor precession

12.8 Electron spin resonance

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 13 Addition of Angular Momenta

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Addition of two angular momenta

13.3 Recursion relations for the C–G coefficients

13.4 The possible values of j

13.5 Addition of two spin ½ angular momenta

13.6 Addition of j = 1 and j = ½ angular momenta

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 14 WKB Approximation and Electron Tunnelling

14.1 Introduction

14.2 The essential idea of WKB method

14.3 Development of WKB approximation

14.4 Validity of WKB approximation

14.5 The connection formulae

14.6 Application of WKB technique to barrier penetration

14.7 Cold emission of electrons from metals

14.8 Alpha-decay of nuclei

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 15 Time-independent Perturbation Theory

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Non-degenerate perturbation theory

15.3 Harmonic oscillator subject to perturbing potential

15.4 Degenerate perturbation theory

15.5 The Stark effect

15.6 The fine structure of hydrogen

15.7 The Zeeman effect

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 16 Time-dependent Perturbation Theory

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Time development of states and transition probability

16.3 Constant perturbation

16.4 The adiabatic approximation

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 17 Semi-classical Theory of Radiations

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Interaction of one-electron atom with electromagnetic field

17.3 Harmonic perturbation theory

17.4 Spontaneous emission: Einstein A and B coefficients

17.5 Selection rules for electric dipole transitions

17.6 Lifetime and line-width

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 18 Theory of Scattering

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Scattering experiments and scattering cross-section

18.3 Classical theory of scattering: Rutherford scattering

18.4 Quantum theory of scattering

18.5 Solution of Schrodinger equation for scattering problem: Green’s function

18.6 The Born approximation

18.7 Method of partial waves and phase shifts

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 19 Theory of Measurement in Quantum Mechanics

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Process of measurement: A simple treatment

19.3 Measurement of spin of an atom

19.4 The EPR paradox

19.5 The hidden variables and Bell’s theorem

19.6 Time–evolution of a system: Quantum zeno paradox

Exercises

Solutions

References

Chapter 20 Introduction to Quantum Computing

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Binary number systems

20.3 Classical logic gates

20.4 Turing machine

20.5 Qubits

20.6 Entanglement

20.7 Quantum logic gates

20.8 Quantum computation

Exercises

Solutions

References

Appendices

Appendix A Early Quantum Mechanics

A.1 Planck’s formula of black body radiations

A.2 Atomic spectra and Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom

A.3 Bohr’s correspondence principle

A.4 The Franck–Hertz experiment

Appendix B Some Supplementary Topics

B.1 Fourier transform

B.2 Dirac delta function

B.3 Bloch theorem

B.4 The variational method

Exercises

Solutions

Appendix C Some Mathematical Relations

C.1 Some algebraic relations

C.2 Some trigonometric relations

C.3 Coordinate systems

C.4 Some vector relations

C.5 Some calculus relations

C.6 Some definite integrals

C.7 An important integral

Appendix D Various Tables

D.1 Table of fundamental physical constants

D.2 Table of conversion factors between units used to express magnitude of energy

D.3 Table of spectrum of electromagnetic radiations

D.4 Range of radiations

D.5 Symbols and values of pre-factors

D.6 The Greek alphabets

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