In this chapter, we have learned the importance of a web server signature, and to obtain the server signature is the first step in hacking. Abraham Lincoln once said:

The same thing applies in our case. Before the start of an attack on a web server, it is better to check exactly which services are running on it. This is done by foot printing of the web server. Error-handling techniques are a passive process. Header checking and banner grabbing are active processes to gather information about the web server. In this chapter, we have also learned about the parser Beautifulsoup. Sections such as hyperlinks, tags, IDs, and so on can be obtained from Beautifulsoup. In the last section, you have seen some guidelines on the hardening of a web server. If you follow those guidelines, you can make your web server difficult to attack.

In the next chapter, you will learn client-side validation and parameter tempering. You will learn how to generate and detect DoS and DDOS attacks.