Small Signal Audio Design
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1 The Basics
- Signals
- Amplifiers
- Negative Feedback
- Nominal Signal Levels and Dynamic Range
- Frequency Response
- Phase Perception
- Gain Structures
- Noise
- Johnson Noise
- Shot Noise
- 1/f Noise (Flicker Noise)
- Popcorn Noise
- Summing Noise Sources
- Noise in Amplifiers
- Noise in Bipolar Transistors
- Noise in JFETs
- Noise Gain
- Low-Noise Opamp Circuitry
- Noise Measurements
- How to Attenuate Quietly
- How to Amplify Quietly
- How to Invert Quietly
- How to Balance Quietly
- Ultra-Low-Noise Design With Multi-Path Amplifiers
- Multiple Amplifiers for Greater Drive Capability
- Chapter 2 Components
- Conductors
- PCB Track-to-Track Crosstalk
- The Three-Layer PCB
- Impedances and Crosstalk: A Case History
- Resistors
- Through-Hole Resistors
- Surface-Mount Resistors
- Resistor Series
- Resistor Accuracy: Two-Resistor Combinations
- Resistor Accuracy: Three-Resistor Combinations
- Other Resistor Combinations
- Resistor Value Distributions
- The Uniform Distribution
- Resistor Imperfections
- Resistor Excess Noise
- Resistor Non-Linearity
- Capacitors
- Inductors
- Chapter 3 Discrete Transistor Circuitry
- Why Use Discrete Transistor Circuitry?
- Bipolars and FETs
- Bipolar Junction Transistors
- The Transistor Equation
- Beta
- Unity-Gain Buffer Stages
- Gain Stages
- One-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Gain Stages
- One-Transistor Series-Feedback Gain Stages
- Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Gain Stages
- Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Stages: Improving Linearity
- Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Stages: Noise
- Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Stages: Bootstrapping
- Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Stages as Summing Amplifiers
- Two-Transistor Series-Feedback Gain Stages
- Discrete Opamp Design
- High-Input-Impedance Bipolar Stages
- Chapter 4 Opamps and Their Properties
- Introduction
- A Very Brief History of Opamps
- Opamp Properties: Noise
- Opamp Properties: Slew Rate
- Opamp Properties: Common Mode Range
- Opamp Properties: Input Offset Voltage
- Opamp Properties: Bias Current
- Opamp Properties: Cost
- Opamp Properties: Distortion
- Selecting the Right Opamp
- Opamps Surveyed: BJT Input Types
- The NE5532/5534 Opamp
- Opamps Surveyed: JFET Input Types
- Chapter 5 Opamps for Low Voltages
- Chapter 6 Filters
- Introduction
- Passive Filters
- Active Filters
- Low-Pass Filters
- High-Pass Filters
- Combined Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
- Band-Pass Filters
- Notch Filters
- All-Pass Filters
- Filter Characteristics
- Sallen and Key Low-Pass Filters
- Sallen and Key High-Pass Filters
- Distortion in Sallen and Key Filters
- Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass Filters
- Notch Filters
- Differential Filters
- Chapter 7 Preamplifier Architectures
- Chapter 8 Variable Gain Stages
- Amplifier Stages With Gain From Unity Upwards: Single-Gain Pot
- Amplifier Stages With Gain From Unity Upwards: Dual-Gain Pot
- Combining Gain Stages With Active Filters
- Amplifier Stages With Gain From Zero Upwards: Single-Gain Pot
- Amplifier Stages With Gain From Zero Upwards: Dual-Gain Pot
- Switched-Gain Amplifiers
- Chapter 9 Moving-Magnet Inputs: Levels and RIAA Equalisation
- Cartridge Types
- The Vinyl Medium
- Spurious Signals
- Other Vinyl Problems
- Maximum Signal Levels From Vinyl
- Moving-Magnet Cartridge Sensitivities
- Overload Margins and Amplifier Limitations
- Equalisation and Its Discontents
- The Unloved IEC Amendment
- The “Neumann Pole”
- MM Amplifier Configurations
- Opamp MM Input Stages
- Calculating the RIAA Equalisation Components
- Implementing RIAA Equalisation
- Implementing the IEC Amendment
- RIAA Series-Feedback Network Configurations
- RIAA Optimisation: C1 as a Single E6 Capacitor, 2xE24
- RIAA Optimisation: C1 as 3 x 10 nF Capacitors, 2xE24
- RIAA Optimisation: C1 as 4 x 10 nF Capacitors, 2xE24
- RIAA Optimisation: The Willmann Tables
- RIAA Optimisation: C1 as 3 x 10 nF Capacitors, 3xE24
- RIAA Optimisation: C1 as 4 x 10 nF Capacitors, 3xE24
- Switched-Gain MM RIAA Amplifiers
- Switched-Gain MM/MC RIAA Amplifiers
- Open-Loop Gain and RIAA Accuracy
- Passive and Semi-Passive RIAA Equalisation
- MM Cartridge Loading and Frequency Response
- MM Cartridge–Preamplifier Interaction
- MM Cartridge DC and AC Coupling
- Noise in MM RIAA Preamplifiers
- Hybrid MM Amplifiers
- Balanced MM Inputs
- Noise in Balanced MM Inputs
- Noise Weighting
- Noise Measurements
- Cartridge Load Synthesis for Lower Noise
- Subsonic Filters
- Ultrasonic Filters
- A Practical MM Amplifier #3
- Chapter 10 Moving-Coil Head Amplifiers
- Chapter 11 Tape Replay
- Chapter 12 Guitar Preamplifiers
- Chapter 13 Volume Controls
- Volume Controls
- Volume Control Laws
- Loaded Linear Pots
- Dual-Action Volume Controls
- Tapped Volume Controls
- Slide Faders
- Active Volume Controls
- The Baxandall Active Volume Control
- The Baxandall Volume Control Law
- A Practical Baxandall Active Volume Stage
- Low-Noise Baxandall Active Volume Stages
- The Baxandall Volume Control: Loading Effects
- An Improved Baxandall Active Volume Stage With Lower Noise
- Baxandall Active Volume Stage Plus Passive Control
- The Overlap Penalty
- Potentiometers and DC
- Belt-Ganged Volume Controls
- Motorised Potentiometers
- Stepped Volume Controls
- Switched Attenuator Volume Controls
- Relay-Switched Volume Controls
- Transformer-Tap Volume Controls
- Integrated Circuit Volume Controls
- Loudness Controls
- The Newcomb and Young Loudness Control
- Chapter 14 Balance Controls
- Chapter 15 Tone Controls and Equalisers
- Introduction
- Passive Tone Controls
- Baxandall Tone Controls
- Variable-Frequency HF EQ
- Variable-Frequency LF EQ
- A New Type of Switched-Frequency LF EQ
- Variable-Frequency HF and LF EQ in One Stage
- Tilt or Tone-Balance Controls
- Middle Controls
- Switchable Peak/Shelving LF/HF EQ
- Parametric Middle EQ
- Graphic Equalisers
- Chapter 16 Mixer Architecture
- Chapter 17 Microphone Preamplifiers
- Microphone Types
- Microphone Preamplifier Requirements
- Transformer Microphone Inputs
- The Simple Hybrid Microphone Preamplifier
- The Balanced-Feedback Hybrid Microphone Preamplifier (BFMA)
- Microphone and Line Input Pads
- The Padless Microphone Preamplifier
- Capacitor Microphone Head Amplifiers
- Ribbon Microphone Amplifiers
- Chapter 18 Line Inputs
- External Signal Levels
- Internal Signal Levels
- Input Amplifier Functions
- Unbalanced Inputs
- Balanced Interconnections
- The Advantages of Balanced Interconnections
- The Disadvantages of Balanced Interconnections
- Balanced Cables and Interference
- Balanced Connectors
- Balanced Signal Levels
- Electronic Versus Transformer Balanced Inputs
- Common Mode Rejection
- Opamp Frequency Response Effects
- Opamp CMRR Effects
- Amplifier Component Mismatch Effects
- A Practical Balanced Input
- Variations on the Balanced Input Stage
- Combined Unbalanced and Balanced Inputs
- The Superbal Input
- Switched-Gain Balanced Inputs
- Variable-Gain Balanced Inputs
- Combined Line Input and Balance Control Stage With Low Noise
- The Self Variable-Gain Line Input
- High Input-Impedance Balanced Inputs
- The Inverting Two-Opamp Input
- The Instrumentation Amplifier
- Instrumentation Amplifier Applications
- The Instrumentation Amplifier With 4x Gain
- The Instrumentation Amplifier at Unity Gain
- The Instrumentation Amplifier and Gain Controls
- The Instrumentation Amplifier and the Whitlock Bootstrap
- Transformer Balanced Inputs
- Input Overvoltage Protection
- Low-Noise Balanced Inputs
- Low-Noise Balanced Inputs in Action
- Ultra-Low-Noise Balanced Inputs
- Chapter 19 Line Outputs
- Unbalanced Outputs
- Zero-Impedance Outputs
- Ground-Cancelling Outputs: Basics
- Ground-Cancelling Outputs: Zero-Impedance Output
- Ground-Cancelling Outputs: CMRR
- Ground-Cancelling Outputs: Send Amplifier Noise
- Ground-Cancelling Outputs: Into a Balanced Input
- Ground-Cancelling Outputs: History
- Balanced Outputs: Basics
- Balanced Outputs: Output Impedance
- Balanced Outputs: Noise
- Quasi-Floating Outputs
- Transformer Balanced Outputs
- Output Transformer Frequency Response
- Output Transformer Distortion
- Reducing Output Transformer Distortion
- Chapter 20 Headphone Amplifiers
- Chapter 21 Signal Switching
- Chapter 22 Mixer Sub-Systems
- Mixer Bus Systems
- Input Arrangements
- Equalisation
- Insert Points
- How to Move a Circuit Block
- Faders
- Post-Fade Amplifiers
- Direct Outputs
- Panpots
- Routing Systems
- Auxiliary Sends
- Group Module Circuit Blocks
- Summing Systems: Voltage Summing
- Summing Systems: Virtual-Earth Summing
- Balanced Summing Systems
- Ground-Cancelling Summing Systems
- Distributed Summing Systems
- Summing Amplifiers
- Hybrid Summing Amplifiers
- Balanced Hybrid Summing Amplifiers
- Balancing Tracks to Reduce Crosstalk
- The Multi-Function Summing Amplifier
- PFL Systems
- AFL Systems
- Solo-in-Place Systems
- Talkback Microphone Amplifiers
- Line-Up Oscillators
- The Flash Bus
- Power Supply Protection
- Console Cooling and Component Lifetimes
- Chapter 23 Level Indication and Metering
- Chapter 24 Level Control and Special Circuits
- Chapter 25 Power Supplies
- Opamp Supply Rail Voltages
- Designing a ±15 V Supply
- Designing a ±17 V Supply
- Using Variable-Voltage Regulators
- Improving Ripple Performance
- Dual Supplies From a Single Winding
- Power Supplies for Discrete Circuitry
- Larger Power Supplies
- Mutual Shutdown Circuitry
- Very Large Power Supplies
- Microcontroller and Relay Supplies
- +48 V Phantom Power Supplies
- Chapter 26 Interfacing With the Digital Domain
- Appendix
- Index
-
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