5.1-channel surround-sound system, 411–12
Absolute linear fader, 128
Adaptation, 650
Adaptation layers, 591, 661, 663
Adaptive spectral perceptual entropy coding (ASPEC) system, 445
ADC parameters, 221
Additive colour matching, 80
Address generation:
in digital video processing, 251–5
Advanced video coding (AVC), 328, 375–81
Alternate mark inversion (AMI), 613, 614
Alternative convertors, 428–31
Analog fader, 127
Analog monochrome video, vertical/temporal spectrum of, 189–90
Analog-to-digital conversion, 423–8, 213–20
Analog-to-digital convertor (ADC), 4, 12–13, 18, 19, 97–8, 218, 221
Ancillary data, 603
Application independence, 657
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 114
Array sizes, in computer graphics, 271
Assemble edit, 276
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), 614, 615
Asynchronous serial interface (ASI), 592, 605
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 589
Asynchronous transmission, 37
Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcast Union (AES/EBU), 587, 591, 605–11, 662
Automatic gain control (AGC), 539, 540
Azimuth recording, 474
Background strobing, 61
Backward masking, 405
Bandwidth and definition, 76–7
Bi-directional coding, 340–2, 618
Biphase mark code, see FM code
Birefringence, 46
Bit-cell centre transition, 489
Bit error rate (BER), 501
Bits, 6
Block code:
Blocks, 19
Blue hot, 42
Branch, 113
“Brick wall” filters, 184, 185
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN), 614, 657
Broadband networks:
and Asynchronous Transfer Mode, 657–60
Broadcast modulation techniques, 627–36
Burst-correcting codes, 513
Byte, 6
Camera-shake compensation, 307–10
Canaletto paintings, 258
Candela (cd), 48
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detect (CSMA/CD), 651–2
Cartographers, 250
Cathode ray tube (CRT), 2
Central processing unit (CPU), 114, 115
Channel-status block, 609, 610
Character generator, 265, 266, 267, 269
Chroma, 11
Chucking, 570
Clock jitter, see Sampling clock jitter
Clocking system, for channel coding, 483, 484
Code book, 490
Code word, 501, 505, 516–17, 518, 519
see also Reed–Solomon codes
Colour difference signals, 10, 11, 88–93, 97, 190, 192, 224, 225, 231, 233, 234, 235, 238, 242–3, 248, 320
Colour Look Up Table (CLUT), 271
Common part convergence sublayer (CPCS), 663
Communication systems, 587
AES/EBU, 591, 592, 605–11, 662
ancillary data, 603
ASI, 605
broadband networks:
broadcast modulation techniques, 627–36
digital television broadcasting, 615–18
error correction, 637
MPEG packets:
production-related interfaces, 591–2
program-specific information, 621–3
serial digital video interfaces, 592–4
telephone-based systems, 611–15
transport stream multiplexing, 624–7
Compander, 318
Component video, digitizing, 223–9
Composite video, 11, 69, 320, 387
Compression:
Compression factor, 318, 319, 330, 453
Compression techniques
in television systems, 317, 319, 320
Computer, of digital video systems, 110–13
Computer and video formats, converting between, 270–4
Computer graphics card, 270
Concatenation loss, 388
Connection-oriented protocol, 658
Connectionless protocol, 658
Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), 384
Context adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC), 384, 385
Controlling effects:
in digital video processing, 263–4
Conversion, 179
analog-to-digital conversion, 213–20
convertor quality, factors affecting, 221–9
digital domain, colour in, 230–5
digital-to-analog conversion, 211–12
dither, introduction to, 201–3
requantizing and digital dither, 203–11
two-dimensional sampling spectra, 187–92
Convolutional code:
Convolutional interleaving, 514, 515
Corrector, 519
Correlation surface, 293, 296, 297
Co-siting, 225
Critical flicker frequency (CFF), 56
Cross-interleaving, 529
Crossword code, 507
Cyclic codes, 509
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 511, 519, 601
Cyclic redundancy check character (CRCC), 549, 604, 611
Cylindrical lens method, 558
D channel, 613
Data paths, 114
Data separation:
Decimation, 151
Decode time stamps (DTS), 619
Density ratio (DR), 486
De-serializing, 492
Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), 428, 430
see also Sigma-DPCM
Differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK), 628
Diffraction grating, 561
in video:
alternative convertors, 428–31
analog-to- digital conversion, 423–8
choice of sampling rate, 413–15
digital-to-analog conversion, 415–23
MPEG audio compression, 444–56
oversampling and noise shaping, 431–9
and video synchronisation, 444
Digital cinema, 38
Digital coding principles, 461
block and convolutional codes, 507–9
concealment, by interpolation, 506–7
cyclic codes, 509
equalization and data separation, 477–8
optical disks:
and magneto-optical disks, 475–7
randomizing and encryption, 493–500
recording medium, types of, 467–8
slicing:
transmission channel, types of, 463–4
Digital dither:
Digital faders:
Digital principles, 95
computer, application of, 110–13
digital signal processors, 117–21
discrete cosine transform, 170–4
Fourier transform, 162–70, 175
gain control, by multiplication, 110
interrupts, handling of, 113–17
multiplexing principles, 124–7
sampling-rate conversion, 147–59
statistical multiplexing, 127
Digital recording, see Digital coding principles
Digital set top box, 2
Digital signal processors (DSPs), 117–21
Digital system, 106
Digital television broadcasting, 615–18
error correction in, 637
Digital video broadcasting (DVB), 637–40
handheld devices, 17
Digital video cassettes, 573–4
Digital video effects (DVEs), 259, 390
Digital video processing:
address generation
blanking, 241
camera-shake compensation, 307–10
linear editing:
motion-compensated standards conversion, 301–7
motion compensation, applications of, 286–300
online editing:
planar digital video effects, 251
Digital-to-analog conversion, 211–12, 415–23
Digital-to-analog convertor (DAC), 22, 98
Digital VTR block diagram, 574–80
Dim encoder, 392
Direct memory access (DMA), 545, 550
Direct modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), 456
Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 170–4, 570
Discrete Fourier transform, 162, 163, 170
Discrete frequency transform, 450–1
Discrete time integrator, 108
Disk servers, 553
Dither, introduction to, 201–3
Dither techniques, 207
Dolby laboratories, 446
DTMF, 612
Duality, of transforms, 159–62
DVD player, structure of, 564–9
Dynamic element matching, 417–18
Dynamic resolution, 56
E1, 613
EBU timecode, 279
Edit decision list (EDL), 277, 328–9
Editing, in digital video processing, 284–6
linear and non-linear editing, 276–7
online and offline editing, 277–8
Embedded-servo technique, 544
End of active video (EAV), 594, 601
Energy dispersal, 632
Equal loudness contours, 401, 402
Equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB), 405
Erasable optical disks, 536, 554
Erasure flags, see Error flags
Error bursts, 501
Error correction, 25–6, 27, 501–6, 637
Error detection, 502
and handling, 592
Error flags, 529
Error propagation, 509
European Broadcast Union (EBU), 9, 605
Exchangeable-pack drives, 539, 546
Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate, 131, 502
Face and body animation, 369
Fast address generators, 255
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 162, 165, 167, 170, 171, 635, 640, 641
Figure of merit (FoM), 486, 491
File servers, 32
Filter design, for conversion, 185–7
Finite field, 109
Finite-impulse response (FIR) filters, 141, 142–7, 151, 254
Firmware, 112
First In First Out (FIFO) memory, 551
Flash convertor, 213, 214, 423, 431
Flash memory, 31
Flexible macroblock ordering (FMO), 376
Floating-point notation, 446–8
Focus and tracking systems, 557–64
Focus-error system, 557
Forward error-correcting schemes, 505
Forward error correction (FEC), 591
Forward masking, 405
Fourier transform, 162–70, 175, 291
Fractional-ratio conversion, 150, 155, 158
Gain control, by multiplication, 110
Galois, Evariste, 131
Gamma conversion, 272
Gaussian distribution, 30
Gibb's phenomenon, 142
Gradient matching, 290
Graphics art/paint system, 264–76
“Guard-band-less” recording, 474
HANC/vertical blanking, 603
Hard-disk-based workstation, 280, 281
Hard-disk edit, 285
HDA, see Head disk assembly
Head disk assembly, 546
Headroom, 443
High-definition (HD) video, 8–9
Horizontal synchronising system, 72–6
Hub, 648
Human auditory system (HAS), 1
Human visual system (HVS), 1, 39, 51–3
see also Eye
I coding, see Intra-coding
I pictures, see Intra pictures
Identification code (ID), 20, 126
Image-correlation process, 296–7
Image-stabilizing cameras, 308, 309
Imperfect coding, 385
Implied seek, 545
Infinite-impulse response (IIR) filter, 141–2
Ingestion, 1
Insert editing, 276
Integer-ratio conversion, 150, 151
Integrated digital network (IDN), 612
Integrated receiver-decoder (IRD), 2
Integrated services digital network (ISDN), 612–13, 614
Intensity, 47
Intentional logic scheme, 102
Interaural delay (IAD), 406, 408
Inter-coded compression, 330
Interlaced scanning:
vs. progressive scanning, 64–8
International Electrochemical Commission (IEC), 444
International Standards Organization (ISO), 325, 444
Internetworks/internets, 588
Interrupts, handling of, 113–17
Intersymbol interference, 473, 477
Intra pictures, 331
Intra-coded compression, 329
Intranet, 588
Inverse gamma lookup table, 272
Inverse multiplexers (I-MUXes), 613
Inverse transform, 233, 293, 345
Isochronous transmission, 37
Jitter margin, 486
Jitter-rejection mechanism:
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 329–30
Juke box mechanisms, 536
Kaiser window, 144
Kell factor, 76
Keying, in digital video processing, 241–2
Keying system, 268
Layer I MPEG decoder, 454, 455
Least significant bit (LSB), 6, 196
Lempel–Ziv–Welch lossless codes, 324
Lid/drawer mechanisms, 566
Light amplification, 554
Linear and nonlinear editing:
in digital video processing, 276–7
“Linear quantizing”, 196
Lip sync loss, 37
Local area networks (LANs), 588, 648
Logic elements/gates, 100, 102
Lossless coding, 319, 325, 384
Lossy coding, 319
Low-loss dielectrics, 463–4, 466
Low-pass filters (LPF), 143, 151, 159–60, 183, 186
Luminance, 47
Luminous efficiency function, 40, 49
Luminous intensity, 47
M-ary coding, see Multilevel signalling
Macintosh, 272
Macroblocks, 336, 338, 339, 343, 351, 364, 365, 367, 382
Magneto-optic (MO) disks, 554
Magneto-optic component, 555
Magneto-optical recording, 475–7
Manchester code, see FM code
Map projection, 250
Masking pattern adapted universal subband integrated coding and multiplexing (MUSICAM), 444–5, 451, 454
Mercator, 250
Merging, 491
Mesh object, 368
Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), 105
Metropolitan area networks (MANs), 588
Miller code, see Modified frequency modulation
Modified frequency modulation (MFM), 488–9, 539
Modulation scheme, 590
Modulation transfer function (MTF), 50, 51, 253
Modulo-N arithmetic, 109
Monochrome video, 69
vertical/temporal spectrum of, 189–90
Morse code, 323
Most significant bit (MSB), 6, 12, 13, 106, 213
Motion-compensated standards conversion, 301–7
Motion compensation, 68, 220, 308, 332, 335, 337, 343, 361
Motion estimation techniques, 289
gradient matching, 290
Motion Portrayal and Dynamic Resolution, 60–1
Motion vectors, 302, 303, 304, 336
Moving-head disk drive, 535
Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG), 16, 35, 36, 37, 320, 325–9, 616
packets and time stamps, 618–21
and video compression, 33–6, 317
interlaced pictures, handling, 358–62
intra-coding, 339
motion compensation, in AVC, 381–3
processing MPEG-2 and concatenation, 388–94
scanning and RLC/VLC coding, 348–52
slices, 357
spatial and temporal redundancy, 329–38
MPEG-2, 320, 328, 370, 377, 623
processing and concatenation, 388–94
MPEG-4, 328, 370, 373, 375, 377
Multilevel signalling, 628, 630
Multiplexing principles, 20, 124–7
Naive concatenation, 389
National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), 11, 63, 87, 230, 320, 387, 569, 599, 600, 646
Near-instantaneous companding, 448
Negative/low true logic, 103
Negative overflow, 106
Network information table (NIT), 621
Network termination equipment, 588
Networks, 18, 27, 534, 588–9, 647–9
Noise reduction, in digital video processing, 314–15
Noise shaping, 430
Noise-shaping convertors, 429, 430
Non-linear transfer function, 244, 245, 247
Non-planar effects:
in digital video processing, 262–3
Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) code, 486, 487
Non-Return to Zero Invert (NRZI) code, 487
Numerically locked loop (NLL), 192, 365, 622
Nyquist's theorem, 182
Offset binary, 97–8, 99–100, 240, 241
Online editing, 277
Open collector system, 101, 103
Operating levels, in digital audio, 443–4
Optic flow axis, 60, 61, 286, 287, 288, 333
Optical and video principles, 39, 44–7
black-level clamping, 74
colour difference signals, 88–93
motion portrayal and dynamic resolution, 60–1
SD and HDTV, scanning formats, 79
Optical disks:
and magneto-optical disks, 475–7
Overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC), 373, 375
P coding, see Predictive coding
P pictures, see Predicted pictures
Packet identification code (PID), 620, 621, 626
Packet multiplexing, 20, 21, 36, 126, 127
Packetised elementary stream (PES), 618, 619, 620
Packets, 18, 20, 21, 126, 612, 619, 620
Parallel transmission, 8
Parity, 502, 503, 507, 509, 608
“Parking”, 546
Peak-shift distortion, 473, 478
Perceptive coding, 319, 320, 325
Permanent virtual channel, 659
Personal video recorder (PVR), 15, 35
Phase Alternate Line (PAL), 11, 63, 320, 387, 569, 599, 600
Phase correlator, 292
Phase linearity, 292
Phase-locked loop (PLL), 22, 23, 191–2, 483, 595
Phase margin (Tw), see Jitter margin
Phase shift keying (PSK), 628, 630
Physical medium-dependent layer, 590
Pinhole camera, 258
Place theory, 400
Planar digital video effects, 251–2
Point spread function, 134, 135
Positions, 486
Positive/high true logic, 103
Positive overflow, 106
Posterizing, 246
Predicted pictures, 331, 333, 335, 353, 354, 392
Predictive coding, 338–9, 352, 383
Presentation time stamp (PTS), 619
Product codes, 28–9, 507–9, 529–30, 578
Production-related interfaces, 591–2
Programmable timer, 118
Program association table (PAT), 621
Program Clock Reference (PCR), 622–3, 626
Program counter (PC), 114, 115
Program map table (PMT), 621
Program-specific information (PSI), 621–3
Progressive scanning:
Pseudo-random sequence (PRS), 131, 133, 493, 632, 639
Pulse code modulation (PCM), 3, 95, 428
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QUAM), 630, 631
Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 628
Quadruplex, 2
Quincunx sampling, 187, 188, 189
Radiometry, 39
RAID arrays, 552
Random access memory (RAM), 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 105, 112, 113, 567, 579
Randomizing and encryption, 493–500
Ratcheting, 242
Read only memory (ROM), 24, 31, 112, 113
Reconstruction filter, 181–2, 185, 186
Recording medium, types of, 467–8
Recursive filters, 141
Red hot, 42
Reed–Solomon codes (R-S codes), 519–27, 637
Remultiplexing, 626
Rendering, 110
RGB signals, 230
Rotary head recorder, 19, 33, 474, 496, 513, 571, 572, 580
Rotary head tape transport, 571–3
Rotation and skew:
in digital video processing, 255–8
Routers, 591
Run-length-limited (RLL) codes, 491, 492, 539
Run-length/variable-length (RLC/VLC) coding, 348–52
Saccadic motion, 56
Sampling, 3
Sampling-rate conversion, 147–59
Sampling rate/sampling frequency, 3
Scanning formats, for SD and HDTV, 79
Scrambling/pseudo-random coding, 593
Search, 543
Serial data transport interface (SDTI), 603–5
Serial digital interface (SDI) standard, 27, 391, 592–4, 603
Serial transmission, 492, 592, 593
Sigma–delta convertor, 440, 441
Sigma-DPCM system, 430, 431, 435, 436, 440
Silicon graphics, 272
Single-frequency network (SFN), 635
Single program transport stream (SPTS), 619, 661
Skew, 462
Slice groups, 376
Slices, 357
Slicing, 7
Sound pressure level (SPL), 400, 401
Spatial and temporal redundancy, in MPEG, 329–38
Spatial luminance gradient, 290
Spatial sampling frequency, 3
Spectral power distributions (SPDs), 40–1, 42
Spline algorithm, 264
Sprite, see Still texture object
Square pixel, 235
Stack pointer, 115
“Stacker” programs, 319
Standard definition (SD), 8
scanning formats, 79
Standard IBM graphics connector, 271
Start of active video (SAV), 594, 601
Static memories, 104
Statistical multiplexer (STATMUX), 625, 627
Statistical multiplexing, 36, 127, 621
Stereo and surround sound, 406–12
Still texture object, 368
Storage:
of digital video, 17, 18, 29–33
Storage area networks (SANs), 589
Storage elements, 100, 104–5, 106–7
Storage technology, 533
digital video cassettes, 573–4
digital VTR block diagram, 574–80
disk servers, 553
DVD player, structure of, 564–9
focus and tracking systems, 557–64
optical disk principles, 554–7
rotary head tape transport, 571–3
Strobe, 656
Stuffing/packing, 127
Subtractive dither, 201
Superword, 123
Surround effect, 51
Sync pattern, 492, 549–50, 609, 610
Sync time, 73
Synchronising, 69–76, 492, 594–7
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), 657, 658
Synchronous optical network (SONET), 657, 658
Synchronous transmission, 37
Telephone-based systems, 611–18
Temporal compression, see Inter-coded compression
Temporal sampling frequency, 3
“Thermomagneto-optics”, 554
Time base correction, 21–5, 121–4
Time compression, 18–21, 121, 571
Time-division multiplexed (TDM) system, 655, 657, 660
Timecode, 279
Timing reference and identification signals (TRS-ID), 594, 596, 599, 601
TotalZeros parameter, 385
Totem-pole output configuration, 103
Touch-tone dialling, 612
Transfer function, 196, 198, 221, 244, 245, 250
Transmission:
of digital video, 17, 18, 27–9
Transmission channel, types of, 463–4
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 590
Transmultiplexer, 626
Transport stream (TS) data, 605, 620, 625
Transport stream multiplexing, 617, 622, 624–7
Transversal filter, 142
Trellis, 647
Triangular PDF dither, 209
Tristate bus system, 103
Tristimulus units, 51
Twisted-ring counter, 131, 132, 510
Two-dimensional sampling spectra, 187–90
Two's complement system, 12–14
“Uniform quantizing”, 196
VANC, 603
Variable-ratio conversion, 150, 151
VDSL, 615
Vector assignation, 302
Velocity profile, 542
Vertical blanking/HANC, 603
Vertical synchronizing system, 72–6
Video and computer graphics formats, converting between, 270–4
Video and information technology (IT), convergence of, 11–17
Video buffer verifier (VBV), 363, 364
Video compression:
interlaced pictures, handling, 358–62
intra-coding, 339
motion compensation, in AVC, 381–3
processing MPEG-2 and concatenation, 388–94
scanning and RLC/VLC coding, 348–52
slices, 357
spatial and temporal redundancy, 329–38
Video object, 368
Video-on-demand, 15, 327, 328, 587, 660
Virtual channel, 659
Virtual channel indicator (VCI), 660
Virtual path indicator (VPI), 660
Visual accommodation, 54
Visual display unit (VDU), 264, 265
Voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), 622, 623
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 191, 211, 416, 483
Warping, 368
White hot, 42
Wide area networks (WANs), 588, 648
Winchester technology, 535, 546–8
Window, 25
Window margin, see Jitter margin
Word, 6
Word clock, 23
Word length, 6
Write-once-read-many (WORM) disks, 535
Yeltsin walk, 359
Zero-order hold system, 78
Zig-zag scanning, 348
3.128.202.230