Index
Page references to figures or tables are in italics; references to notes have the letter “n” following the page number.
Aarseth, E., 410, 412, 418–419
Abelman, R., 346
Acosta, R. V., 118
Acosta-Alzuru, C., 139–141, 145, 146
action-adventure films, 36, 289, 353
acts of nature, violent, 347
Acuña, R., 220n
ad break warnings, 69
Adams, T., 121
Adams, W. C., 170
Adams-Bloom, T., 39
Adorno, T., 267
Adventures of Baron von Munchausen (film), 447
advercation, 69
advergaming, 34, 38, 64, 65, 66, 67
advertising
ad-free cultural space, 35
breadth of, 33
children's see children's advertising, US
click-through technology, 34
drug treatment, 101
fashion advertisements, women's magazines see fashion advertisements, Spanish women's magazines
informational function, 64–65, 65
Internet, effect on, 34, 35, 48
music integrated into, 40
news, effect on, 38
online, 64
product placement see product placement
products advertised, US, 61–62
program-length commercials, 56
stereotypes see stereotypes
see also hypercommercialism/hypercommercialized media texts
Advertising Age, 46
advertising agencies, 34
advertising campaigns, high-profile, 41
aesthetics of convergence, 446–454, 455
Afghanistan war, 107
African Americans, blogging and, 373–374
Aftonbladet, 396
agnostic actions, 378
Ajzen, I., 469
Al Jazeera Children's Channel (JCC), 179, 180, 182, 185, 195–198, 200
progams divided by origin of production, 198
Al Jazeera Network, 196
Albert, R., 372
Albiniak, P., 144
Albritton, R. B., 167
Aldrich, R., 245
Alexander, A., 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
Alexander, E., 148
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 292
Allan, S., 368
Allison, S. T., 243
Alma-klip, 194
Alsford, S., 485, 487, 488, 489, 490, 492, 498
alternative masculinity, 252
see also masculinities
Alvarez, J., 154
Alvy, L. M., 66
Aman, Z., 275
American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 35, 42, 144
violent television content, 344, 350, 354
American Chopper, 246, 251, 253, 254
American Editors Association, 173
American Heiress, 149
American Idol, 150
Analysis of Communication Content, The (Bereleson & Lazarsfeld), 15
Anderegg, M., 311
Anderson, B., 510
Anderson, B. R. O., 326
Anderson, C., 378
Anderson, C. A., 427, 428, 473
Anderson, R., 162
Andrejevic, M., 48
Andrews Miller, H., 497
Ang, I., 230
Ann Wood, E., 377
Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, 346
Annual Weblog Awards, 373
anorexia, blogging against, 395–398
anti-terrorism see War on Terror
Antonijevic, S., 370
Anzac Tales from Te Papa, 189
Anzaldúa, G., 215–216, 216, 221n
Aparicio, F., 207–208, 211, 212, 221n
Apocalypse Now (film), 305, 306
Apprentice, The, 36
Arab Media Group (AMG), 196
Aragon, J., 391
Argamon, S., 376
Aristotle, 16
Armstrong, C. L., 376
Armstrong, D., 497
Armstrong, H., 377
Aronczyk, M., 32
Arora, P., 275
Arrested Development, 47
Arroway, E., 294
art cinema, 266
articulation concept, 402n
Artz, L., 118
Assembly of First Nations (AFN), 491
Atfal Al Mahjar, 197
Atkin, C., 61
Atton, C., 371
Attwood, F., 377
Aufderheide, P., 40
Augustine, S., 494
Auster, A., 304
Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), 183
Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), 55, 181
Avila, O., 149
Avila-Saavedra, G., 21, 137–158, 251, 252
Awaara (film), 271
awareness, public relations, 171
Azmi, S., 276
Babcock, L., 376
Bachchan, A., 277
Baek, T., 470
Bagchi, A., 275
Baker, D., 298
Baldwin, J., 221n
Ball, L., 214
ballade, 509
Ball-Rokeach, S. J., 476
Bandura, A., 346, 352, 353, 469
Banet-Weiser, S., 5
Bannister, M., 249
Barabási, A.-L., 372
Barcus, F. E., 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
Barker-Plummer, B., 98
Baron, R. A., 347
Barringer, E., 294
Barsaat (film), 271
Barthel, D., 77
Barthes, R., 16
Bartlett's sphericity test, 84
Barzel, A., 165
Bauman, Z., 367
Baumfree, I., 389
Beakman's World, 288
Beard, A., 123
Beard, L., 141
Beauvais, W., 492
Beevi, M., 307
Before the Flood (film), 334
Beggan, J. K., 243
Belgium, 55
Belknap, P., 76
Bengali films, 265
Benhabib, S., 228
Ben-Rafael, E., 171
Benshoff, H., 231
Berger, J., 75
Berry, C., 324
Best, B., 236
Better Tomorrow, A (film), 329
Bettig, R. V., 33
Between Men (Sedgwick), 232
Bhagvad Gita, 265
Bianco, R., 148, 151, 152, 153
biblical films, 448
Big Shot's Funeral (film), 332
Big Ten Network (BTN), 121
Bigger, Longer, and Uncut (film), 246
Bill Nye the Science Guy, 288
Billson, J., 246
Biltereyst, D., 23, 142, 143, 225–239
binary/essentialist judgments, 128
Bin Laden, O., 108
Bing, J., 245
Bing, W., 334
Biocca, F., 432
Birrell, S., 128
Black Weblog Awards, 374
Blackwell, E., 294
Blake, N., 465, 468, 471, 477–478
blog aggregators, 372, 373, 376
American Life Project reports, 369
celebrity status, 372
childbirth and breastfeeding, 398–400
and collective action, 391–394
content and representation in, 367–385
demographics of bloggers, 375
evolution of blog content, 368–370
private, public, and personal in blog content, 370–372
as public space, 378
Web 2 technologies, 372, 378, 379
women's sports and, 131
BlogHer, 377
blogosphere, 367, 369, 372, 379, 396
Blood, R., 371
Blood Brothers (film), 327
Bloom, J. D., 369
Blosser, B. J., 65
Blum, L., 77
Boast, R., 486
Bob and Bobek, 193
Bodyguards and Assassins (film), 327, 330
Boellstorf, T., 416
Bollywood, 263, 265, 266, 278, 279, 280
see also Hindi cinema
Bolter, D., 444
Bolton, D., 499
Bombay Talkies, 269
Boomerang TV, 190
Boondocks, The, 250
Boorstin, D., 476
Booth, G., 274
Bordwell, D., 446
Born in East L.A., 218
Bortree, D. S., 371
Bosch, L., 470
Bow, L., 308
boxing, masculinity and 247
Boys Don't Cry (film), 252
Bracken, C. C., 428
Bradley, A., 377
Braester, Y., 332
Brand, J. E., 164
brand identity, 67
brand marketing, 37
branded goods, 38
branded programming, 38
Brando, M., 210
branded environments, 64
global, 79
goal of branding, 100
governing gender through, 100–102
in songs, 40
Brandt, J., 464
Bratz, 38
Braun, C. M. J., 429
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 183
British Museum of Mankind, 488
Broadcasting Act 1989 (New Zealand), 185
Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI), 55
Brock, A., 374
Brod, H., 247
Brown, E. D., 509
Brown, J. A., 241, 249, 250, 255
Brown Givens, S. M., 78
brownface performance, 210
Bruns, A., 369
Bryant, G., 105
Bryant, J. A., 56
Buckingham, D., 184
Buckley, K. E., 473
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 410
Burger King, 47
Burgess, M., 410
Burggraf, J., 92
Burggraf, K., 285
Burning Bed, The, 464
Burra, R., 266
Burrill, D. A., 420
Bush, G. W., President, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 312
Bushman, B. J., 346
Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire, 434
Butler, J., 228, 231, 241, 308–309, 420
Butterworth, M. L., 249
Byerly, C. M., 77
Byrd-Bredbenner, C., 57, 58, 59, 62
Cable News Network (CNN), 105, 106, 121
cable television, 56, 59, 62, 254
Cadbury-Schweppes, 46
Café Lumière (film), 335
Cage, J., 244
Calvert, S. L., 66
invention, 509
master symbols, 507
performance and “disreputable” spaces, 518–520
suspect and invisible people, 515–518
whether a Tin Pan Alley invention, 508
Caminiti, K., 466
Cammaerts, B., 378
Campbell, P., 376
Canadian Museum of Civilization (CMC), 26
Consultation Committee, 492
First People's Hall
Diversity and Origins section, 494
foundations of, 488
Master Plan, 492
and media technologies, 493–496
Welcome Area, 492
Indigenous identity construction, 484–504
interactivity, 485, 488, 489, 492
Welcome Video, 494
Canadian Museum of Man, 485, 490
Canadian Museums Association (CMA), 491
Cantor, M., 476
Caracol TV, 147
Carah, N., 40
Cardinal, D., 488
Carey, J., 485
Carlson, M., 34
Carolla, A., 244
Carpenter, L. J., 118
Carpentier, N., 378
Carrigan, T., 243
Carson, R., 291
Cartagena, C., 138
Carter, B., 151
cartes de visite, 389
Cartoon Network, 181, 182, 186, 190
Castillo, T., 149
Casualties of War (film), 302–303, 315
Caudwell, J., 130
Cavell, E., 294
CBBC, 183
CBeeBies, 183
CBS Corporation, 144, 344, 350, 354
Cenite, M., 370
Center for Media and Democracy, “Source Watch,” 104–105
Center for Media and Public Affairs, 350
Center for Science in the Public Interest, US, 63
Cepeda, M. C., 217
Chakravarty, S., 269, 272, 274, 276
Chalaby, J. K., 226
Chan, A. S., 5
Chan, F., 325
Chan, J., 333
Chan, J. M., 182
Chan, P., 327
Chang, E., 331
Chapman, C., 65
character merchandise, 70
Chastain, B., 130
Chatterjee, G., 273
Chatterjee, P., 267
Chávez-Silverman, S., 207–208, 211, 212
Cheh, C., 327
Chello Central Europe, 195
Cheung, M., 337
Cheung, T., 334
Chi, R., 331
Chiang Kai-shek, 330
Chicanos, 250
Chico and the Man, 215
Chidgey, R., 402n
child advocate organizations, 57
childbirth and breastfeeding, politicizing, 398–400
childhood obesity, 62
children's advertising, US, 20, 54–73
commercial product announcements, 59, 60
“digital natives,” 64–69
food marketing websites, 66–69
noncommercial announcements, 59, 60
non-program content
by year, 60
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (FCC), 57
popular children's websites, 66
products advertised in US, 61–62
progamming hours, 62
program promotional announcements, 59
Reports and Orders (FCC), 57, 58
selling techniques and appeals, 63–64
separation of content and advertising, 64–65
Website Rule, 57
see also children's television
Children's Advertising Review Unit (CARU), 55
children's culture, hypercommercialism, 38–39
Al Jazeera Children's Channel, 195–198
hours spent watching, 54–55, 344
local vs. global content, 180
locally produced content, 179–202
Middle East, 195
regulation of advertising, 55, 56–57
violence in US programs, 356–358
see also children's advertising, US
Children's Television Act (CTA) 1990, 56–57
China
diversity of, 326
feudal, 327
global economy and rule of law, 331–334
as global nation, 323
and Hong Kong, 328
LGBT rights, 338
as modern nation-state, 327
qi pao garments for women, 336–337
Revolution of 1949, 336
Tian'anmen Square demonstrations, 323, 329, 338
Chiu, S., 337
Chopra, B. R., 275
Chuan, L., 335
CI Project see Cultural Indicators (CI) Project, US
cigarette advertising, 470, 471, 472–473
cinema
affective qualities, 456
Hindi, representation of women and femininity in, 263–283
see also films
circuit of culture, 17
citizens' media, 388
citizenship, blogging, 400–401
Civilization, 416
Clark, F., 287
Clarke, G., 121
Clarkson, J., 248
class
Latina/o representation, US, 210
and masculinity, 251
Cleary, J., 39
Cleopatra (film), 448
Clifford, J., 484
Climate Project, The, 75
Clinton, B., President, 102, 103
CMC see Canadian Museum of Civilization (CMC)
Coad, D., 245
Coates, J., 376
Coe, L., 464
Cohen, N., 42
Cohen, S., 160
Colborn, T., 291
Cole, J., 350
Coleman, M., 247
Coleman, S., 369
collective action, and blogging, 391–394
college sports, 37
Collins, J., 148
Collins-Standley, T., 408
Columbine High School shooting, 249
comics, Black superheroes, 250
commercial brands, 100
commercials see advertising; children's advertising, US; hypercommercialism/hypercommercialized media texts
commodity flow, 42
Conchita Alonso, M., 218
Confucius (film), 327, 329–330
conglomerates, media, 143
Conley, L., 100
Consalvo, M., 19, 25, 249, 251, 406–425
consciousness-raising, 397, 401
constructed identities, 97
Contact (film), 294
content analysis
concept, 14
minorities, news representation of, 166–167
of websites, 65
Content Analysis Guidebook, The (Neuendorf), 14
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, UNESCO, 184
Cook, B., 154
cookies, 69
Cooky, C., 121
Cooper, C., 107
Coppola, F. F., 305
Coppola, S., 75
Cordoso, P., 219
Corley, A. M., 375
Corneliussen, H., 417
corporeality strategies, 234–235
correlational studies, 427, 428
Council to Advance and Restore the Image of Spanish Speaking and Mexican Americans (CARISSMA), 218
counterhegemony, in sports, 124
courtesan film, India, 274–275
Cover, R., 231
Coyne, S., 473
Craig, R. T., 1
Craig, S., 242
Crane, D., 161
Crawley, S. L., 251
Creative Diversity Network (CDN), 174
Creeber, G., 244
Creedon, P., 119
Creekmur, C., 232
Cridlin, J., 153
Crime and Punishment (film), 334
Cristal, 148
Cronbach's alpha, 84
Cross, G., 34
cross-dressing, in film, 267
Crossover Dreams, 218
cross-promotion, 39
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (film), 325, 327, 329
Cruz, P., 211
Crystal, 148
cultivation theory, 347, 352, 353, 359, 469, 470
cultural capital, 139
cultural diversity, promoting, 173–174
cultural hegemony, 125
cultural hybridization, 155
cultural identity, and telenovelas, 139, 140–142
Cultural Indicators (CI) Project, US, 343, 347, 349, 351, 352, 353
cultural racialization, 210
Cultural Revolution, China, 336, 337
culture industry, 267
Cuneen, J., 121
Curie, M., 294
Curie, P., 294
Cusumano, D. L., 78
Cutrona, C., 478
cyberspace, portrayal of female scientists in, 296
D'Acci, J., 241, 253, 254, 256
Dailey, R. A., 45
Dale, E., 15
Dangerous Curves (Molina-Guzmán), 217
Davidson, D., 415
Davies, P. G., 297
Dávila, A., 211
Davis, D. K., 161
Davis, D. W., 324
Davis, K., 376
Dawson, R., 216
Dean, J., 400
DeBell, M., 65
De Bens, E., 226
Debord, G., 331
Decade of the Hispanic, 1980s as, 219
deconstruction, textual, 229, 233–236
decontextualization of texts, 42
Deer Hunter, The (film), 303–304, 306
de Lange, M., 83
de Lauretis, T., 228
de la Vorre, V., 151
De Leon, R., 509
Deleuze, G., 338, 339, 456, 459, 460
del Toro, B., 211
DeMille, C. B., 448
Democratic National Convention, Denver (2008), 377
Democratic Party, 104
de Moraes, L., 46
Deneuve, C., 75
Deng Xiaoping, 322
Denmark, television advertising regulation, 55
Departed, The (film), 332
deregulation decade (1980s), 56
Derek, B., 148
Derrida, J., 241
descriptive identities, 97
Deshpande, S., 277
De Smaele, H., 226
Desperate Housewives, 151
Desser, D., 305
determinism, textual, 230
Deuze, M., 371
Devi, M., 276
Devi, S., 270
Devils on the Doorstep (film), 336
Devine, P., 78
De Vos, P., 228
d'Haenens, L., 83
Diaz, C., 211
Dibbell, J., 416
Di Cenzo, M., 389
Dickason, O. P., 498
Diefenbach, D. L., 464
diegesis/diegetic, terminology, 451, 452
différance, 241
digital production techniques, 37
direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs (DTCA), 466–467
Dirty Girls Social Club, The (Valdes-Rodríguez), 144
discourse analysis, 16, 146, 252
Disney Channel, 38, 56, 181, 182, 186, 190, 200
Dissanayake, W., 264
Dittmar, L., 311
Doane, M., 266
Doherty, T. P., 304
Dominick, G., 167
Dominick, J. R., 167, 348, 368, 428
Donaghy, J., 43
Dong (film), 334
Donovan, J., 465
Doorn, N., 387
Dow, B. J., 97
Downing, J., 3, 162, 163, 166–167, 174, 175
Downs, E., 408
Dozier, C., 349
Dozier, D. M., 285
medical, 465
Draper, J., 248
Draw-A-Scientist Test (DAST), 297
Drezner, D. W., 372
Drum, K., 376
Drummond, D. K., 257n
Drummond, R., 377
DTCA see direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs
Du, N., 317
Ducate, L. C., 371
Duffy, B. E., 42
du Gay, P., 17
Duke, A., 119
Duke, L., 410
Dunbar, M., 249
Duncan, M. C., 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 129–130
Duncombe, S., 389
Dundes, L., 285
Dunn, K. M., 171
Dunphy, R., 230
Durham, M. G., 5
Durham Peters, J., 500n
Dustin, D., 345
Dutt, G., 271
Dutta-Bergman, M. J., 465, 476
DVDs, 42
Dwyer, T., 48
Dynasty, 148
Early Show, The, 107
eating disorders, blogging against, 395–398
Echoes of the Rainbow (film), 337, 338
e-commerce sites, 35
Edgar, P., 184
educational drop-ins, US, 59
Edwards, T., 231
Elasmar, M., 255
Elder, J. D., 508, 510, 516–517
Election (film), 334
Elizur, J., 163
Elmer-Dewitt, P., 427
El Norte, 218
El Super, 218
Emma (magazine), 389
Emperor and the Assassin, The (film), 327
Engstrom, E., 36
enlightened sexism, 98
Enloe, C., 96, 106, 107, 109, 110
entertainment media (US), Latina/o representation and stardom in, 205–224
Envoy: Age II, 410
Epcot Center, Disney, 487, 490
Epstein, E. J., 163
ER, 465
Eron, L. D., 359
Escalante, J., 218
Esparza, M., 218
ESPN (Entertainment and Sport Programming Network), 32, 35, 121, 475
ESPN the Magazine, 131
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, 173
Evans, C., 232
Evans, L., 148
Evans, M. see Nadia
Everlasting Regret (film), 336
Evolution, 288
exchange theory, 470
Fable, 455
Fahey, A. C., 243
Fairchild, M., 148
fairness, 121
Falstein, N., 415
Family Security Matters (FSM), 105, 111
fantasy violence (FV), 346
Fantone, L., 418
Farewell, Beijing (film), 336
Farquhar, M. A., 324
Farrell, H., 372
Farrell, W., 243
fashion advertisements, Spanish women's magazines, 21, 74–94
explanatory factors for use in advertising, 86–90
hedonistic-sensual woman, 74, 85, 87, 90
role of media in crystallization of, 74, 77–79, 90
traditional woman, 85, 86, 89, 91
fashion blogs, 395
Fashion House, 148
Father Knows Best, 464
Fawcett, F., 464
Fearless (film), 335
Featherstone, M., 226
Federal Communication Commission (FCC), 56, 57, 58
female snowboarders, sexualization in media, 131
femininity
representation in Hindi cinema, 263–283
blogging as feminist tool, 386–405
feminist media, as citizens' media, 390–391
film theories, 266
first-wave, 402n
and Foucault see under Foucault
and gender justice, 97
“life log,” 394, 395
poststructuralist, 116, 117, 127, 128, 129, 132n
radical see radical feminism
second-wave, 117, 120, 127, 128–129, 131, 240, 400
sports see sports feminism; sports/media complex, and feminism
third-wave, 116, 117, 387, 397, 400, 401
“three feminist waves,” 402n
see also gender; women
feminism blaming, 99
feminist media
feminist movement, 128, 390, 402n
feminization of men, 244
femzines/feminist fanzines, 402n
Fengyi, Z., 329
Ferrer, J., 213
Ferrer, L., 148
Ferrera, A., 219
Fico, F., 14
Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), 265
film studies, vs. cultural studies, 230
Film Theory: An Introduction (Lapsley & Westlake), 231
film theory, “spectator trap,” 230
films
Anglo-American feminist theories, 266
biblical, 448
Hollywood movies, 232, 264, 266, 306
Latina/o representation in, 206
licensed-based, 36
social (India), 271
social problem, 213
see also Vietnamese women, portrayal of
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, 445
Final Fantasy XII, 443, 445, 446–454, 455, 458, 461, 462n
Final Fantasy XIII, 411
Finch, J., 123
First, A., 160, 162, 164, 165, 170, 173
First People's Hall (FPH), Canadian Museum of Civilization, 26, 493
Diversity and Origins section, 494
foundations of, 488
Master Plan, 492
and media technologies, 493–496
first-person shooter (FPS) games, 421
Fischer, B., 106
Fisher, W. R., 469
Flaming Classics: Queering the Film Canon (Doty), 232
Floyd, J., 109
food marketing websites, US, 66–69
Food Network, The, 36
Ford, C. M., 428
Fortugno, N., 415
Fossey, D., 294
Foster, J. B., 33
Foucault, M., 17
and feminism, 127–128, 129–131
on governmentality, 21, 99, 100–101
on power, 229
and queer theory, 228, 229, 230
Founding of a Republic, The (film), 330
Fouts, G., 285
Fox Entertainment Group, 57
Fox Network, 47, 145, 153, 350, 354
frames, media, 164–165, 469, 470
Frankfurt School, 267
Fregoso, R. L., 218, 221n, 249, 250–251, 253
Fridén, H., blog, 394, 395–398
Friedman, D. B., 467
Frith, K. T., 32
Full Metal Jacket (film), 305
Full Monty, The, 251
Fuller, L. K., 36
Furillo, F., 244
future market, 62
Galán, N., 144
Galician, M., 32
Gallagher, M., 98
Gamman, L., 232
Gamson, J., 248
Gandhy, B., 270
Gandossy, T., 344
Ganti, T., 265
Gantz, W., 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 470, 471–472, 476
Garcia, A., 218
García-Gómez, A., 376
media producers as, 120, 124, 132
Gauntlett, D., 233, 248, 253–254, 255–256
Gavrilos, D., 146
gay masculinity, 252
Gegax, T. T., 427
gender
in feminist scholarship, 97
see also masculinities
radical rethinking of, 228
social construction of, and telenovelas, 141
violent television content, US, 351, 352, 358
Gender Advertisements (Goffman), 75–76
“gender justice,” 97
general learning model, 473
genre studies, 256
George, C., 121
Gerbner, G., 347, 349, 353, 356, 357, 359, 464, 469, 470
Gershenhorn, J., 509
Giddens, A., 367
Giggles, 188
Gilbert, E., 5
Gilliam, T., 447
girl studies, 5
Giroux, J., 429
Gitlin, T., 165
Gittings, C., 231
Glascock, J., 284
Glatzer, R., 219
Glenbow Museum, 491
global village, 485
Gneezy, U., 376
Gobé, M., 100
Godinez, V., 475
Goffman, E., 75–76, 79, 80, 81, 91
Going Out at Night, 148
Gold, A., 470
Gold, J. R., 161
Gomes, A., 515
Gómez, R., 139
Gomez, S., 219
Gonzales, A. L., 371
González, E., 211
González, J., 139, 140, 141, 150
Good Neighbor Policy, 213
Goodman, E., 108
Gordon, C., 100
Gore, A., 75
Gorhani, B. W., 78
Gorillas in the Mist (film), 294
governmentality, 21, 99, 100–101
Graf, S., 75
Graff, A., 402n
Graham, L. D., 101
Gramsci, A./Gramscian perspective, 116, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132
Grand Theft Auto 3, 435, 438, 439
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, 435, 438
Greek philosophy, 16
Green, K., 389
Green, W., 511
Greenberg, B. S., 164, 208, 349, 469–470
Greene, G., 311
Greene, R. W., 101
Grey's Anatomy, 465
griefing, 422n
Griffin, S., 231
Grimes, S. M., 38
“grrrl zine revolution,” 389, 402n
Guarino, C., 109
Guarneri, C. M., 220n
Gunter, R., 298
Gurak, L. J., 370
gyniatric apparatus, 101
Hackett, R. A., 161
Haibin, D., 334
Hall, J., 33
Hall, M. A., 132n
Hall, S., 17, 124, 145, 161, 163–164, 230, 511
Halton, M., 242
Hamsher, J., 376
Han Dynasty, China, 328
Hancock, J. T., 371
Hansen, M. B., 266
Happy Meal, McDonald's, 63
Hardy, J., 41
Harrelson, W., 214
Harrington, C. L., 143
Harris, D., 249
Harris, J. P., 104
Hartman, R., 109
Hasbrook, C. A., 122
Haskell, D., 284
Heald, G., 61
Health Communication, 467, 469, 471, 474
health information, portrayal, 463–483
frequency of illness types, 472
illness and health issues, examination, 466–468
media channels and internationalization, 471–474
recent trends in content-analytic investigations, 466–474
theory, employment of, 468–471, 472, 478, 479
Hearn, J., 242
Heaven and Earth (film), 24, 302, 303, 306, 307–311, 319
hedonistic programs, 36
Hegde, R., 5
hegemonic femininity, 119
hegemonic masculinity, 118–119, 131, 247
Hemmings, C., 402n
Henke, H., 517
Hennessy, R., 230
Henteges, B. A., 285
Hershfield, J., 210
heteronormativity, 226
Hetsroni, A., 348
Hibberd, J., 154
Hideyasu, Y., 461n
Higgin, T., 417
Higgins, C. L., 39
Hijmans, E., 16
Hindi cinema, 23
alternative, 276
angry young man genre, 277
codes of conduct, 268
colonial era, 266, 267, 269, 280
mythology, 273
narrative structure, 264
NRIs (non-resident Indians), 279
periodization practice, 266
post-independence era, 271
representation of women and femininity in, 263–283
vamp character, 274
women's exclusion from early films, 268
Hindman, M., 378
Hinds, A., 519
Hintzen, P., 518
Hire, The (BMW ad), 32
Ho Chi Minh City, 315
Hoare, A. G., 160
Hobsbawm, E., 511
Hodkinson, P., 371
Hoerl, K., 5
Hoffman, A., 208
Hogg, N., 369
Högkvarteret feminist club, Stockholm, 387
Hogue, J., 377
Hollywood films, 232, 264, 266, 306
home shopping channels, 37
homosexuality, concept, 227
homosocial desire, 232
Hong Kong, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 330, 338
Hopson, M. C., 249
Horkheimer, M., 267
Horner, S. L., 70
Horrocks, R., 242
host-selling rule, children's advertising (US), 57, 58
House, 465
Huesmann, L. R., 347
Huffington, A., 376
Huffman, D. J., 132n
Huffman, S., 124
Hungary
children's television, 179, 180, 182, 185, 189–195, 198, 201
National Radio and Television Commission, 191
Hunnicutt, G. G., 63
Hunt, A., 298
Hurricane Katrina, 375
Husband, C., 162, 163, 166–167, 174, 175
Huskies, 121
hybridity, and transnationalism, 215–217
hypercommercialism/hypercommercialized media texts, 20, 31–53
decontextualization of texts, 42
film and television entertainment, 36–37
interactive product placement and antimarketing blowback, 47–49
journalism, 39
trans-media phenomenon, hypercommercialism as, 36
in films, 253
I Will Resist, 149
Ichaso, L., 218
ICRT (Instituto Cubano de Radio y Televisión), 148
identity
brand, 67
concept, 232
cultural, and telenovelas, 139, 140–142
crisis, US, 319
indigenous construction, 484–504
prescriptive/descriptive, 97
sexual, 230
and social constructivism, 227
social identity theory, 469
theory of, 230
Igwe, C. F., 374
Ikeuchi, H., 335
Illman, D. L., 287
illness and health issues, examination of, 466–468
imagined community, 326
In Between, 189
In Living Color, 214
In the Mood for Love (film), 337
Independent Women's Forum, 105
Index of Alienation and Gloom, 352
India
cinema industry, 264, 265, 266
independence movement, 272
nationalist movement, 268, 269, 272
see also Hindi cinema
Indigenous identity construction, and media, 484–504
Infernal Affairs trilogy, 332–333
Ingham, M., 334
Inglehart, R., 367
Institute for Policy Studies, “Right Web,” 105
integrated marketing campaigns (IMC), 35
integrated promotion, music, 39–40
Intel Corporation, 292
interactive product placement, 47–49
Internet
effect on advertising, 34, 35, 48
home access, 64
interpretive analysis, 16
intertextual flow, 41
intertextual licenses, 41
interviews, in-depth, 167–168, 180
intimate citizenship, 394, 398, 400
Ip Man (film), 335
Iranian protests (2009), 375
Iraq war, 96, 104, 107, 108, 303
Ireland, television watching by children, 54–55
Irvin Painter, N., 389
Isbister, K., 416
Isin, E. F., 391
Israel
Arab protest day in, 165
“common Israeli,” 169
kibbutzim in, 171
It Doesn't Cost Anything to Dream, 149
Ito, J., 372
Jack in the Box, 63
Jackson, L., 123
Jackson, P., 248, 255, 256, 456
see also Lord of the Rings Online (LoTRO)
Jacobs, J., 369
Jaffe, G., 107
James, M., 144
Jang, C., 371
Jansen, S. C., 245
Jansz, J., 408
Jefferies-Fox, S., 464
Jeffords, S., 241, 243, 245, 249, 253, 254, 303, 306, 313
Jetix, 190
Jhally, S., 132n, 243, 247, 255
Jianxin, H., 330
Jiménez, L., 218
Jimenez Leal, O., 218
JimJam, 190
Johansson, L., blog, 394, 398–400
Johnson, B., 410
Johnson, B. J., 467
Johnson, M. A., 170
Johnston, D. D., 285
Joint Proposal (FCC), children's advertising, US, 58
Jones, T. L., 307
Jorgensen, K., 410
Justice for Chicanos in the Motion Picture Industry, 218
Kabir, N. M., 265
Ka-Fai, W., 335
Kahlenberg, S., 284
Kaige, C., 327
Kaiser Family Foundation, 65–66, 344, 346
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test, 83–84
Kaiso! The Trinidad Calypso: A Study of the Calypso as Oral Literature (Warner), 514
Kal Ho Na Ho (film), 279
Kama, A., 164
Kane, M. J., 119, 123, 124, 125
Kang, M.-E., 76
Kapoor, R., 271
Kariel, H. G., 161
Karlsson, L., 376
Karlsson, R. and K., 392
Karma (film), 269
Karnad, G., 270
Kar-wai, W., 336
Katz, C., 108
Kauffman, L., 464
Kazmi, F., 277
Kearney, M.-C., 402n
Kelly, C. R., 5
Kelly, P., 376
Kennedy, H., 410
Kennedy, J. F., 303
Kennedy, T. L. M., 397
Kenny, E., 294
Kerbel, M., 369
Keshelashvili, A., 369
Ketchum, C., 36
Ketter, E., 171
Khote, D., 270
Kian, E. M., 122
kibbutzim, 171
KidsCo, 190
Kilbourne, J., 77
Kilbourne, W. E., 78
Killer, The (film), 329
Killing Us Softly documentaries, 77
Killmeier, M., 310
Kim, L. S., 325
Kimmel, J., 244
Kimmel, M., 242
King, G., 444
King, S., 99
Kingdom, D., 268
Kinser, A. E., 401
Kirkham, P., 241, 242, 245, 253
Kitch, C., 77
Kitigan Zibi First Nations, 497
Kittur, A., 378
Kivel, B. D., 242
Klebold, E., 249
Klein, B., 40
Klein, C., 325
KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) test, 83–84
KMT government-in-exile, Taiwan, 324, 330, 336, 337
Knapp, M. L., 479
Ko, H. C., 371
Kournikova, A., 123
Kracauer, S., 329
Kraidy, M. M., 201
Krane, V., 123
Kraut, R., 378
Krzywinska, T., 26, 410, 417, 443–462
Kuan-chung, L., 328
Kucklich, J., 412
Kumari, M., 275
Kunkel, D., 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 346
Kuo, F. Y., 371
Kuo-fu, C., 331
Kuttab, D., 195
Kvansy, L., 374
Kwan, S., 336
Kwok, G., 310
L Word, The, 23, 226, 227, 233, 234, 235, 236
La Bamba, 218
La Boletina, 403n
Labre, M., 410
Lacey, S., 14
Lachlan, K. A., 19, 25, 26, 426–442
Lackaff, D., 371
Laclau, E., 402n
Lacroix, C., 248
Ladendorf, M., 390
LaFollette, M. C., 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 296, 297
Laforet, A., 497
Lahav, T., 162
Lajmi, K., 276
Lang, R., 232
La Pastina, A. C., 137, 139, 140, 143
Lapinski, M., 467
Larkin, B., 264
Larson, J. F., 167
Larson, S. G., 172
Laschever, S., 376
Lasswell, H., 15
Latina/o representation, US, 22–23, 205–224
authenticity and constructions of Latinidad, 211–215
Bandito character, 207
brownface performance, 210
contemporary trends and research questions, 219–220
Dark Lady character, 207
description of Latina/os, 206
Female Clown character, 207
Harlot character, 207
hybridity and transnationalism, 215–217
invisibility and stereotypes, 207–209
Latin lover character, 207
Male Buffoon character, 207
“Manifest Destiny” notions, 207
racialization and “Latin looks,” 209–211
second- and third-generation Latina/os, 220n
self-representation and participation in mainstream media, 217–219
social problem film, 213
tropical island-related associations, 208
and videogame content, 409
Lauzen, M. M., 285
Law, A., 337
Lazar, F., 193
Lazarsfeld, P. F., 15
Lealand, G., 185
Leaper, C., 357
Leary, R., 298
Lebkowsky, J., 372
Lee, B., 335
Lee, J. D., 298
Lee, K. M., 431
Lee, L., 331
Lee, S., 250
Lee, V., 334
Leiss, W., 35
Lemish, D., 184
Leonard, M., 402n
Leonard II, W., 76
Lepeska, D., 195
Lepper, M. R., 428
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) characters, 226, 228, 231, 232, 235
rights in China, 338
Lester, E. P., 286
Lester-Roushanzamir, E. P., 145, 146
Leung, T., 329, 331, 332, 333, 337
Levin, G., 151
Lewis, C., 466
Lewis, J., 230
Lewis, T., 248
Leydon, G. M., 475
Liang, Y., 334
Liang, Z., 334
liberal feminism, 120–122, 125
Libertine, The, 450
licensed-based films, 36
licenses, intertextual, 41
Lichtblau, E., 109
Liebert, D. E., 63
Life and Death (film), 335
Lin, S., 428
lines of flight, 459
Lingas, E. O., 66
Linn, S., 38
Lippmann, W., 77
Liu, Y., 473
Liverpool, H., 509
Livingstone, S., 1
LoBrutto, V., 315
Lofaro, T., 497
Lolka and Bolka, 193
Lomax, A., 510
Lombard, M., 428
Lometti, G. E., 348
Lomicka, L. L., 371
London bombing (2007), 375
Lonetree, A., 487
Long, M., 285, 286, 288, 292, 293, 297
Loomis, J. W., 284
Lopez, J., 211, 214, 219, 221n
Lopez, L. K., 377
Lord of the Rings films, 451
Lord of the Rings Online (LoTRO), 417, 454, 456, 460–461
Los Angeles Times, 154
Lotz, A., 120
Lovas, O. I., 352
Low, S., 108
Lowe, L., 313
Lu, S. H., 324
Lubicon Lake Band of Cree, Alberta, 491, 497, 498
Lucky magazine, 32
Lull, J., 124
Lumière Brothers, 265
Lumpkin, A., 121
Lundby, K., 162
Lury, C., 100
Lust, Caution (film), 330–331, 335
Lutgendorf, P., 265
Lynn, S., 121
Lyons, A. E., 250
Macafee, S., 376
MacDonald, G., 485, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491–492, 498
Machaut, G. de, 509
Mackey, E., 486
MacKinnon, K., 241, 242, 244, 245, 253, 256
Macklin, M. C., 65
Macleod, C., 132n
Macnab, G., 315
Mad Men, 75
Madame Butterfly, 313
Madame Curie (film), 294
Madden, M., 376
Madden Nation (commercial), 32
science, 291
see also fashion advertisements, Spanish women's magazines
Magder, T., 36
Magic School Bus, 288
Mahabharata, 265
Mahabir, C., 511
Majors, R., 246
Majumdar, N., 267, 268, 269, 273
Mak, A., 332
makeover programs, 36
Malayalam cinema, 265
Malone, M., 150
Man Show, The, 244
Manganello, J., 465, 468, 471, 477–478
Manheim, J. B., 167
Mankiewicz, J. L., 448
Mann, S. A., 132n
Manning, F., 513
Maoldomhnaigh, M. O., 298
Maori Television, 187
Marcus Welby, M. D., 464
Marin, C., 218
Markula, P., 128, 130, 132, 132n
Marshall, T., 509
Martin, F., 325
Martínez, N., 148
Martínez-Vincente, J. M., 78
Martinsen, J., 336
Martis, R., 408
masala film, 265
masculinities, 23
“alternative,” 252
“appropriate” for specific media, 253
and class, 251
evolving portrayals in US media, 242
future research, 256
gay, 252
“hard” and “soft,” 243
hegemonic, 118–119, 131, 243, 244, 245–246, 247
mediocre, 244
metrosexuals, 248
and sexual orientation, 251–252
singular concept, 242
traditional, 247
Mass Communication Theory (McQuail), 3, 4–5
mass culture, 267
mass media, portrayal of female scientists in, 284–301
Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs), 415, 416–418, 462n
Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), 471
Mastro, D., 208
Matias, B., 218
Matrix franchise, 41
Maxwell, H., 123
Mayer, M., 470
Mayo, K., 272
Mazzarella, S. R., 13–28, 38, 240, 242, 243, 245, 246, 251, 253, 254
McAdams, M. J., 376
McCallum, J., 123
McCarthy, C., 5
McChesney, R. W., 32, 33, 39, 48, 99, 102, 108, 111
McClane, J., 244
McClure, K., 391
McCraken, G. D., 167
McDaniel, M., 151
McDowell, C. N., 63
McEachern, C., 244, 245, 246, 247
McGhee, R., 497
McGruder, A., 250
McIntosh, H., 40
McIntosh, I., 227
McNeal, J. U., 62
McRobbie, A., 98, 387–388, 394, 400
McWhorter, L., 128
Mean World Index, 352
Means Coleman, R. R., 247
media complementarity theory, 476
media frames, 164–165, 469, 470
media literacy, 35
media studies
interdiscipline of present and future, 1–12
qualitative analyses of media content, 15–17
quantitative analysis of media content, 14–15
queer representations in, 231–233
text-based approaches to, 13–28
medical dramas, 465
mediocre masculinity, 244
Mehta, K., 276
Mei, H., 329
melodrama, 152
Mendible, M., 211
Menéndez, R., 218
menstruation-related drugs, 101
Message, The (Qunshu), 331
Messenger Davies, M., 181
Messner, M. A., 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 242, 243, 245, 255
mestizaje, defined, 221n
Metal Gear Solid 4, 416
meta-museum, 487
metrosexuals in media, 100, 244–245, 248
Mexico, telenovelas in, 141
Miami, telenovela industry in, 138, 143
Michaud, G., 311
Mighty Ducks, The (licence-based film), 36
Mi'kmaq creation story, 494, 499
Mikula, M., 410
Milestone Comics, 250
militarized motherhood, 107
Millennium Mambo (film), 333
Miller, V., 371
Ming Dynasty, China, 328
Minh-ha, T. T., 302, 303, 304–305, 314
Minimax Hungary, 179, 180, 182, 185, 191–195, 198, 199, 200, 201
Alma-klip, 194
Minimax Hiradó, 193
Minisef, 194
ownership, 195
programs divided by country of origin, 194
Te már olvastad? 194
minorities
stereotypes, 163, 164, 168–169
minorities, news representation of, 22, 159–178
changing representations, 172–174
cultural diversity, promoting, 173–174
editorial policy, 170
organizational theory, 165–166
problematic image of minority groups, reasons for, 168–172
public relations of groups, 171–172
representation theory, 163–164
social-ideological distance between journalists and social groups, 170
socio-political environment, 170–171
“soft news,” 172
“us” and “them” distinctions, 162, 168–169, 172
Missing in Action (film), 303–304
Mittel, J., 146
Mjøs, O. J., 38
modernization, 388
Moeller, A., 465
Molina-Guzmán, I., 5, 6, 211, 212, 216, 217, 220, 221n
mommyblogging, 377
Monahan, J. L., 78
Monday Night Football (ESPN), 475
Money Train (film), 214
Moniz, D., 107
Monk-Turner, E., 208
Montalbán, R., 213
Montez de Oca, J., 255
Mooij, M. de, 79
Moore, C., 235
Moore, E., 65–66, 67, 68, 69, 70
Moore, W., 509
Moore, Z., 516
Morales, E., 218
Morales, S., 218
Morgan, D., 242
Morgan, M., 345, 347, 349, 353, 359
Morning Joe, 39
Morozov, E., 375
Morrell, J., 200
Morrisey, B., 42
Morrison, D., 497
Morrison, M., 63
Morrison, T. G., 242
Mosberg Iversen, S., 422
Moseley, R., 285
Mosher, D. L., 247
motherhood
militarized, 107
politics of, in post-9/11 world, 102–110
Motion Picture Association of America, 473
Motrin, 377
Moulthrop, S., 419
Mo-wan, C., 337
Mr. Cinema (film), 337, 337–338
MTV Networks International (MTVNI), 40, 196
Mueller, B., 32
Mukherjee, R., 5
Muni, P., 210
Murphy, B. O., 118
artifact collection and information utility, 487–490
British Museum of Mankind, 488
Canadian Museum of Man, 485, 490
meta-museum, 487
national, 487
practice and Indigenous representation, 490–493
see also Canadian Museum of Civilization (CMC)
music
Musical ImagiNation: US-Columbian Identity and the Latin Music Boom (Cepeda), 217
Muste, C., 104
Mustonen, A., 347
My Family (film), 214
My Network TV, 137, 138, 144–145, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155
Myers, D., 412
Myers, R., 269
MyPHL17, Philadelphia, 144
Nadia, 263–264, 269, 270, 273–274
Nairn, A., 38
Nakamura, L., 417
Nakayama, T., 251
Naregal, V., 266
narrative analysis/theory, 16, 469
narrative as form and content, 454–455
NASCAR Dads, 95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 112n
National Epilepsy Foundation, 465
National Film Development Corporation (NFDC), India, 265
National Hispanic Media Coalition, 217
National Radio and Television Commission, Hungary, 191
National Science Foundation, US, 285, 286, 289, 292
National Television Violence Study (NTVS), US, 343, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353–354, 357, 429
natural history museums, 485–486
Nava, G., 218
Naval, D., 276
hypercommercialism/hypercommercialized media texts, 43, 44, 45, 46
and violent television content, 344, 350, 354
NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), 121, 125
Negrón Mutaner, F., 221n
Neibaur, J. L., 242
network analysis, 5
Neuendorf, K. A., 14, 15, 16, 285
Nevitt, B., 70
“new man,” 244, 247
New York Times, 151
New Zealand
children's television, 179, 180, 182, 185–189, 198, 200
Maori Television, 187
New Zealand On Air (NZoA), 185, 187, 188, 199
Newell, J., 36
Newman, K., 219
news, effect of advertising on, 39
Newsroom Diversity Index, 173
Nguyen, V., 315
Nickelodeon, 38, 56, 62, 181, 182, 186, 190, 200
Hungarian programming channel, 192
Nickelodeon Arabia, 196
Nielsen, 344
Nielsen, S., 377
Nightingale, F., 294
Nightingale, V., 48
Nike, 121
Nitsche, M., 410
Noar, S., 470
noncommercial announcements, US, 59, 60
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 160
non-player characters (NPCs), 459
Noriega, C., 206, 208, 212, 213, 218
Norway, television advertising regulation, 55
Novarro, R., 212
nutritional information, availability, 66, 68
Nyamnjoh, F. B., 183
Nylund, D., 119
Oates, T. P., 249
obesity, childhood, 62
O'Connor, P. J., 77
OFCOM (UK Office of Communications), 184
Off Our Backs, 389
Office, The, 150
Ogden, C. L., 62
Ohmann, R., 34
Oldenburg, V., 274
Oleksy, E., 400
Oliveira, M. F., 83
Olympic Games, sponsorship association, 37
Omi, M., 221n
Omnicom, 35
O'Neal, T., 148
online advertising, 64
opinion makers, 163
Orbe, M. P., 249, 250, 256n, 257n
organizational theory, 165–166
Orientalism (Said), 305
Ortman, J. M., 220n
ORTT (Hungarian National Radio and Television Commission), 191
Ostrow, J., 138
Other Half, The (film), 334
Our Stolen Future (Colborn), 291
Outwrite, 389
Owczarski, K. A., 32
Pakeezah (film), 275
Palmer, E. L., 63
Palmer-Mehta, V., 244
Paolillo, J. C., 376
Papacharissi, Z., 24–25, 83, 367–385
Papson, S., 33
Paranjpe, S., 276
Parappa the Rappa, 416
paratext, 41
Parker, R. D., 249
Parks, J. B., 119
Parks, L., 485
Parnell, C., 46
Parrenas, R. S., 249
Patel, P., 40
Patil, S., 276
PATRIOT Act, 109
Patton, J., 513
Payne Fund Studies, 15
Pearlman, C., 309
Pecora, N. O., 62
Pedersen, P. M., 121
Pederson, S., 376
Peirce, K., 285
Peña, M., 219
Penley, C., 242
People's National Movement (PNM), Trinidad, 514
People's Republic of China (PRC), 322–323, 324, 325, 327, 330
see also China
Pérez-Firmat, G., 213
Perron, B., 444
Perry, D. K., 161
Perry, E. I., 389
Petition (film), 334
Petrecca, L., 377
Phillips, M. S., 493
Philo, G., 17
Pickowicz, P., 324
Pilcher, J., 397
Pinchbeck, D., 421
Planescape Torment, 411
planned behavior theory, 469
Platoon (film), 304
Playing with Power in Movies, Television and Video Games (Kinder), 407–408
Plummer, K., 228, 388, 397–398
pluralism, 378
Poindexter, P., 377
Pole, A., 374
political brands, 100
Political Calypso, The: True Opposition in Trinidad and Tobago 1962–1987 (Regis), 511, 514
Pom Wonderful Presents, 44
popular culture, 264, 272, 461
Porter, E., 151
postfeminism, 98–99, 99, 387–388, 400, 401
Postigo, H., 417
Postmodern Life of My Aunt, The (film), 334, 335, 336
postmodernity, 231
poststructural theory, 229
poststructuralist feminism, 116, 117, 127, 128, 129, 132n
Potter, W., 99, 111, 346, 353, 354, 359
Powell, C., 111
Powers, D., 32
Prasad, M., 278
preferential attachment, 372
premiums, 63
Prensky, M., 64
prescriptive identities, 97
presence, in videogame content, 431–433
press
telenovelas as cultural referent in, 137–158
Preston, E., 70
priming theory, 346
Prince of Tears (film), 337, 338
print, masculinities in, 255–256
print fashion advertisements see fashion advertisements, Spanish women's magazines
Prinze, F., 215
prison panopticon, 127
privacy concerns, advertising, 48
Private Practice, 465
prizes, 63
product integration, 32, 36, 47
product placement, 33, 34, 36, 40
Production Code Administration (PCA), 226
professionalism, public relations, 172
Proffitt, J. M., 41
program separators, branded, 38
Progressive Writers' Movement, 271
Projansky, S., 5
Project for Excellence in Journalism (2010), 379
promotional culture, 35
Promotions Rule, children's advertising (US), 57, 58
Propp, V., 16
Provencher, D. M., 226
Prusank, D. T., 244, 245, 247, 255
PTU (film), 334
public advocacy journalism, 39
public relations of groups, 171–172
public service announcements (PSAs), 59
Puente, H., 221n
Puerto Rican Action and Media Council, 218
Pulkkinen, L., 347
Purcell, K., 369
Purdum, T., 111
Puri, S., 517
Purple Butterfly (film), 331
Pyaasa (film), 271
Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, 180, 196
Qin Shihuangdi, Emperor, 326, 327, 330
qualitative analysis, 164
videogames, 410
quality content analysis, 167
quantitative analysis of media content, 14–15, 77, 164
Quart, L., 304
Queer as Folk, 23, 150, 226, 227, 233, 234, 235
Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, 248, 252
queer representations, 23
definition of “queer,” 226
popular television fiction, 225–239
textual deconstruction, 233
resistance concept, 228, 229–230, 236
Quiet American, The (film), 24, 302, 303, 311–314, 319
Quinceañera (film), 219
Quinn, A., 213
Quinn, R. M., 55
Qunshu, G., 331
R. K. Films, India, 271
Rabinovitch, V., 497
race
definitions, 257n
Racial Order of Things, The (Mukherjee), 5
racialization
defined, 221n
and “Latin looks,” 209–211
radical feminism, 91, 118, 120, 122–124, 125
Radio Caracas Television, 148
RadiOrakel, 389
Rains, S., 470
Rajagopalan, S., 264
Rakow, L., 96
Ramaswamy, S., 272
Rambo, John, 244
Rambo: First Blood, Part II (film), 303–304
Ramírez Berg, C., 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213
Rampton, S., 99
Ramsey, E. M., 248
Ranger, T., 511
Rape of Nanjing (1937), 335
Ratcliffe, C., 376
Ratcliffe, M., 372
Read, J., 285
Real Sports Magazine, 124
Real Women Have Curves (film), 219
Real World, The, 249
reality television, 36, 48, 150
real-time technologies, 489
Rebel's Way, 147
Red Cliff, I and II (films), 327, 329
Red Globo, Brazil, 143
Reese, S. D., 161
refrigerator studies, 1
regression analysis, 86, 87, 88
Rehak, B., 444
Relph, E., 163
remediation concept, 444
representation
concept, 232
of minorities in the news, 159–178
queer, in popular television fiction, 225–239
shaping perceptions of the world, 160–161
of women and femininity in Hindi cinema, 263–283
Republic of China (ROC), 323, 327
Republican Party, 95, 99, 100, 101, 104, 106
National Committee, 112n
reputation, 162
Reser, E., 251
resistance concept, 228, 229–230, 236
resource allocation, public relations, 171–172
Rettberg, S., 417
Revelle, R., 125
Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 434
RFSU (Swedish Association for Sexuality Education), 391
rhetorical analysis/criticism, 16
Rich, R., 231
Richardson, K., 117
Rideout, V. J., 54, 64, 65, 69, 344, 428, 473
Riffe, D., 14
“Right Web,” Institute for Policy Studies, 105
Riley, S., 490
Riordan, E., 97
Ríos-Bustamente, A., 209, 220n
Risen, J., 109
Rivero, Y. M., 285
Roberts, K., 100
Robinson, S., 371
Rodgers, S., 121
Rodman, D., 250
Rodríguez, Catalina, 149
Rodriguez, Clemencia, 391
Rohlehr, G., 509, 510, 511, 512, 514, 519
Roland, G., 212
role reversal strategies, 235–236
role-playing games (RPGs), 461n
romance films/programs, 36, 278, 279, 280
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The (film), 328, 333, 339
Romero, C., 213
Rose, N., 101
Rosenstock, I., 469
Rosenvall, L. A., 161
Ross, K., 77
Rowe, D., 127
Roy, B., 271
RTL-Klub (RTL Group), 189, 191
Rubel, S., 379
Ruben, J., 214
Ruehl, M., 218
rule of law, and global economy, 331–334
Running on Karma (film), 335–336
Ruprecht, A., 496
Rusch, D., 416
Ruskin, G., 33
Russell, D., 478
Russo, M., 117
Rutigliano, L., 371
Ryall, T., 243
Ryan, L., 389
Ryan, N., 245
Ryan, S., 513
Sahai, M., 264
Said, E., 305
Saints & Sinners, 150
Salt of the Earth, 213
Samuel, L. R., 34
Sandler, K. S., 182
Sandoval-Sánchez, A., 213, 215
Sanger, M., 294
Santiago, G., 248
Sayaovong, A., 121
Schachtman, N., 375
Scheidt, L. A., 368
Scherer, J., 37
Schiller, G., 46
Schilt, K., 390
Schivelbusch, W., 485
Schleiner, A.-M., 410
Schmader, T., 285
Schramm, W., 356
Schultz, J., 130
Schwarz, B., 509
Schwarzenegger, A., 247
science, engineering, and technology (SET), 284, 285
scientists, female: portrayal of, 284–301
compared to male scientists, statistics, 286–289
in cyberspace, 296
professional status, gains in, 296
Sconce, J., 485
Scorsese, M., 332
Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 217
screen tradition, 230
second-wave feminism, 117, 120, 127, 131, 240, 400
resistance to Foucault, 128–129
as target demographics, 105
Sedgwick, E. K., 232
Seely, K. Q., 376
Sega Genesis, 429
Seidman, S., 227, 228, 229, 231
Seiter, E., 78
self-representation, Latina/o, 217–219
self-writing, 130
selling techniques and appeals to children, US, 63–64
Semetko, H. A., 83
semiotic analysis, 16
Sen, B., 264
separation principle (FCC policy), 56, 70
Sex and the City, 226
sex blogging, 377
sexual identity, 230
sexual imagery model, 469, 470, 471
sexual orientation, and masculinity, 251–252
Shadow of the Colossus, 415
Shakur, T., 246
Shales, T., 45
Shanghai Dreams (film), 336
Shaolin Soccer (film), 332
Shape magazine, 130
Shape of Life, The, 288
Sharpe, J., 278
Shattuck, K., 148
Shaw, D. L., 470
Shell Oil, 491
Sherman, T., 489
Sherry, J., 427
Shier, J., 183
Shifflett, B., 125
Shinjuku Incident (film), 333
Shohat, E., 207–208, 209, 221n, 319, 505, 511
Shree 420 (film), 271
Shui-bian, C., 330
Shutte, N. S., 428
Sichuan earthquake (2008), 334
Sidwell, M. J., 121
Siegel, D. L., 397
Sifry, D., 374
Signorielli, N., 24, 284, 285, 288, 343–363
Silkwood, K., 294
Silva, L., 371
Simon, P., 345
Sims, The, 411, 413–415, 417–418
simultaneity concept, 485
SIN (Spanish International Network), 137
Sinclair, J., 138
Sinfield, A., 231
Sirkin, M., 247
sitcoms, 45
Siu, L. C. D., 249
Sivan, S., 266
Six Feet Under, 23, 226, 227, 233–234, 235–236
Skalski, P., 432
Slocum, K., 507
Smith, M. J., 368
Smith, R., 269
Smith, S. L., 348, 349, 354, 359, 408, 427, 429, 433
Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian, 486, 498
Snipes, W., 214
Snyder, R. J., 57
soap operas, 151
telenovelas compared, 139
Soccer Moms, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107
social class see class
social constructivism, 227
social exchange theory, 469, 470
social film (India), 271
social identity theory, 469
social information processing theory, 347
Social Justice Questionnaire, 434
social learning/social cognitive theory, 346, 469, 470, 472, 479
social networking sites, 35, 42, 49
social problem film, 213
social-ideological distance, 170
society of the spectacle, 331
Soderman, B., 419
Sokol, J., 467
Solomon, N., 111
songs, brands in, 40
Sotamaa, O., 417
“Source Watch,” Center for Media and Democracy, 104–105
Southwest Interactive Conference, Texas, 374
Space Race, 485
Spare Rib, 389
Spigel, L., 485
Spirit Sings: Artistic Traditions of Canada's First Peoples (exhibit), 491, 496, 500
Spivak, G., 515
splitting, strategy of, 164
sponsorship, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40
Spooner, T., 373
sports
Education Amendments, Title IX, 118, 120, 126, 132
Gramscian perspective, 116, 118, 124, 125, 127, 132
symbiotic relationship between industries and mediation of those industries, 132n
sports bra movement, 130
sports celebrities, 68
challenging dominant practices, 124–125
hetero-sexy images of female athletes, 117, 122, 130
representations of female athletes, 126–127
symbolic marginalization, 121–122
Sports Illustrated, 117, 122, 123
sports institutions, role, 125
sports/media complex
and hegemonic masculinity, 118–119, 131
SPSS v. 15.0 software program, 83
Squire, C., 416
Stacey, J., 230
Stalin, B., 513
Stallone, S., 247
Stam, R., 207–208, 209, 221n, 319
Stamach, A., 298
Stand and Deliver, 218
Standley, T. C., 427
Stanley, A., 153
Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith (film), 68
Stauber, J., 99
Steadman, M., 244
Stefanone, M. A., 371
Stein, A., 228
Steiner, L., 389
Steinke, J., 19, 23–24, 284–301
Stelter, B., 39
stereotypes
female, 75, 77–79, 81–90, 285, 295, 407, 408, 427
gay, 252
identifying, 81
Latina/o representation, US, 207–209
predictor variables in use of, 81–82
queer identity, 235
role of media in crystallization of, 74, 77–79, 90
in television, 345
usage patterns over time, 85–86
videogame content, 407, 408, 427
Steuer, J., 432
Still Life (film), 334
Stoller, M., 379
Storey, J., 304
Strate, L., 243
Strauss, A. L., 162
Streckfuss, D., 284
Street Mix: Music from the Volkswagen Commercials, 40
structuralism, 16
Stutts, M. A., 63
subjectification, 128
subjectivity, 101
Subramanyam, R., 276
substance abuse, 473
Sullivan, G. L., 77
Sun also Rises, The (film), 336
Sun Yat-sen, 327
Surman, D., 444
surveillance technologies, 96
Survivor, The, 36
Sussman, G., 39
Sutherland, D., 332
SVT (Swedish state television), 396
Swanson, D. H., 285
Sweden, 55, 388, 391, 396, 399
Swedenmark, E., 396
symbolic annihilation, 121, 162, 164, 220n, 297
symbolic marginalization, sports feminism, 121–122
symptomatic reading, 167
synergistic media brands, 41
synergy bias, 39
Szybist, J., 55
Table for Three, 147
Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864), 327
KMT government-in-exile, 324, 330, 336, 337
Tajfel, H., 469
Tamil cinema, 265
Tangshan earthquake (1976), 334
Taormino, T., 389
Task Force on Museums and First Peoples, 491, 492, 499
Tasker, Y., 5, 98, 304, 388, 401
tawaif (courtesan film), 274–275
Taxidermic Signs (Wakeham), 486
Taylor, H., 349
Taylor, T., 247
Taylor, T. L., 416
technologies of the self, 128, 130–131
Technorati, 372, 373, 375, 376
teenagers, 38
Teeter, H., 123
Telecommunications Act 1996, US, 346
Telemundo, 148
purchase by NBC, 143
telenovelas, 21
boundaries of genre, 139
categories, 139
and cultural identity, 139, 140–142
English language, 142, 143, 150
telepresence, 489
Televisa, Mexico, 143
television
children's see children's advertising, US; children's television
constraints on diversity, 345
demography, 464
hybridization, 155
Latina/o representation, 206
Nielsen data, 475
queer representations in popular fiction, 225–239
television marketplace and policy changes, US, 56–58
Television New Zealand (TVNZ), 187
Television Violence Act 1990, US, 345
Teo, S., 334
Te-Sheng, W., 335
Tessler, N., 144
textual analysis, 16
Thickett, J., 185
Dr. Spaceman character, 46, 47
“Liz Lemon” character, 44
third-wave feminism, 116, 117, 387, 397, 400, 401
Thomas, D., 507
Thomas, R., 270
Thompson, C., 372
Thompson, K. M., 427, 429, 446
Thorpe, H., 128, 129, 130, 131
Thorpe, M., 229
Though It Might Cost Me My Life, 148
Three Caballeros, The (animated film), 213
Three Seasons (film), 24, 302, 303, 306, 314–318
Thumim, J., 241, 242, 245, 253
Tian'anmen Square demonstrations, China, 323, 329, 338
Tianhui, Z., 336
Tibet, 338
Time magazine, 103
Toles, T., 407
Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, 217
Tomb Raider franchise, 410, 418, 453
Tomkins, S. S., 247
Torres, D., 149
Tosca, S., 417
Toyota Prius, 41
Tragos, P., 244
Trammell, K. D., 369
trans-media storytelling, 41
transnationalism, and hybridity, 215–217
Tremayne, M., 369, 370, 372, 376
Treviño, J. S., 218
Trinkle, P., 121
truth, 128
Truth, S., 389
Truyen Kieu (Tale of Kieu), 317, 318
tsunami, Asia (2004), 375
Tu Wei Ming, 325
Tuchman, G., 121, 160, 161, 162, 220n, 297
Tufte, T., 142
Tuggle, C. A., 121
Turnball, D., 499
Turner, K. J., 36
Turner Broadcasting Systems (TBS), Atlanta, 488–489
TVNZ6, New Zealand, 179, 180, 182, 185–189, 198–199, 199, 200
programs divided by origin of production, 188
Twitter, 35, 375, 377, 379, 412
Two and a Half Men, 255
ubermasculinity see hypermasculinity
Uberoi, P., 279
Ugly Betty, 144, 155, 217, 219
Umiker-Sebeok, J., 76
UNESCO, Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, 184
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1980), 184
United States
children's advertising in see children's advertising, US
children's television programs produced in, 186
deindustrialization of, 245
Education Amendments, Title IX, 118, 120, 126, 132
entertainment media, Latina/o representation and stardom in, 205–224
Iraq war, 96, 104, 107, 108, 303
masculinity portrayals in media, 242
minority representation, 175
selling techniques and appeals, 63–64
sports, commercialized forms, 37
telenovelas as cultural referent in press, 137–158
television marketplace and policy changes, 56–58
television watching by children, 54
unity, universal, 129
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 83
UPN network, 144
user interface (UI), 417
user-generated commercial (UGC), 41, 42
Valdes-Rodríguez, A., 144
Valdez, L., 218
Valdivia, A., 1–12, 18, 206, 208–209, 211, 215, 216, 219, 220, 221n
Valentino, R., 212
Valkenburg, P. M., 83
Vallis-Fernández, F., 78
van Dijk, T. A., 145, 161, 162, 164, 166, 167, 170
Van Doom, N., 376
Van Shie, E. G. M., 428
van Zoonen, L., 97
Vande Berg, L. R., 284
Vass, K., 100
Vasudevan, R., 271
Vavrus, M. D., 21, 37, 95–115, 242
Veblen, T., 91
Veciana-Suárez, A., 137
Velasco y Trianosky, G., 216
Venevision, Venezuela, 143
Video Kids: Making Sense of Nintendo (Provenzo), 407
aesthetics of convergence, 446–454, 455
case studies, 413–415, 418–421
content analyses of games, 408–410, 444
formal, 444
mobile phone platforms, 412
modification, 413
narrative as form and content, 454–455
objects, 420
past approaches, limitations, 411–413
qualitative analyses of games, 410
violent see violent videogame content
videogames, 56
advergaming, 34, 38, 64, 65, 66, 67
content see videogame content; violent videogame content
games of progression, 454
haptic devices, 431
participatory form, 451
vs. television, 430
videos, music, 40
video-sharing sites, 41
Vietnam Syndrome, The, 303, 304, 318
Vietnamese women, portrayal of, 24, 302–321
films on Vietnam, collective memory-making, 303–304, 317
Orientalism, 304–306, 314, 319
viewer control, 34
violent television content, US, 343–363
accidental violence, 347
cultivation theory, 347, 352, 353, 359
gender differences, 351, 352, 358
gratuitous and graphic violence, 355
historical perspective, 348–350, 351–352
perpetrators and targets (PATs), violent incidents, 356–357
plausible violence, 347
prime-time broadcast programming, 354, 355, 357
psychological violence, 347
theoretical perspective, 346–347
violent videogame content, 409, 426–442
conceptual shortcomings, 429
correlational studies, 427, 428
methodological techniques exploring responses to, 427
player personality, role, 430–431, 434, 438–439
prior experience, 431, 437–438
research, 427, 428–429, 430–439
based on past game experience, 437–438
based on personality differences, 438–439
based on presence, 437
Virdi, J., 274
Volkswagen, 40
Vonn, L., 116, 117, 118, 122–123
Waitt, G., 161
Wakeford, N., 387
Walker, K., 368
Walker Rettberg, J., 369, 371, 417
Wallace, L., 231
Walt Disney Company, 35, 38, 57
Wang, G., 325
Wang, S., 332
War on Terror, 96, 102, 107, 108
Warisse Turner, J., 26, 463–483
Warlords, The (film), 327, 328
Warner, K., 509, 511, 514, 516, 517
Warner Bros., 144
Washington Post, 151
Wasko, J., 36
watchdog journalism, 39
Watzlawick, P., 479
Wayne's World, 44
WB network, 144
Web 2 technologies, 372, 378, 379
website communities/memberships, 68
Website Rule, children's advertising (US), 57
websites
children's, 66
content analyses, food marketing, 65
downloadable items, 68
television commercials on, 67
Wedding, D., 243
wedding programs, 36
Weekend in Havana, 213
Wei, T., 331
Wei, W., 475
Weigel, R. H., 284
Weimann, G., 160
Well Played (Davidson), 415
Welzel, C., 367
Wen, J., 336
Wen, Z., 326
Wen-Ye, J., 335
Wernick, A., 35
West of the Tracks (film), 334
Westcott, T., 182
Westerfelhaus, R., 248
Westmoreland, W., 219
Wheeler, J., 304
Whelehan, I., 397
Whillock, D. E., 311
Whipple, T., 77
White, C. L., 70
White, C. M., 167
Whoriskey, P., 151
Wiegman, O., 428
Wii, 412
Williams, C. L., 243
Williams, D., 409
Williams, L. D., 121
Williamson, J., 40
Willis, B., 247
Willis, S., 242
Wilson, B. J., 348, 349, 356, 357
Wimmer, R. D., 167
Winant, M., 221n
Wolfsfeld, G., 160, 161, 165, 170, 172
women
female athletes, representation, 126–127
female scientists, portrayal in mass media, 284–301
motherhood
politics of, in post-9/11 world, 102–110
portrayal in advertising, 75–77, 83–85
representation in Hindi cinema, 263–283
sexualized and disempowered images of, 122–124
see also feminism; gender; masculinity
Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering (NSF report), 289
Women's History Collections, Gothenburg, 402n
women's rights movement, 120
Women's Sports Foundation (WSF), 120
Wong, A., 337
Woo, J., 329
Wood, M. L., 39
Wood, N., 210
Woodward, F. H., 346
Word Spy website, 96
World, The (film), 332
World of Warcraft (WoW), 410
Worley, D. W., 241
WPP Group, 35
Wright, A., 147
Wright, E., 368
Wright, J., 121
Wu, H., 182
Xbox 360, 412
Xiaoshuai, W., 336
Xinjiang, 338
Xu, G. G., 324
Xun, Z., 329
Yang, Li, 334
Yao, A., 373
Yasukuni (film), 335
Ye, Lou, 331
Yen, D., 335
Yeoh, M., 325
Yifan, Li, 334
Ying, L., 335
Ying-jeou, M., 330
Young, J., 160
Young, R., 464
Yu, Y., 334
Yuanjia, H., 335
Yuchtman-Yaar, E., 171
Zapata, E., 210
Zoot Suit (film), 218, 250–251
Zuckerman, E., 375
Zurawik, D., 475