This edition first published 2013

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The international encyclopedia of media studies / general editor, Angharad N. Valdivia.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-9356-6 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Mass media—Encyclopedias. I. Valdivia, Angharad N.

P87.5.I585 2013

302.23'03—dc23

2012023058

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover images: Students working in computer lab © Hill Street Studios / Blend Images / Corbis; News reporter © Ocean / Corbis; Photo shoot © Monalyn Gracia / Corbis; DJ at radio station © Inti St. Clair / Blend Images / Corbis

Cover design by Simon Levy

Set in 11 on 13 pt Dante by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited

1 2013