Index
Page references to figures or tables are in italics; references to notes have the letter “n” following the page number.
abbreviated field experience, ethnography, 25, 105–122
fieldwork in media studies, 108–111
observation and the field, 111–113
participant observation, 108, 110–111
“the field,” 110
see also ethnography/ethnographic research; fieldwork
Abreu, S. de, 323
Abu-Lughod, L., 21, 22, 58, 59, 62, 265, 301, 336
accounts of the media, 172
Acosta-Alzuru, C., 22, 25, 26, 125–147, 172
action-oriented research, 47
activist audiences, 383, 489–509
activist and alternative audiences, 491–492
activists as information transmitters, 492–493
current approaches to, 495–497
gulf between activist producers and audiences, 494–495
as participants in ritual, 497–499
social limitations of new activist media, 501–502
activist documentaries, 541–545
activist ethnography, 47
Acuña, A., 133
Adkins, L., 166
Adorno, T. W., 549
advertising, 335, 409, 415, 416, 421n
affect, issues of, 203
affective intelligence, 498–499
affective pedagogy, 206, 207–209
African National Congress (ANC) governments, 259–260
agency
audience, 446
mass media, 457
and reflexivity, 150
self of, 204
Agost, R., 281
Aguayo, A. J., 542
Airhihenbuwa, C. O., 474
Akindes, F. Y., 221
Aksoy, A., 295n
Alam Ara (film), 306
Albury, K., 375
Aldoory, L., 30, 465–488, 475, 476, 480
Allan, S., 454
Allen, J. D., 474
Allen, M. P., 308
Allen, R. C., 309
Almeida, H. B., 336
alternative audiences, 491–492
Alters, D., 172
Althaus, S. L., 457
Althusser, L., 14
Aly, A., 22
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 471
American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 344
Amit, V., 60
Anderson, M. W., 216
Andhra Pradesh, India, 307, 311, 312, 314
androgynization of men and women, 158
Ang, I., 16, 53, 109, 172, 215, 309, 338, 352, 367, 394, 407, 513
multi-sited ethnography, 59, 62
publications by, 374
transnational television, 256, 280, 293, 296n
Angel, J., 490
Angus, I., 419
ANOVA, 44
anthropology, 41, 44, 59, 108, 109, 182
Appadurai, A., 112, 216, 226, 295n
Apprentice SA, 258
Arismendi, J., 132
Arquilla, 493
artificiality in research, 51
Atkinson, P., 150
Atton, C., 493, 494, 502, 503, 504
audience agency, 446
audience demographics, 309
accounting for audiences, 416–419
audience moments, 490
audience pleasure, 206
audience research see research, audience
Audience Research Commission of the Chinese Radio and TV Association, 349
audiences
activist see activist audiences
in China
implicit and explicit, 351–354
shifts in portrayal of, 349–351
as citizens see citizens, audiences as
complexity of, 40
concept of “the audience,” 14–15, 406, 418
counting of see audience measurement
former members, 502
implicit and explicit, 351–354
online see online audiences
redefinition of “audience,” 395–398
size and composition, 410
audience/user structures, 84, 85, 88–89
ethnographic audience research approach, 375–382
influences on audience ethnography in, 367–372
social construction of technology, 371–372
technology
social construction of, 371–372
Australian Broadcasting Authority, 373
Australian Broadcasting Control Board, 373
Australian Broadcasting Tribunal, 373
Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), 373–374
autonomy, 150
Bae Yong Jun (Bae Yong Joon), 279, 291
Bagdikian, B., 490
Baisnée, O., 59
Bakardjieva, M., 58
Ball-Rokeach, S. J., 449
Balsamo, A., 428
Banaji, S., 521
Banerjee, P., 550n
Bangalore, film audiences in, 311
Banks, M. J., 7
Baptist Missionary Society, 303
Barboza, D., 342
Barnes & Noble, 64
Barnett, L. A., 308
Barrera, V., 22
Barrera Tyszka, A., 131
Barrett, S., 382
Barrios, L., 133
Bassett, C., 428
Bauman, R., 539
Bauman, Z., 72
Baxter, L. A., 182
Bayer Leverkusen, 526
behavioral advertising, 415, 416
Beijing Broadcasting Institute, 349
Beijing Youth Media Group, 348
Beltran, S. L. R., 301
Beniger, J., 420n
Berger, P., 371
Beville, H. M., 417, 420n, 421n
Bhabha, H., 429
Bhojpuri cinema, 311
Bhopal Gas Tragedy, India, 429
Biafra, J, 490
biases, 174
Bielby, D. D., 22
Biggest Loser, The, 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162
Bihar, India, 311
Bird, E., 23, 58, 109–110, 192, 215
Bird, S. E., 17, 59, 144n, 172, 495, 505, 527
makeover television shows, and reflexivity, 152, 154
Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 382–383
Birmingham School, reception research, 324
Bissell, K., 8
Blackberry devices, 132
Blakesley, D., 542
Blanco, M. E., 133
blogosphere, 523
blogs, 392–393, 394, 395, 400, 401, 448–453
Blumer, H., 419n
Bober, M., 379
Bold and the Beautiful, The, 258, 262, 268
Bollywood, 244
book browsing, 63, 72, 73, 74–75
bookselling
Borders Group see Borders Group, Inc.
Bras Basah Complex (Book City), Singapore, 70
internationalization of transnational booksellers, 66
Kinokuniya, 70
mega-bookstores see mega-bookstores
social, sensual reading model, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72
in United States, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72
see also mega-bookstores; sponsors of literacy, multi-sited ethnography
disciplinary signs, 68
and National Library Board, Singapore, 71–72
in Singapore, 65, 66, 67–70, 72
social, sensual reading model, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72
in United States, 65, 66, 67, 72
Bordo, S., 223
Bordwell, D., 86
Bourdieu, P., 151, 261, 274n, 309, 389, 397
Bow, L., 221
Boyer, D., 62
Boylorn, R. M., 109
Bradeanu, A., 301
Bradfield, S.-J., 22, 27, 254–275
Brandt, D., 64
Bras Basah Complex (Book City), Singapore, 70
Brazil
Macambira, television watching in, 320, 330–337
prime-time television, 322–330
bricolage, 400
Bridesmaids, 14
broadcasting, 408
Brooker, W., 17
Brown, D., 259
Brown, J. B., 483
browsing, book, 63, 72, 73, 74–75
Bruckman, A., 391
Bruhn, J. G., 465
Bruns, A., 520
Buarque de Almeida, H., 221
Buckingham, D., 198
Bull, S. S., 473
Burawoy, M., 62
Burke, K., 429
Burr, V., 372
Burrell, J., 52
Byerly, C. M., 468
Cable News Network (CNN), 492
cable television, 277
café reading, 65
Caldwell, M. T., 7
Calhoun, C., 524
Cammaerts, B., 523
Cancel, D., 144n
Cañizales, A., 131
capitalism, 355
Caraway, B., 20
Cardoza, K., 8
Carey, J. W., 30, 136, 369, 427
activist audiences, 491, 497, 498, 502
Carpentier, N., 397–398, 401, 501, 523
Carstens, S. A., 22
Carver, D., 395
Cavarero, A., 550
CBeebies, 199
celebrity, 5
Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA), Semi-Annual Wireless Survey, 175
Census of India, 304
Center for Film and Cultural Studies, Peking University, 350
Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), 316
Central Viewer Survey & Consulting Center-Taylor Nelson Sofres (CVSC-TNS), 350
Chan, A. S., 5
Chan, J. M., 342
Chandler, C., 343
Charity, A., 445
“charring,” South Africa, 261, 274n
Chatterji, S. K., 307
Chavez, C., 172
Chávez, H., 128, 129, 130, 131, 132
Chen, C., 349
Chen, F.-C., 344
Chen, J., 343
Chen, X., 344
Cheng Kaige, 347
Cheong, A., 73
Children and Television: A Semiotic Approach (Hodge & Tripp), 374
children and young people
attachment to mobile and digital media (case study), 26, 175–181, 183, 185n
media culture, 190
case study, 191–192, 195–197, 198, 204–209
China, A., 246
China, audience research in, 27, 341–364
agenda for future research, 355–358
dramas, 356
and economic development in China, 342–343
global influences, post-WTO environment, 346–348
implicit and explicit audience, 351–354
importation of foreign media products in the 1980s/early 1990s, 343–345
and new communication technologies, 354–355, 358
rapid media commercialization in China since 1992, 345–346
shifts in portrayal of Chinese audience, 349–351
textual analysis and ethnography, 351–354
transnational media corporations in China, 353–354
China Central Television (CCTV), 348, 349, 357
China Mainland Marketing Research Firm, 350
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, News Research Institute, 349
Chinese Communist Party, 345
Chinese Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), 359
Cho, J., 536
Chong, T., 72
Chopra, D., 251
Chow, R., 224
Chow Yun Fatt, 278
Christian, A. H., 475
circuit model of culture, 40, 112, 128, 143
citizens, audiences as, 30, 510–534
citizenship
competent, 516
formation, 511
Habermassian ideal, 525
media/citizenship nexus, 512–513
mediated meaning-making, 511
monitorial, 510, 515–517, 530n
ubiquitous, 524–526, 527, 528, 529–530
see also citizens, audiences as
civic culture, 524
civic journalism, 445
Clair, J., 323
Clair, R. P., 539
Clark, L. S., 26, 170–188, 172, 176, 393
Clarkson, J. R., 52
Cleaver, H., 493
Clifford, J., 23, 120, 172, 200
Clua, A., 215
Coalition for Advertising Supported Information and Entertainment (CASIE), 410
Coats, C. D., 22
Cochran-Smith, M., 192
cognitive psychology, 85
Cohen, J., 490
Cohen, S., 178
coherence, self of, 204
Coleman, S., 59
collective action, 419n
collective behavior, 419n
collective intelligence, 520
Colmenares, F., 135
colonialism, 214
Color Purple, The, 270
Comaroff, J., 61
Coming of Age in Second Life (Boellstorff), 43
commercial research, 417
commercials, television, 335
communication
autobiographical, 536
dialogic spaces, 447
empirical research, 498
and Internet, 411
mass and interpersonal channels, 444
new technologies in China, 354–355, 358
one-to-one, 445
traditional model, criticism, 444–445
and writing, 419n
communication studies, division of labor within, 511
Companion to Media Studies, A (Valdivia), 3
comparability in research, 182, 183
comparison group interviews, reflexivity, 155–156
computer-mediated cultures, studying, 428–429
Comstock, G., 8
Consalvo, M., 428
consumer culture, 71
contextual uses, TV news, 515
Cook, I., 51
Coontz, S., 181
Cope, M., 183
Corbin, J., 381
Corner, J., 150, 151, 160, 162, 519
corporate culture, 120
corporate logos, 106
Cosby Show, 239
Couldry, N., 58, 110, 120, 157, 215
audiences as citizens, 505, 506, 513, 523, 524, 526, 529
Council on Contemporary Families, 181
Cox, W., 343
craft movements, online, 426
Craig, R. T., 1
Crang, M., 51
cultural anthropology, 21, 58, 59–60
cultural citizenship, 20, 524, 526
cultural competency, 272
cultural field, notion of, 20
cultural imperialism, 277, 285, 289, 297n, 301
cultural production, 305
cultural proximity concept, 256, 258, 283, 296n, 302
Cultural Revolution, China (1966–1976), 349
cultural security, 277
cultural tailoring, 479
culture
circuit model, 40, 112, 128, 143
computer-mediated cultures, studying, 428–429
consumer, 71
corporate, 120
deep structure of, 484
of fear, 184
“foreign,” 293
“high culture/low culture” debates, 383
mass culture, 256
media, 120
current affairs programming, responses to, 256
Curtin, M., 278
CVSC-Sofres Media (CSM), 350
cyberethnography, 52, 426, 429–433, 439
postcolonial feminist, 432–433
Cytrynbaum, J. D., 70
Dahlgren, P., 420n, 422n, 513, 524, 525, 530n
Dai, J., 351
Darling-Wolf, F., 10n, 22, 26, 62, 212–231, 216
Das, R., 181
Das Gupta, C., 249
Dastkar Andhra, 434
data collection/analysis
Australia, ethnographic audience research in, 380–382
comparison group interviews, reflexivity research, 155–156
and fieldwork, 51
generating thick data, 191–192
mixed data collection, 191
making research meaningful (case study), 26, 175–181, 183, 185n
Datamonitor, 346
Davidson, R., 457
Davis, A., 22
Davis, H., 207
Davison, W. P., 497
Dayan, D., 420n
De Angelis, M., 493
De Bourdeaudhuij, I., 472
De Cleen, B., 501
decoding/encoding studies, 85, 86–87, 88, 112, 239
deficiency model, 180
DeFleur, M. L., 1
Delgado Barrios, C., 130
DeLuca, M., 493
Delwiche, A., 453
Deng, J., 342
Denzin, N., 133
Deresiewicz, W., 139
Derrida, J., 400
Dery, M., 391
Derzon, J. H., 471
Descartes, R., 190
design (human–computer interaction) studies, 85, 86, 87, 89
Desperately Seeking the Audience (Ang), 374
Deuze, M., 396, 400, 448, 454, 493
developing countries, audiences in, 45
Dewey, J., 498
digital divide model, 180
digital media, 3, 175, 176, 180, 183
pornographic DVDs, 375
see also new media
Dill, B. T., 483
Distribution of Theaters, 308
diversional uses, TV news, 516
Doctoroff, M., 545
Dolby, N., 20
Doordarshan, 241
Douglas, M., 178
Douglas, T., 453
Dow, B., 542
Downey, J., 548
Downing, J. H. D., 3, 493, 494
Doyle, P. A., 473
Driscoll, C., 144n
Du, X., 356
Du Gay, P., 128
transnational television, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282, 289, 296
Duffy, P., 344
Dunbar-Hester, C., 493
Dworkin, M., 94
Dwyer, R., 238
Dyer, R., 296n
difference, embracing, 284–286
East Asian pop culture, 277–280, 286, 291, 296n
foreign element, domesticating/preserving, 280–282
identification ladder, 283–284
and pan-East Asian identity, 276, 292–293
regional impact, 276
TV drama audience, 280
see also transnational audience
eclectic neighborhoods, 133–136
economic determinism, 300
edutainment, 121n
effects paradigm, 1
Ehrenreich, J., 173
Ehrlich, P., 139
Eleftheriotis, D., 301
Eliasoph, N., 493
embodied self, 203
Emihovich, C., 47
emotional realism, of television, 162
encoding/decoding studies, 85, 88, 112, 239
Engels, F., 305
English language, 216
Enteen, J., 428
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 476
epistemic partners, study participants as, 47
epistemic reflexivity, 151
epistemology
and reality, 239
Eriksson, G., 18
Erni, J., 353
Esarey, A., 354
essentialism, 371
ethnocultural nationalism, 259
“Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergency of Multi-Sited Ethnography” (Marcus), 61
ethnography/ethnographic research
abbreviated field experience in, 105–122
activist, 47
children, interviewing, 379–380
data processing and analysis, 380–382
ethnographic audience research see ethnographic audience research
“ethnography of the self,” 110
feminist, 399
abbreviated experience see abbreviated field experience, ethnography
multi-sited ethnography, 59, 61, 68–69
fluidity of, 109
force, accounting for, 194–195, 198
influences on audience ethnography in Australia, 367–372
interpretive, 62
interviews as social events, 377
media ethnography see media ethnography
multiple voices and data triangulation, 377–379
multi-positioned, 59
multi-sited see multi-sited ethnography
online/offline intersections, 433–438
online-only, 52
opportunistic ethnography, 109–110, 112
passing ethnography, 58, 110, 120
and political economy, 310
quasi-ethnographic studies, 59
reading, 191
single-sited, 65
and thick description, 62
translocal, 58
see also cyberethnography; ethnography; research, audience
everyday life ethnography, 85, 86–87, 89
exhibition, 309
expository approaches, qualitative research methods, 172
Fabos, B., 393
and new media, 390, 395, 396, 401, 402
and telenovela consumption, 132, 139–140
Falzon, M. A., 59–60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70
Fame Academy, 218
Australian family life, 365–386
Family Television, 368
fans and fan clubs, 288, 310–311, 338
Farquhar, L. K., 52
Faubion, J. D., 111
fear, culture of, 184
female audiences
formative research with, 473–474
South African television see under South African television programming
women as audience of health media, 472–481
see also health media; women
female genres, 152, 321, 324–325
feminist ethnography, 399
Feng Xiaogang, 347
Fenton, N., 548
Ferguson, D. A., 449
Ferguson, J., 61
Fernandes, I., 323
fetishism, 360n
fieldwork
absence of a grounded notion of in media studies, 111
conceptual definition of fieldsites, 58
and data collection, 51
embodied, 105
abbreviated experience see abbreviated field experience, ethnography
multi-sited ethnography, 59, 61, 68–69
existentially grounded notion of, 105, 110
feasibility factor, 45
graduate audience research curriculum, 41, 42, 43
long-term, 42
positionality in, 50
shift of, in multi-sited ethnography, 61
short-term see abbreviated field experience, ethnography
thick data, generating, 191
see also ethnography/ethnographic research
Fine, G. A., 47
Firm, The, 18
Fisch, S. M., 191
Fish, S., 499
Fiske, J., 16, 45, 206, 338, 427, 429
audiences as citizens, 513, 514, 515
Flanagin, A. J., 498
“fly-on-the-wall” shooting and editing, 150
focus groups, 50, 125, 126, 128, 133
Fogel, A., 204
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 476
Forbes, G., 64
force
experience-near nature of, 195
methodological problems, 189
and parenthood, 198
Ford, T., 493
Foreman-Wernet, L., 82, 91, 94
Forrest, J., 166
fragmentary audience, 282–283, 457
France/French identity, 218, 220, 226
Fraser, N., 524
Frazier, E. F., 182
freedom, and reflexivity, 150
Freimuth, V. S., 474
Frisby, C. M., 479
Fuss, D., 65
Future of Advertising Stakeholders (FAST), 410
futures, 9
Gabbard-Alley, A. S., 472
Gahagan, J., 472
Gajjala, V., 432
Gallup China, 350
Game, A., 372
Gamson, J., 149
Gandhi, M., 303
Gannon, S., 203
gap, notion of in SMM, 91, 92, 100
Garcia-Canclini, N., 212, 216, 228
Garrison's Gorillas, 344
Geertz, C., 62, 108, 182, 227, 228, 309, 382
media ethnography, 190, 195, 199, 200
gender
in Indian film industry, 313
see also women
Generations, 255, 258, 263, 266, 268, 274n
genres
superhero, 98
and symbols, 495
Gerónimo, L., 140
Giddens, A., 149, 150, 151, 157, 159–160, 166, 215
Gil, G., 493
Gilbert, E., 5
Gillespie, M., 17, 54, 172, 192, 527
Gillette, M. B., 357
girl studies, 5
Giroux, H., 184
Glasberg, D. S., 547
Glaser, B., 381
Glenn, E. N., 483
global mediagraphy, 59
Globo network, Brazil, 320, 322, 323, 325, 329
Goddard, P., 517
Gomes, D., 323
Gonzalez, J., 436
Goodnight, T., 18
Google, 397
Government of National Unity, South Africa, 258
graduate audience research curriculum, 24–25, 39–56
mentoring of researcher, 49–50
participant observation, 44, 45, 47, 52
pedagogy, 43
spaces (research settings/location of research), 47, 50–53
“studying down,” 46
theories of the audience, 44–45
see also audiences; research, audience
Graham, T. S., 529
Granberg, F., 159
Graves, L., 421n
Gray, J., 144n
Gregg, M., 144n
Grindstaff, L., 149
Grodin, D., 480
Grossberg, L., 427
Growing Pains, 344
Guangerhaozhi, 348
Guback, T. H., 301
Gueorguieva, V., 546
Guha, R., 307
Gulf War, and media dissociation, 547
Gunderson, S., 42
Guoji, L., 350
Gupta, A., 61
Gurak, L., 391
Gustavson, L. C., 70
Habermas, J., 112, 445, 511, 516, 518, 524, 525
Hacking, I., 372
Haddon, L., 369
Haedicke, S., 537
Haines, J., 257
Haiqing, Y., 22
Hajru, A., 529
Hale, C., 47
Hall, E., 484
Hall, S., 39, 40, 87, 112, 239, 256, 296n, 309, 427
audiences as citizens, 512, 513, 514
Hamera, J., 539
Hamilton, J., 490
Hamilton, M. A., 471
Hammersley, M., 150
Harding, S., 223
Hardt, M., 19
Harindranath, R., 20
Harper, C., 452
Hashmi, S., 538
Hate Crime Week, University of Michigan, 544
Hayles, K., 427
He, B., 344
health
culture and power, link with, 468–472
messages as cues for individual cognitions, 474–475
negotiated meaning, 482
terminology, 467
AIDS/HIV, 479
fish consumption, 477
media environment, negotiated, 482–483
constraints, as lived activity, 483
context for women and health media, 480–481
cultural meanings helping to improve salience, 484
intersectionality, 483
health news, and women, 475–477
Heath, S. B., 191
hegemonic citizenship, 510, 513–515
Heggs, D. A., 465, 466, 468, 469, 472, 475
Heider, K. G., 306
Hellermann, P. von, 59
Hendry, J., 62
Herman, E., 215
Hermes, J., 20, 394, 395, 396, 513
Hermida, A., 455
Herring, S. C., 452
Hertog, J., 496
Hether, H. J., 474
Hill, M., 191
Hills, M., 110, 127, 144n, 174
Hindustani, 303
Hirata, Y., 282
Hjarvard, S., 527
Hochschild, A., 182
Hoerl, K., 5
Hoffman, D. L., 421n
Holbert, R. L., 542
Hollywood films, 315
Holmes, D. R., 61
Holub, R. C., 86
Home Affairs, 27, 256, 257–258, 260–265, 270, 271, 272
Hong Kong, 279
Hoover, S. M., 22, 154, 185n, 192
House of Flying Daggers, 347, 352
Hu, A., 343
Hu, K., 288
Huaren, 278
Hui Cong, 350
Hum Aapke Hain Koun (film), 235, 237, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247
human–computer interaction (HCI) studies, 85, 86, 87, 89
humor, 182
Hwang, A., 74
Hwang, H., 547
Hyatt, S., 47
Hyderabad, 311
hyper-reading breaks, 65
“hypodermic needle” model, 9
identification process, TV dramas, 282–283
distancing, 284
telenovelas, 326
terminology, 284
identities
denaturalizing normalized, 223–224
ethnicity as primary identity, 259
ideological dubbing, 281
illness, 467
Illouz, E., 158
immaterial labor, 159
immaterial power concept, 296n
immutable mobiles, 435
cultural, 277, 285, 289, 297n, 301
imported media products, China, 343–345
imported TV programs, 276, 277, 281–282, 286
in South Africa, 256, 261, 267
Independent Media Center movement, 492
Independent Media Centers (IMCs), 493
Indian audiences
expansion of Indian media, 236
film see Indian film and film audiences
Hum Aapke Hain Koun (film), 235, 237, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247
linguistic diversity in India, 303–304
and political economy, in Indian film industry, 304–308
localization programming strategy in India, 237–238
“one-way traffic” in television programming, 301
Param Veer Chakra, 193
class relations, 242
forms of, 235
media codes of, 239
reception research, 237–238, 300, 309
religion, portrayal of, 238, 247–250, 252
soap operas, 237
Indian film and film audiences, 300–319
audience diversity, 301
exports of films, 301
gender, 313
and language see Indian languages
historical analysis, 305
linguistic diversity in India, 303–304
and political economy, in Indian film industry, 304–308
“three-language formula,” 304
information uses, TV news, 515–516
insider/outsider tension, 142–143
Institute of Communications Research (ICR), 4
Institutional Review Board (IRB), universities, 42, 45, 182
Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB), 410
interactive style, qualitative research methods, 172
interactivity, and online newspapers, 446–448
International Communication Association, 167n
Internet
audience measurement, 415
in China, 342
as communication tool, 411
and fan communities, 338
graduate audience research curriculum, 52–53
and participatory citizenship, 521
as technology of war, 372
Internet in Australian Family Life (IAFL), 376
Internet Movie Database, 520
Internet protocol (IP) addresses, 413
Internet Researchers, 428
interpretation
process of, 213
and rigorous research, 182–183, 184
Interpretation of Cultures, The (Geertz), 199
interpretive community, 287
interpretive ethnography, 62
interviews
children, interviewing, 379–380
in-depth, 87
micro-element, in SMM interviewing, 97
multi-sited ethnography, 65, 66
open-ended, 66
rigorous research, 182
semi-structured, 376
sense-making methodology, 93–102
as social events, 377
telenovelas, audience aspects, 125, 126, 128, 133, 134
“text-in-action” approach, 154
Iordanova, D., 301
isochrony, 296n
Ivey, D., 192
Iwabuchi, K., 28, 256, 266, 277, 281, 283, 284, 285, 296n
Jacobson, D., 432
Japan
Japanese identity, 218, 219, 221
transnational television, 279, 281, 288
Jenkins, C. N., 480
Jenkins, H., 144n, 159, 394, 394–395, 520
Jensen, K. B., 85, 86, 90, 512, 515–516
Jermyn, D., 17
Jewel in the Palace (Dae, Korean drama), 281
Jha, P., 540
Jin, G., 344
Johansson, S., 520
Jones, J. P., 525
Jornal Nacional, 325
Joseph, R., 5
journalism
Juluri, V., 16, 22, 27–28, 235–253
Jurassic Park (film), 18
Kafka, B., 6
Kang, M., 297n
Kanigel, R., 490
Kannada language, India, 308, 312
Kapoor, S., 251
Karl, I., 58
Karnataka, India, 307
Katrak, K., 537
Katz, E., 40, 45, 420n, 457, 513
Kaye, L., 417
Keller, E. F., 427
Kellner, D., 360n, 452, 493, 545, 546
Kelly, C. R., 5
Kelly, J., 421n
Kelly, K., 490
Kenney, K., 447
Kerala, India, 307
Kerk, C., 68
Khatri, S. S., 545
Khoo, O., 282
Kidd, D., 493
“Kidzania” (Children's City), Mexico City theme park, 112, 113, 121n
narrative of family visit to, 106–107, 108
Kilroy Show, The, 517
Kincheloe, J. L., 182
kinetic synchrony, 296n
King, M. L., 544
Kingsley, C., 216
Kinokuniya, 65
Kitzinger, J., 194
Knight Citizen News Network, 454
knowledge, institutionally acceptable forms, 174
Ko, Y., 283
Kobbernagel, C., 529
Kolodzy, J., 458
Kong, S., 347
Kopytoff, I., 370
Kraidy, M., 22, 109, 173, 191, 239
multi-sited ethnography, 58, 59, 62
and translocalism, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 222, 228
Kress, G., 198
Krishna, 251
Kwon, O., 139
La Pastina, A. C., 22, 28, 109, 173, 216, 222
South African television programming, 256, 263, 266
Laitin, D. D., 304
Lakritz, A., 221
Langellier, K. M., 549
language
developing language skills, 225–226
English, 216
Huaren (ethnic Chinese), 278
linguistic diversity in India, 300, 303–304
and political economy, in Indian film industry, 304–308
Larson, W., 352
Lasar, M., 493
Lasica, J. D., 452
Latin America, telenovela consumption in, 125–147
Latino/a Americans, 6
as audiences, 41
Latour, B., 435
Lavina, M., 544
layers of audience
activist transnational fans, 288–289, 294
leisure audience community, 286–288
Leal, O. F., 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 332, 336
Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC), 218
Lecouteur, A., 73
Lee, C., 345
Lee, G., 296n
Lenhart, A., 175
Lévi-Strauss, C., 400
Lewis, C., 393
Lewis, J., 239, 249, 513, 516, 517
Lewis, L. A., 296n
Li, M., 296n
Li Peng, 537
Liebes, T., 513
Life and Death Decision, The (film), 352
Life-Giving Gift of Acknowledgement, The (Hyde), 543
“Light of the Sud-Ouest, The” (Barthes), 201
Lin, A., 284
Lin, S., 417
Lincoln, Y., 133
Lindlof, T. R., 52, 127, 133, 136, 495, 496, 499, 500
Linds da Silva, C. E., 325
Lindsey, L. L., 473
Lipkus, I. M., 474
Lipsey, M. W., 471
literacy
sponsors of see sponsors of literacy, multi-sited ethnography
terminology, 19
Livingstone, S., 1, 19, 20, 21, 112, 121, 172, 181, 310, 379, 420n, 468
audiences as citizens, 513, 517–519, 522, 527
new media, 393, 396–397, 398, 402, 403n
publications by, 425
Long, E., 419n
Lott, T., 452
Löwgren, J., 525
Lowrey, W., 451
Lu, F., 346
Luckmann, T., 371
Lumby, C., 375
Luo Jing, 357
Lupton, D., 178
Lying, S., 178
Lyon-Callo, V., 47
Ma, E., 353
Macambira, television watching in, 320, 321, 330–337
product placement, limits of, 334–337
Mackay, H., 192
MacKuen, M., 499
Made in India (music video), 246, 248
Madison, D. S., 439
Madison, S., 539
Magnet, S., 9
Magritte, R., 390
makeover television shows, and reflexivity, 148–169
audience research methods, 152–156
comparison group interviews, 155–156
see also Biggest Loser, The; Queer Eye; Starting Over; What Not to Wear
Malinowskian ethnography, 62, 108, 120
Man from Atlantis, 344
Mandarin language, 279–280, 281, 296n
Mandela, N., 259
Mankekar, P., 21, 193–194, 249
Marcano, C., 131
Marchetti, D., 59
Marcos, P., 323
Marcus, G. E., 47, 108, 111, 172, 499
multi-sited ethnography, 59, 60, 61–62, 63, 70
publications by, 61
Marín, R., 133
Markham, A. N., 144n, 174, 428
Marshall, P. D., 379
Martin-Barbero, J., 69, 324–325, 326
Martinez, X., 296n
Marvin, C., 369
Marwell, G., 491
Marwick, A. E., 52
Marx, K., 304
Marxism, 513
mass communication, 396
Mass Communication Theory (McQuail), 3, 4–5
mass culture, 256
Massey, B., 447
Material Culture and Mass Consumption (Miller), 370
Material Virtualities (Sunden), 435
Mathison, D., 493
Matta, R. da, 324
Mattos, S., 323
Mayer, V., 2, 6–7, 23, 109, 173
Mbeki, T., 259
McAdoo, H. P., 182
McCarthy, A., 154
McCarthy, C., 5
McCarthy, T., 274n
McCarthyism, 499
McChesney, R., 490
McCluskey, M. R., 493
McCurry, J., 454
McGee, M., 194
McGill, D., 395
McGregor, P., 421n
McHale, J., 546
McLaren, P., 182
McLeod, D., 496
McMillin, D., 22
McNair, B., 511
McPhail, T., 215
Mead, M., 436
Meana, M., 478
media
accounts of, 172
as cultural forum, 518
defined, 3
elections, role in, 521
as part of everyday life/social space, 51, 81
and passion, 190
Media and Communications in Australian Families (Australian Communications and Media Authority), 373–374
Media and Globalization, The (Rantanen), 59
media content, 256
media dissociation, and Gulf War, 547
media effects studies, 8, 85–86, 87, 373
affective pedagogy, 206, 207–209
case study, 191–192, 195–197, 198, 204–209
descriptions, 199
force, accounting for, 194–195, 198, 206–209
mindful body, 207
parenthood, 198
passionate bodies and minds, 203–206
passionate culture, 190–191, 194, 206
thickness see thickness
media globalization, 277
media interface, as structure, 97–101
media liberalization, Taiwan, 278
media product structures, 84, 85, 87–88
media psychology, 8
media reception situations, 81, 82
audience/user structures, 84, 85, 88–89
German reception theory, 85
illustration, 84
meaning-making, 85
media product structures, 84, 85, 87–88
situational structures, 84, 85, 89–90
media reflexivity, 150, 152, 160–162
media studies
absence of a grounded notion of fieldwork in, 111
interdiscipline of present and future, 1–9
multi-sited ethnography, status in, 75
self-reflexivity, 191
state of the art, 9
mediated center, myth of, 157
mediated citizenship, 510, 516
mediated meaning-making, 511
mediations, 324
medical environment, 470
Meehan, E. R., 304, 305, 306, 310, 422n
Meers, P., 309
mega-bookstores
as sponsors of literacy, 64, 65–66
in United States, 68
see also Borders Group, Inc.
Meijer, I. C., 526
Melo, J. M., 328
Men in the Net, 278
Merritt, D., 445
Metzger, M. J., 498
Meyer, B., 301
Miller, D., 366, 368–369, 370–371
Miller, L., 64
Miller, P., 410
Milliken, M., 548
Mills, M. E., 457
Milton, V., 255
Ming, S., 348
Ming, Y., 358
Mir, F., 303
Mishler, E. G., 469
Mitchell, S., 64
see also new media
Mobilising the Audience (Balnaves), 374
modernism, reflexive, 150
Modigliani, A., 493
Mody, B., 45
Mohanty, C., 427
monitorial citizenship, 510, 515–517, 530n
Monsanto
Agent Orange, 115
branding agenda, 115
informational video, 114
“Monsanto Pledge,” 114
online news magazine, 117
Public Affairs team, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119
row crops and vegetable distinction, 118
Montgomery, B. M., 182
MOOs (multi-user domains), 391, 402, 437, 438
Morgan, M., 240
Morley, D., 6, 16, 17, 20, 21, 90, 109, 127, 172, 290, 309, 328, 366, 397
audiences as citizens, 513, 514–515
and Australian family life, 382–383
domestication of technology and audience studies, 367–370
Nationwide Audience, The, 45, 368, 373, 512, 514
Morningstar, C., 179
Moshesh, N., 257
Mosley, P., 306
Motta, Z., 327
Mouffe, C., 523
Mowlana, H., 217
MTV India, 241
MUDs (multi-user dungeons), 391, 402, 437
Mueller, J. E., 547
Muhammad, B. A., 301
Mukherjee, R., 5
Muller, F., 20
multiculturalism, in South Africa, 27, 254, 256, 257, 259, 270, 273
multiplatform messaging, 112
multiple proximities concept, 256
multi-positioned ethnography, 59
multi-sited ethnography, 57–80
multiple perspectives, 57, 60, 67, 72–74
object of enquiry in, 61–62, 63
open-ended nature of, 57, 60, 66
possibilities of, 58, 59, 60, 61–62
purpose, 62
relationships, complicitous, 57, 60
complicit informants as site generators, 70–72
sponsors of literacy see sponsors of literacy, multi-sited ethnography
status in media studies, 75
tracking strategies, 57, 60, 61–62, 67–70, 74
unorthodox and unplanned sites, data from, 74–76
multitude, concept of, 19
“mundanes” (non-fans), 310
Muñoz, S., 324
Muramatsu, Y., 22
Murdoch, G., 109
Murphy, P. D., 23, 25, 126, 143, 191, 239
abbreviated field experience, ethnography, 105–122
media ethnography, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 228
multi-sited ethnography, 58, 59, 60, 62
reflexivity, in data analysis, 171, 172, 173
Murphy, R., 353
Music Television (MTV), 237
mythological cinema, 238
Nader, L., 66
Nah, S., 451, 454, 455, 546, 547
Nakamura, L., 428
Nandi, K., 541
Nandy, A., 249
Napoli, P. M., 20, 396, 407, 414, 418, 420n
Narayan, U., 221, 223, 427, 432
Narimukti, 540
National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 131, 344
National Library Board (NLB), Singapore, 71–72
Nationwide Audience, The (Morley), 45, 368, 373, 512, 514
Naumer, C., 91
Negra, D., 5
Negri, A., 19
Negrine, R., 511
Neisser, U., 203
neo-Marxism, 7
network analysis, 5
networked community, 52
Neuendorf, K., 416
new media, 3, 29–30, 58, 183, 445
audience as producer, 390–395, 398–403
in China, 342
and limits of cultural production, 389–405
Teens & the New Media @ Home research project, 176–177, 185n
Newman, K. M., 420n
Newman, M. Z., 20
Newmark, C., 490
News at Ten, 516
news programming
mainstream news professionals, 452, 453
online, 443
responses to, 256
Ng Kwang Cheng, E., 70
Nickelodeon, 357
Nielsen, A. C., 350
Niezen, R., 216
Nightingale, V., 17, 109, 120, 367, 374, 521
Nord, D., 499
Nordenstreng, K., 301
Norris, P., 528
Novak, T. P., 421n
Nugent, S., 59
Nussbaum, J. F., 472
NVivo ethnographic coding software, 154, 155
Nye, Jr., J. S., 285
Oakes, T., 357
Oakley, A., 46
Oates, T., 358
Obregon, R., 474
observational style, qualitative research methods, 172
Oderberg, D., 371
O'Donnell, S., 547
Ogan, C., 445
Oliver, P. E., 491
Olsen, M., 42
Olsson, T., 524
online ethnographies, 52
online news audiences, studying, 442–462
online newspapers and interactivity, 446–448
participatory and citizen journalism, 453–456
traditional communication model, criticism, 444–445
online/offline intersections, and ethnography, 433–438
computer-mediated cultures, studying, 428–429
epistemologies and pedagogies of doing, 436–438
see also cyberethnography
open questions, 376
opportunistic ethnography, 109–110, 112
Oprah Winfrey Show, The, 517
O'Regan, T., 367
O'Riordan, K., 428
Örnebring, H., 522
Orozco, G., 324
Ortner, S., 59
Ota, T., 278
Otmazgin, N. K., 296n
Ott, B., 333
Padrón, L., 128, 129, 130, 132, 140
Palmer, G., 157
Pang, L., 353
Papacharissi, Z., 449
paradigm diversity, 4
paraethnographers, 63
Param Veer Chakra, 193
Parameswaran, R., 2, 13–36, 45, 109, 143, 173, 216, 309, 311, 342, 355–356
parenthood, 198
Park, J., 447
Park, R., 182
participant observation
abbreviated field experience, 108, 110–111
graduate audience research curriculum, 44, 45, 47, 52
long-term, 108
media ethnography, 192
media reception situations, 87
multi-sited ethnography, 65
telenovelas, audience aspects, 125, 126, 128, 133
participatory citizenship, 510, 520–523
participatory journalism, 453–456
passing ethnography, 58, 110, 120
passion
passionate bodies and minds, 203–206
passionate culture, 190–191, 194, 206
passionate space, 195
Patel, D., 541
patriarchy, in telenovelas, 331–333
Pauly, J. J., 228
Payne Fund Studies, 2
pedagogy
graduate audience research curriculum, 43
Indian cinema, 252
Peeples, J., 493
People's Action Party, Singapore, 73
Perse, E. M., 449
Persian language, 303
Peters, T., 179
Pew Internet & American Life Project, 449
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 449
Phalen, P., 420
Phil Donahue Show, 517
Phillips, L., 519
Pickard, V. W., 493
Pieterse, J. N., 219–220, 222, 226, 227
Pisani, F., 136
Plantinga, C. R., 542
Platon, S., 493
Podber, J., 109
political economy, 213, 214, 215, 300
and linguistic diversity in Indian film industry, 304–308
political hegemony, 515
Pollan, M., 116
Polumbaum, J., 358
Ponce, M. G., 130
pop culture, East Asian, 277–280, 286, 291, 296n
popular citizenship, 510, 517–520
Porto, M., 324
positionality, in fieldwork, 50
positivism, 195
Post-American World, The (Zakaria), 341
postcolonial feminist cyberethnography, 432–433
postcolonialism, 218, 222, 235, 311
Postman, N., 519
postmodern pluralism, 223
postmodernism, 214
power
power/resistance paradigm, 206
and truth, in audience research, 238–240
Prado, R. M., 324, 326, 327, 328, 336
Press, A., 18, 152, 165, 172, 215, 262, 265, 272, 393, 396–397, 480
Pride, 288
print periodicals, 420n
printing press, 419n
Probyn, E., 207
Procaccino, J. D., 472
Procter & Gamble (P&G), 350, 410
Proctor, J., 368
producer, audience as, 390–395, 398–403
product placement, limits of, 334–337
professional/managerial class, 173
Projansky, S., 5
Project for Excellence in Journalism, 454, 455, 456
Project on the Rhetoric of Inquiry, University of Iowa, 44
Proposition 8, banning same-sex marriage (California), 546, 547–548, 549
Prosser, J., 159
protocols, 42
proximity
cultural proximity concept, 256, 258, 283, 296n, 302
multiple proximities concept, 270–273
situated notion of, 266
psy disciplines, 149
psychographic categories, 88–89
Public Opinion Research Center, China, 349
public sphere, 511, 516, 518, 535–553
activist documentaries, 541–545
macro and micro public spheres, 524
Proposition 8 (California) and YouTube, 547–548
street plays see street plays
witnessing as engagement, 548–550
Punathambekar, A., 22
Puranas, 238
Qiu, J. L., 355
qualitative research methods
activist audiences, 496
approaches, 172
definition of qualitative researcher, 228
graduate audience research curriculum, 41, 42, 43
interpretation, 182
media reception situations, 90
reflexive approach, 173
rise of reflexivity in, 171–175
quantitative research methods, 43, 44
media reception situations, 90
quasi-ethnographic studies, 59, 214
question and answer forums, 450
questionnaires, 50
Quin, R., 375
Racial Order of Things, The (Mukherjee), 5
radio broadcasting, 2
Radio Caracas Television (RCTV), 131, 132, 137
Radway, J., 45, 58, 109, 152, 172, 215, 309, 352, 418, 495, 513, 514
Raghuraman, S., 304
Raising Our Voices documentary (SAALT), 543–545
Rajadhyaksha, A., 316n
Rajagopal, A., 249
Rajagopalan, S., 301
Rakow, L., 375
Rantanen, T., 59
Rating the Audience: The Business of Media (Balnaves, O'Regan, & Goldsmith), 374
reader-reception theory, 491
reading
in cafés, practices of, 65
collective action, 419n
ethnography of, 191
social, sensual model, 64, 67, 68, 69, 72
see also sponsors of literacy, multi-sited ethnography
Reading the Romance (Radway), 45, 352
realism, 160
emotional, in television, 162, 165
empirical, 162
in Indian television, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 250, 251, 252
see also reality (Indian television audiences)
in South African television programming, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 274
reality (Indian television audiences), 235–253
class relations, 242
epistemological concern with reality, 239
forms of, 235
media codes of, 239
reality television, 218, 241, 529
in India see reality (Indian television audiences)
and reflexivity, 148, 149, 150
see also makeover television shows, and reflexivity
reception research, 82, 510–534
audiences as citizens, 526–527
Birmingham School, 324
and citizen formation, 511
hegemonic citizenship, 510, 513–515
Indian audiences, 237–238, 300, 309
monitorial citizenship, 510, 515–517
negotiated reading, 514
oppositional reading, 514
participatory citizenship, 510, 520–523
popular citizenship, 510, 517–520
preferred meaning, 514
ubiquitous citizenship, 510
as challenge for reception research, 527, 528, 529–530
see also media reception situation
recognition technology, 9
recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH), milk production, 115, 116
Redden, G., 493
Rede Tupy, 322
reflexive data analysis, 170
reflexivity, 15, 22–23, 25–26, 148–169
agency and choice, allowing, 150
audience research, 152, 152–156, 163–164
comparison group interviews, 155–156
rise of reflexivity in media audience/qualitative methods research, 171–175
epistemic, 151
and multi-sited ethnography, 59
reflexive approach, 173
self-reflexivity, 110, 112, 152, 156–160
socially embedded, 151
Regan, T., 452
Reid, E., 391
relations of ruling, 46
research, audience
current moment of audience studies, 15–23
data triangulation, and multiple voices, 377–379
geographic distance as research obstacle, 142–143
graduate see graduate audience research
Indian film audiences, 309–313
interviews see interviews
making meaningful (case study), 26, 175–181, 183, 185n
participant observation see participant observation
power differentials between researcher and researched, 46–47
qualitative see qualitative research methods
quantitative see quantitative research methods
reflexivity, 152, 152–156, 163–164
comparison group interviews, 155–156
rise of in media audience/qualitative methods research, 171–175
rewards of, 40
rise of reflexivity in, 171–175
surveys see surveys
theories of the audience, 44–45
translocal strategies for audience studies, 221–228
validity see validity in research
see also ethnography; fieldwork; graduate audience research curriculum
research imaginary, 58, 60, 67
Research in Motion, 144n
research reflexivity, 152, 163–164
“researcher-absent” methods, 23, 110
researcher-study participant relationship, 46–47, 110
resistance, audience, 239
Resnicow, K., 484
Reuters, 347
Ribak, R., 393
Ricardo, D., 304
Riding in Cars with Boys (film), 258
ritual, 491
activist audiences as participants in, 497–499
contributions to media research, 499–501
defined, 497
River Elegy, 344
Robertson, R., 218
Robins, K., 295n
Rodman, G., 428
Rogers, E. M., 444
Rojas, H., 449
Rooke, P., 64
Roome, D., 255
Roscoe, T., 409
Rosengren, K. E., 85, 86, 90, 512
Ross, S., 58
Ross, S. M., 21
Roszak, T., 372
Rotenberg, R., 58
Rothenbuhler, E., 499
Rubin, A. M., 449
Rushkoff, D., 490
Russell, A., 397
Ryan, C., 493
Ryan, M., 265
Sade-Beck, L., 144n
Sahiyar, street plays by women of, 540–541
Sahlins, M., 309
Said, E., 429
Salo, E., 255
sampling techniques, 421n
SARFT (State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television), China, 342, 348
satellite television, 238, 277, 279
saturation, 444
Sayre, B., 548
Schein, L., 357
Schiappa, E., 18
Schmierbach, M., 496
Schonfeld, E., 397
Schrøder, K. C., 30, 109, 510–534
Searle, J., 372
Seddon, J., 375
self, ethnography of, 110
self-expression, audience, 420n
self-narratives, 159
self-reflexivity, 110, 112, 152
media studies work, 191
Sell, J., 51
semiotic democracy, 514
semi-structured interviews, Australia, 376
sense-making methodology (SMM), 81–104
agency, potentiality for, 90
case studies
media interface as structure, 97–101
defined, 82
media reception situation see media reception situation
purpose, 81
Second Life media interface condition, 98–99
sense-making processes, focusing on, 90–91
“SMM triangle,” 92
time–space, handling of, 97
triangulation, 97
usefulness for reception studies, 82
Service Provisioning System Software (SPSS), 428
sex-selective abortion, 536
Shah, D. V., 449, 453, 535–553
Shanahan, J., 240
Shanghai TV Station, 344
Shannon, D., 547
Shatzer, M. J., 52
Shaw Brothers, 278
Shields, V. R., 94
Shim, D., 279
Shimpach, S., 19
Shore, C., 59
Siegrist, M., 475
Silver, D., 428
Silverstone, R., 127, 192, 369, 548
Simmons, K., 73
Simonds, W., 480
Singapore
Bras Basah Complex (Book City), 70
transnational television, 279–280
Singer, J. B., 452
Sinomonitor (Chinese polling firm), 350
Skalli, L., 69
Skeggs, B., 153, 154, 165, 375–376
skim reading, 65
Sless, D., 369
Sloan, D., 20
Slumdog Millionnaire (film), 14, 252
Smith, A., 304
Smith, D. E., 46
Smith, M. P., 72
Smulyan, S., 420n
Snyder, L. B., 471
soap operas, 161, 193, 495, 519
in South Africa, 255, 258, 262, 263, 266, 269, 274
in the United States, 255, 258, 262, 263, 266, 268, 269, 274n, 324
social construction of technology (SCOT)/social constructionism, 371–372
social media, 139–141, 444, 489
making research meaningful (case study), 26, 175–181, 183, 185n
social networking, 175, 395, 426 see also Facebook; Twitter
social realism, 261, 271, 274n
socially embedded reflexivity, 151
sociodemographic categories, 88
Solomon, N., 490
Soltow, L., 64
Song, M., 94
Song Seung-Heon, 290
Soo, A. K., 297n
Sosa, R., 130
Source-Message–Channel–Receiver model (SMCR), 391
South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), 255, 256–257, 258, 259, 260, 273n
South African television programming, 27, 254–275
black women, identification with programming, 254, 256–257, 265, 271
familiarity
imported programs, identifying with or rejecting, 256, 261, 267
multiculturalism, 27, 254, 256, 257, 259, 270, 273
and multiple proximities, 270–273
perceived inferiority of locally produced programs, 262
realism in, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 274
regulatory agency of broadcasting and communications, 259
serial shows, 273n
soap operas, 255, 258, 262, 263, 266, 269, 274
and social class, 262–263, 270, 272
white women's attitudes, 254, 263
South Asian Americans Leading Together (SAALT), Raising Our Voices documentary, 543–545
South Asian Women's network (SAWnet), 430, 431
Spigel, L., 397
Spirek, M. M., 94
sponsors of literacy, multi-sited ethnography, 57, 63, 64–67
book browsing, 63, 72, 73, 74–75
concept, 64
social, sensual reading model, 64, 65, 67, 68
see also bookselling; mega-bookstores
Srinivas, S. V., 311, 313, 314
Standage, T., 397
Stanlow, J., 216
Starting Over, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 161
Stavitsky, A. G., 417
Steeg Larsen, B., 529
Steimberg, O., 126
Stein, L., 493
Stern, D., 206
Stern, S., 175
Stern, S. R., 392
Sternberg, J., 367
Stevens, E., 64
Steyn, P., 395
Stoller, P., 172
Straits Times, The, 68, 71, 73
Strathern, M., 62
Straubhaar, J., 217, 256, 258, 266, 322, 326
Strauss, A., 381
Strauss, S., 62
street plays, 550
cultural action and street theater, 538–540
structure
study participants, potential harms to, 45
“studying down,” 46
Su, Y.-l., 296n
subaltern speech, 426
subcultures, 500
subjectivity theory, 19
Subramanyam, R., 305
Sun, A., 480
Sun, L., 343
Sundar, S. S., 446
Sunden, J., 436
Sundet, V., 396
Sunmedia, 348
Sunstein, C., 457
superhero genre, 98
graduate audience research curriculum, 43
versus panels, 412
Sveningsson, M., 393
Swidler, A., 180
Tager, M., 255
Takahashi, T., 22
Task Force on Graduate and Professional Education, 42
Tasker, Y., 5
Taylor, L., 178
technological determinism, 372
technology
in Australia
social construction of, 371–372
incorporation and conversion processes, 369
in Indian film industry, 315
new and old, 2
Teens & the New Media @ Home research project, 176–177, 185n
Tehranian, M., 215
Telemundo, 131
telenovelas
allegories, 129
case studies, 143
and community life, 338
examples
Caração Alado, 326
Cattle King, The, 321, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336
Contra viento y marea, 132
Corpo a corpo, 327
Cosita Rica, 129–130, 132, 134, 135
Irmãos Coragem, 328
Meu pedacinho de chão, 329–330
El pais de las mujeres, 128, 132, 133
Rainha da Sucata, 327
Summer Sun, 325
Top Model, 329
La vida entera, 132, 139, 140, 141
geographic distance as research obstacle, 142–143
Globo network, 320, 322, 323, 325, 329
main themes, 126
message boards dedicated to, 125, 126, 136–139, 145n
metaphors, 129
political subtext, 327
as spectacles of emotions, 145n
study methods, 125, 126, 128, 133
telenovela de ruptura, 126
writing tone of researcher, 126, 127
telephone use, Australian women, 374
Teletubbies, 192, 195–197, 198, 199, 201, 206, 207, 208
television
commercials, 335
emotional realism of, 162
imported programs, 256, 261, 267, 276, 277, 281–282, 286
in India see Indian audiences
Macambira, watching in, 320, 321, 330–337
see also makeover television shows, and reflexivity
in South Africa see South African television programming
as a transnational industry, 277
Television Without Pity (TWoP), 161, 162
Templin, R., 496
Teske, N., 499
Tewksbury, D., 457
“text-in-action” approach, interviews, 154
textual analysis, 439
and audiences, 41
ethnographic text, 108
film studies, 85
and thick description, 192–194, 198
Theater of the Oppressed (Boal), 538–539
generating thick data, 191–192
methodological problems, 189
thick description, 199
fieldwork, in media studies, 108
multi-sited ethnography, 62, 63
and textual analysis, 192–194, 198
and “thin” description, 193
Thiel-Stern, S., 29, 48, 389–405
Thirlaway, K. J., 465, 466, 468, 469, 472, 475
Thomas, R., 301
Thoraval, Y., 306
Thurman, N., 455
Thurmond, S., 452
Thussu, D. K., 28
Toffler, A., 520
Tomaszeski, M., 395
Tong, A., 284
Torpe, L., 521
Towards a Sociology of Mass Communications (McQuail), 7
tracking devices, 421n
tracking strategies, multi-sited ethnography, 57, 60, 61–62, 63, 67–70, 74
traditional communication model, criticism, 444–445
Trager-Bohley, K., 22, 25, 57–80
academia, recognizing “local” of, 224–225
dualisms, moving beyond, 226
identities, questioning, 221–223
interpretation, reclaiming, 227–228
language skills, developing, 225–226
normalized identities, denaturalizing, 223–224
reasons for translocal approach, 217–219
translocal ethnography, 58
translocal strategies for audience studies, 221–228
transnational audience
deterritorialized, 288
diasporic individuals distinguished, 295n
imported programs, 276, 277, 281–282
layers of audience
activist transnational fans, 288–289, 294
leisure audience community, 286–288
pan-East Asian identity, 276, 292–293
for TV products, 277
see also East Asian TV
transnational feminism, 5
transnational media, 213
transparency, 3
ideology of, 150
Treachery of Images, The (Magritte), 390
Tremamunno, M., 131
sense-making methodology, 97
Tripathy, R., 311
Truglio, R., 191
truth and power, in audience research, 238–240
Tsai, E., 297n
Tufte, T., 172, 192, 324, 325, 326, 327
Turkle, S., 391
Turnbull, S., 209
Turner, B. S., 524
Turner, G., 369
TVB, 278
Twin Bracelets (film), 352
Twitter, 52, 116–117, 390, 395, 400
ubiquitous citizenship, 524–526
challenges for reception research, 527, 528, 529–530
United Power Service (UPS), 493
United States
bookselling in, 65, 66, 67, 72
open-ended format of TV, 280
soap operas in, 255, 258, 262, 263, 266, 268, 269, 274n, 324
television programming in, 274n
user-generated content (UGC), 455, 520
comment vs. content, 522
uses and gratifications (U&G) studies, 85, 86
Uttar Pradesh, India, 311
Vaidyanathan, R., 548
Valenzuela, S., 458
validity in research, 331, 377, 417
ethnographic, 120
graduate audience research curriculum, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53
Vallenilla, M., 133
Van der Steene, G., 301
Van Maanen, J., 150
van Zoonen, L., 481, 482, 493, 519, 520
Vanderford, M. L., 469, 470, 471
Varaprasad, N., 71
Varis, T., 301
Varma, R. R., 251
Vasudevan, R. S., 301
Venezuela
beauty in, 130
Chávez (Hugo), as president of, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132
insider/outsider tension, 142–143
plastic surgery in, 130
political unrest, 129
as reflection of Latin America, 126
telenovelas in see telenovelas
vernacular languages, India, 303
Villiers, A. de, 274n
Virtual Ethnography (Hine), 392–393
Viswanath, G., 312
Volosinov V., 18
The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart (Behar), 43
Wacquant, L. J., 151
Wahl-Jørgensen, K., 522, 523, 524, 525
Walkerdine, V., 195
Wallis, C., 355
Walter, C., 333
Wanta, W., 457
Warner, D., 472
Watergate, 499
Watkins, S. C., 175
We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People (Gillmor), 395, 490
Weaver, S., 436
Web 2.0, 389, 390, 395, 444, 448, 453
Weber, L., 483
Webster, J. G., 18, 410, 417, 420
Webster, M., 51
Weidman, L., 8
Wen, Y., 139
Wesch, M., 182
Westbook, R. B., 498
What Is Love All About (first drama broadcast in PRC), 279
What Not to Wear, 152–153, 154, 157, 160, 161
Whiteman, N., 394
Willemen, P., 316n
Williamson, M., 394
Winfrey, O., 157
witnessing, as engagement, 548–550
Wojcieszak, M., 503
Wolf, M., 44
Wolf, S. A., 191
women
as audience of health media, 472–481
constraints, as lived activity, 483
context for women and health media, 480–481
cultural meanings helping to improve salience, 484
intersectionality, 483
definition of work roles in US society, 180–181
female genres, 152, 321, 324–325
formative research with female audiences, 473–474
media meant for, 96
media portrayals, 4
medically underserved, 478–480
see also female audiences; gender
Woodstock, L., 149
Workers' Film and Photo League, 542
World Health Organization (WHO), 467
Wright, D., 64
writing
academic, 201
and communication process, 419n
fragmented scriptural practices, 201
and sound, pleasures of, 202–203
tone, 126
Wu, X., 354
Xaba, N., 257
Xiao, Q., 354
Xin, Z., 344
Xu, M., 290
Yang, F. I., 291
Yang, G., 354
Yang Lan, 348
Yang Lan One on One (Chinese chat show), 348
Yau, K. S., 295n
Yearnings, 352
Yeng Pway Ngon, 70
Yoo, C. Y., 451
Yoshitaka, M., 285
Young and the Restless, The, 370, 371
youth culture, 390
Ytreberg, E., 396
Yung S., 278
Zapatista rebels, Mexico, 493, 501–502, 545
Zelizer, B., 499
zhibo fenli, 348
Zinn, M. B., 483
Zipes, J., 538