Index

Page references to figures or tables are in italics; references to notes have the letter “n” following the page number.

Aaker, J. L., 568, 571, 575578

Aaro, L. E., 711

Abdulla, S., 560

Abelman, R., 152, 158, 669

Abelson, R. P., 114

ABC Television, 493, 747, 751

Abhyankar, P., 572, 580

ability, 3, 5

Abma, J. C., 425

Abraham, L., 302

Abrams, J., 303

Abroms, L. C., 527, 532

Acar, A., 45

accessibility, 279, 682

accessibility-based models, 70, 94

achievement as function of viewing time, 619620

Acosta, E., 660, 663, 668

Action for Children's Television (ACT), 745

active mediation, 3334, 599, 724726, 728729, 731732

negative, 33, 723, 725726, 731732, 734735

Adamic, L. A., 512

Adams, M. S., 280, 301

Adams, S. M., 406

adaptive function of media entertainment, 182

Aday, S., 74, 317, 320

Adkins, A. D., 357

Adler, I., 69

adolescents

alcohol usage, media influence on, 17

cartoons geared toward, 256

drinking prevention, 702703

effects of sex on television, 2627

and Internet, 21, 30, 3132, 678692

and Internet communication

and cyberbullying, 689

and friendship formation, 685686

and identity and intimacy, 680683

and identity development, 683

and intimacy development, 685689

and opportunities and risks, 683689

and psychosocial development, 680

and quality of existing friendships, 686688

and self-concept clarity, 683684

and self-esteem, 684685

with strangers, 688689

media consumption by, 14, 21

self-presentation and self-disclosure, 3132

adults

daily radio audience, 14

media use in, 14

advertising, 9, 21, 2829, 35

awareness, and media literacy, 32, 705706

and children see children and advertising

embedded in programs, 14

intended effects, 589590

literacy, 30

political, 16, 27

processing and effects, 589596

products, 158

unintended effects, 594596

use of in media devices, 14

AFB see anti-fat bias

affect

as cognitive evaluations, 51

as emotion, 51

heuristic, 72

affective attribute priming, 55

affective challenges, 178179

affective effects, 72, 590593

affective impact of visual information, 51, 5657

affective intelligence, 50

affective outcomes, 17

affective response, 22, 171, 192, 195, 409410, 706

Afghanistan

Operation “Enduring Freedom,” 319

Africa, 691

Internet usage, 15

mobile phone usage, 15

African Americans, 258, 264, 296297, 299302, 304305, 309310, 336, 388, 390, 436, 713

Agatston, P. W., 689

age, 24

and GAM, 118119

and gender-role images, 253254

and television, 31

age-based rating, 748749, 748749, 756

agenda setting, 537

consequences for attitudes and opinions, 5354, 54, 5556

effects from incidental exposure, 4446

and knowledge activation, 53

mapping psychology of, 4158

and need for orientation (NFO), 4647, 47, 48

and political and civic participation, 57

and psychology of relevance, 49

and relevance, 4852

trends in research 42

aggregation, rule of, 98

aggression, 20, 26, 27

and effects of repeated media violence viewing, 112

and media violence, 109119

see also general aggression model

aggressive attitudes and beliefs, 113, 232

aggressive behavior, 108114, 116122, 230235, 240, 257, 403, 405, 409410, 412413, 417, 424, 648, 703

aggressive behavioral scripts, 112, 114

aggressive perceptual schema, 112, 114115

aggressive thoughts, 26, 10, 112, 114115, 405, 408409, 414, 416417

Agha, S., 560

Ahern, R. K., 528

Ahrens, A. H., 336

Ahrens, K., 559

AIDS see HIV/AIDS

Ajzen, I., 528

Albarracin, D., 528, 532

alcohol usage, 33, 136, 277, 298, 360, 365, 367, 532, 543, 559, 659, 699, 701703, 726734

media influence on, 17

negative active mediation on, 33

parental communication and media literacy, 734

Alden, D., 556557

Aldrich, J. H., 278

Aldrich, R., 537

Alexander, J. C., 91

Allegra's Window, 647

Allen, M., 261, 363, 454, 554, 561

Allen, R. L., 73

alliesthesia research, 172173

Alperstein, N. M., 554

Altabe, M., 705

Alter, S., 286

Althaus, S., 510

Altman, D. G., 553

Alwitt, L. F., 637, 643

Ambady, N., 304, 380

American Academy of Pediatrics, 347, 641

American Bar Association, 275

American Idol, 356, 748

American Journal of Media Psychology, 18

America's Most Wanted, 359

American Healthstyles survey, 529

American Legacy Foundation, 541

American Library Association, 754

American Life Project, 470, 505507, 516, 752

American Psychology Association (APA), 18, 232

Task Force on Television and Society, 231232

America's Toughest Jobs, 365

Amundson, D., 486

An, C., 455

ANAD see National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders

analysis of variance, 16

Anderson, B., 614, 620

Anderson, C. A., 22, 108114, 117120, 122, 194, 403, 405, 407410, 416, 648, 713

Anderson, D. A., 639

Anderson, D. R., 17, 31, 175, 228, 621, 636637, 639646, 648650, 661, 666

Anderson, J., 556

Anderson, J. A., 707

Anderson, L. L., 416

Anderson, N. H., 573

Andolina, M., 465

Andrade, E. B., 171, 176, 179

Andreasen, A. R., 555

Ang, I., 67

Animaniacs, 255

Annenberg Public Policy Center (APPC), 745746

Annenberg School for Communication, 63

anonymity, 538, 681, 689

Anselmo Olinto, M. Y., 336

Ansolabehere, S., 140, 446, 453

anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), 238239

anthropology, 74

anti-fat bias (AFB)

media exposure and, 345

and obesity, 342343

role of media in development of, 343345

anti-drug campaigns, 540541

anti-globalization protests, 102

at G8 summit, 101

antismoking campaigns, 541542

Antoine, C., 572

Anton, L., 743

anxiety, 20, 27

and emotion theory, 374376

and expected influence of media on others, 390391

lingering, 382

APA see American Psychology Association

APPC see Annenberg Public Policy Center

appetitive system, 211, 215

Appiah, O., 286, 301

applicability-based models, 89, 94

approach/avoidance motivation, 574576

Apter, M. J., 174, 178, 181

Arab Americans, 277, 389

Arab Muslims, 389

Arabs, 273, 277, 287

Aramovich, N. P., 389

Archer, A. H., 640

Arija, M. V., 340

Aristophanes, 471

armed conflict, 3

Armstrong, B., 360

Armstrong, C. B., 152

Armstrong, G., 299300, 626

Armstrong, S., 701

Arnett, J. J., 264, 690, 732

Aronson, J., 309, 390

arousal, 151, 158, 172174, 179, 181, 190, 192195, 200201, 215, 219, 236, 410

emotional, 50, 216, 236, 514, 536

physiological, 110, 113, 115, 116, 119, 192, 194, 197, 237, 403406

Arsenio Hall Show, The, 471473

Arthur, 649, 668

Ascione, F. R., 120

Ashburn, L., 280, 301

Asia, 8, 555, 691

television consumption, 15

Asian Americans, 277, 296298, 336

Asians, 253, 257, 274, 277, 285, 667

Aslama, M., 359

asynchronicity, 681682

Atkin, C. K., 29, 198, 199, 232, 527528, 530531, 534, 536, 537, 539, 543, 591592

Atkin, D. J., 727

attention span, 611, 619620

attribute framing, 568569

attribute priming, 5455

Atwell-Seate, A., 391

Atwood, L. E., 139

Aubey, L. W., 614

Aubrey, J. S., 259

audience

activity, 68

and interpretation, 78

studies, 8

trust in media, 129132

audience-centered media-effects perspective, 148149

Audience Research Department, BBC, 229

audiovisual media exposure, 171

auditory attention, 642

Aufderheide, P., 699, 710, 729, 755

Auld, G., 556

Aust, C. F., 178

Austin, E. W., 33, 306, 587, 602, 700703, 706712, 724728, 730732

Australia, 229, 340, 365, 559, 592

Internet usage, 15

Auter, P. J., 176, 364

automatic persuasion processing, 588589

Auty, S., 589, 593

availability heuristic, 70, 383

Avraamides, M. N., 410

Azocar, C., 273, 275276, 280

Baarda, B., 658

Babbitt, P., 454

babies in utero, 14

Baby Borrowers, The, 367

Baby Einstein, 638

Baby Story, A, 365

Baby Wordsmith, 638

Bachelor, The, 356

Bachman, J. G., 232

Bachorowski, J. A., 377

Backer, T., 527

Bacue, A., 250, 252

Bagdasarov, Z., 358

Bagdikian, B. H., 494

Bahrain

Internet usage, 15

Baker, F., 728

Baker, K., 231, 256

Baker, M. J., 554

Baker, S. M., 574

Bakir, V., 74

Balaban, M. T., 208

Baldassaro, R., 405

Baldwin, D. A., 597

Ball, L. K., 573

Ball, S. J., 645, 649

Ball-Rokeach, S., 465

Ballard, M. E., 404, 406407, 409

Balon, R. E., 131

Bandura, A., 73, 113, 116118, 200202, 230, 235236, 251, 300, 307, 341, 412, 427, 528

Banerjee, S. C., 32, 358, 700702, 706709, 711, 730

Banet-Weiser, S., 5, 359

Bankart, P., 648

banks, 14

Banks, M. J., 7

Banning, S., 56, 57

Bantz, C. R., 152

Barak, G., 74

Baran, S. J., 429

Baranowski, J., 539, 727

Baranowski, T., 539, 727

Barbato, C. A., 152

Bargh, J. A., 287, 679

Barkin, S., 727

Barlett, C. P., 22, 405

Barner, M. R., 256

Barney & Friends, 647

Barnhurst, K. G., 469

Barowski, L., 415

Barr, R., 639641

Barros, F. C., 336

Bartels, R. D., 572

Bartholow, B. D., 113, 114, 118, 406, 408, 413414

Barton, K. M., 152

Bartsch, A., 171, 174, 176, 376, 380

Baruh, L., 156, 160, 358

BAS see behavioral activation system

Basil, D. Z., 554, 556

Basil, M. D., 29, 159, 160, 214, 553, 555556, 561

Bates, A., 471

Bates, B. R., 579

Bates, D. W., 387

Bates, S., 446

Batson, C. D., 378

Bauer, J. J., 178

Baum, M., 44, 473, 485486, 488, 492

Bauman, A., 539, 559

Bauman, C. W., 389

Bauman, K. E., 708, 724

Baumeister, R. F., 174, 175, 376, 389, 680

Baumgartner, J., 324, 411, 473, 485, 487, 489

Bausch, S., 446

Baym, G., 487, 492495

Bazalgette, C., 730

Bazzini, D. G., 256

BBC see British Broadcasting Corporation

Beadle, F., 131

Beagle-Roos, J., 623

Beale, I. I., 688

Beales, H., 44

Beam, M. A., 489

Bearman, S. K., 337

Bechtoldt Baldacci, H., 411

Beck, K., 67

Beck, R., 669

Becker, A. B., 473, 488, 492

Becker-Blease, K., 380

Bedell, B. T., 572

Beentjes, W. J., 623

behavioral activation system (BAS), 575

behavioral challenges, 170, 177, 179, 181

behavioral effects, 121, 132, 161, 229, 363, 412413, 558, 590, 593594, 668

behavioral inhibition system (BIS), 575

Behm-Morawitz, E., 257, 260, 263, 299, 304

Beirut, 321

Belgium, 19

Internet usage, 15

Bell, J. F., 596

Bellew, B., 559

Bellows, L., 556, 559

Belmas, G. I., 751

Belson, W., 233234

Beltramini, R. F., 702

Benedetto, R., 317

Bener, A., 336

Benet, S., 554

Benford, R. D., 96, 98

Benjamin, A. J., 113, 114, 407

Bennett, S. E., 468

Bennett, W. L., 456, 472, 474476, 485, 495

Benoit, W. L., 27, 446449, 452455, 492, 497

Bentley, J., 662

Benton, M., 53

Berel, S. R., 704705

Berelson, B., 46, 90, 149, 286, 450

Berenger, R., 325326

Berenstain Bears, The, 664

Beres, L., 257

Berger, C. R., 68, 69

Berger, P., 64, 75

Bergsma, I. J., 701702, 706708, 711

Berinsky, A. J., 323

Berk, R. A., 275

Berkowitz, J., 539, 556, 559

Berkowitz, L., 115, 230, 235236, 278, 302

Berman, S., 425

Berndt, T., 661

Bernhardt, J. M., 365

Bernston, G. G., 207

Berry, G., 251

Berry, S. H., 430

Bessenoff, G. R., 341

Best, S. J., 518

Bettencourt, B. A., 109

Bettman, J. R., 44

Between the Lions, 648, 755

Beullens, K., 74, 383

BID see body image distortion

Bidjerano, T., 180

Biedermann, I., 177178

Biely, E. N., 356, 426

Biener, L., 542, 711

Biersteker, S., 559560

Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American Society (Huston et al.), 232

Biggest Loser, The, 356

Bigler, R. S., 661

Bilandzic, H., 73, 75

Bill Nye the Science Guy, 649

Bilyeu, J. K., 156

Bimber, B., 470, 509510

Biocca, F., 218, 337, 339341

biological system, 24, 206207, 209

biomedical effects of media, 23, 35

biopolitics, 9

Birchall, K., 338339

Birdsell, D. S., 447

BIS see behavioral inhibition system

Bischak, V., 299

Bishop, D. B., 528

Bishop, G. F., 447

Bissell, K., 8, 25, 335341, 343346

Bitzer, L., 447

Black, K. A., 258

Black Americans, 253, 258, 272279, 281283, 285, 287288, 302, 434, 667

Blackburn, S., 131

Blackwell, B. S., 360

Blain, N., 198

Blair, E., 250

Blair, N. A., 365

Blais, J. J., 687

Blanchard, A., 508

Blank, D. M., 66

Blascovich, J., 176, 180

Bleakley, A., 432433

Bless, H., 306, 574

Blevins, J., 743

Bliesener, T., 407

Blind Date, 365

Block, L. G., 574

blogs, 16, 28, 511515

content on, 512513

implications of readership, 513514

on war, 325326

Blue's Clues, 622

Blumler, J. G., 67, 149150

Bocarnea, M., 555

Bode, J., 622

Bode, L., 28, 515517

Bodenhausen, G., 306, 309

body image, 20, 25, 32

anti-fat bias (AFB)

media exposure and, 345

and obesity, 342343

role of media in development of, 343345

directions for future research, 347348

distortion (BID), 338339

disturbance and weight bias, 334348

background, 335337

sports media exposure and sports participation, 337339

and individual, social, and mediated factors, 339340

media and obesity, 345347

and media literacy, 704705

theoretical perspectives, 341342

body size and shape, and media, 335

Boettcher, W. Q., 323

Bogart, L., 472

Bogatz, G. A., 645, 649

Bohner, G., 574

Bolls, P. D., 215, 217, 726

Bolman, C., 689

Bolt, D., 136

Bomhof, E., 596

Bond-Maupin, L., 359

Bono, 751752

Booth-Butterfield, S., 559

Borah, P., 512, 515517

Borgida, E., 278

Borowiecki, J. J., 337

Borse, J., 217

Borzekowski, D. L. G., 136

Bosch, J. D., 114

Bosshart, L., 170, 171

Bostrom, A., 573

Botta, B. A., 726

bottom-up media effects, 92

Botvin, G. J., 711

Boul, L., 171

Boulos, M. N. K., 538

boundary-setting effect, 68

Bouthilet, L., 231

Bouza, F., 49, 50

Bower, G. H., 278

Bowles, H. R., 559

Bowman, N. D., 173

Boyatzis, C. J., 412

Boyle, M. P., 161, 381

Boynton, G. R., 447

Boynton, K. R., 643

Boys, Movies and City Streets (Cressey & Thrasher), 231

Bracht, N., 529, 532

Brader, T., 389, 392

Bradley, M. M., 215, 377, 406

Bradley, R., 253

Bradley, S. D., 208, 211, 214, 215, 220

Bradley, S. P., 533

Brady, H., 465, 470

Brain, M., 253

brain activation patterns in young viewers and media violence, 227240

brainmapping, 17, 24

beginnings of, 237238

brain scans, 35

Brainy Baby, 638

Brand, J., 272, 594, 640

brand awareness, 30, 586, 589591

brand placement, 587, 593

Bratich, J., 8

Bratslavasky, E., 174

Brazil, 336

breast cancer detection behaviors, 572

breast self-examination (BSE), 570

Bree, J., 592

Breed, L., 255

Brehm, J. W., 579

Brehm, S. S. B., 579

Brennan, L., 537

Brennan, P. A., 112

Brentar, J., 299

Brewer, P., 472, 485, 488

Brewer, S., 317

Bridge, P. D., 702

Brightman, C., 318

Bringing Baby Home, 365

Briñol, P., 589

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 229, 233

Broadcasting Decency Enforcement Act, 750752

Brock, B., 712

Brock, T. C., 379, 384, 490

Brodie, M., 434

Brody, G. H., 593

Brondel, L., 176, 181

Brook, J. S., 620

Brosius, H.-B., 54, 98, 175, 384

Brossard, D., 448, 468

Brown, D., 208,

Brown, J. A., 729731

Brown, J. D., 426428, 431434, 439

Brown, J. R., 149

Brown, J. W., 216

Brown, S. K. M., 665

Brown, W., 554555, 659

Browne, B. A., 258

Brownell, K. D., 335, 342343

Brugha, R., 561

Brundidge, J. S., 137

Bruner, J., 669

Bryant, J., 66, 72, 136, 171, 174176, 179, 190, 193, 195, 208, 228, 237, 264, 381, 429, 643, 647, 666, 687

Bryant, M. J., 73, 74

Brydon, S. R., 447

Buchanan, M., 726

Buchholz, C., 558

Buchman, D. D., 411

Buckingham, D., 67, 729

Buckley, K. E., 111, 114, 119

Bucy, E. P., 210, 319

Buday, R., 539

Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., 430431, 434

Buffy, the Vampire Slayer, 260

Bufkin, J., 296

Buhr, J., 622

Buhrmester, D., 680

Buijzen, M., 2930, 587, 589590, 592601, 726728

Bukatko, D., 680

Bulik, C. M., 713

Bull, S. S., 537, 540, 559560

Burden, D., 668

Bureau of Justice Statistics, 402

Burk, J., 322

Burke, Delta, 324

Burke, K. L., 335

Burleson, B. R., 380

Burrel, N., 454

Burroughs, J. E., 588

Burt, R. S., 129

Busch, L., 754

Busemeyer, J., 218

Bush, George H. W., 321, 744

Bush, George W., 51, 5657, 132, 316317, 321, 446, 471, 485, 751

Bushman, B. J., 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, 118, 192, 403, 406, 413

Busselle, R. W., 69, 73, 75, 299300, 379, 386

Byrne, N. M., 340

Byrne, S., 137, 486, 490, 701, 706, 714

Cabanac, M., 171173, 176, 181, 182

Cacioppo, J. T., 134, 207, 208, 211, 497, 528, 573, 578, 587588

Calam, R., 725

Caldwell, M. T., 7

California Assessment Program (CAP), 614, 616, 619, 625

Calvert, S. L., 598, 640, 648, 667668, 683

Calves, A. E., 560

Calzo, J. P., 681, 688

Cambre, M. A., 649

Camerer, C., 129

Camey, S., 336

campaign media effects, 449450

campaigning, 21, 467, 510, 517, 537, 540

Campbell, J. D., 683

Campbell, J. E., 451452

Canada, 19, 229, 336, 559, 602, 748, 754

Internet usage, 15

national election (2006), 51

Canals, J., 340

cancer-screening behaviors, 572

Canepa, J., 746

Cantor, J., 72, 179, 196, 198, 335336, 374, 376380, 382385, 597, 661, 705706, 726, 748

Cantor, P. A., 485486

Cantril, H., 133

Cao, X., 472473, 485, 488

capitalism, 92, 97

Caplan, S. E., 685

Cappella, J. N., 130, 131, 132, 140, 466, 516, 528, 535

Card, N. A., 118

Cardoza, K., 8

caregivers, 21, 30, 3233, 666, 724726, 728730, 734, 749

Carey, J., 130

Carey, M. P., 538

Carlin, D. B., 447, 455

Carlin, George, 751

Carlson, T., 517

Carlton, K. A., 488

Carnagey, N. L., 109114, 403, 407, 409, 414415

Carroll, J., 623

Carroll, M. D., 366

Carson, Johnny, 324

Carter, Jimmy, 321, 448

Cartoon World, 346

cartoons, 24, 120, 192, 255256, 258259, 308, 346, 379, 404, 592593, 644, 647, 664, 667, 710, 745746, 749

Carver, C. S., 575

Carver, L. J., 639640

Carveth, R. A., 208

Casas, M., 273

Casey, D., 661

Cash, T. F., 335, 341, 366

Castells, M., 2, 3, 5

casualties hypothesis, 322

Cate, R., 338

Cates, W., Jr., 425

causal restraints, 68

Cavender, G., 356, 359360

Cavill, N., 559

CBS Television, 493, 751

study, 233

CD players, 14

CDA see Communications Decency Act

CDC see Centers for Disease Control

Cecil-Karb, R., 346

Celano, D., 622

cell phones, 152, 159, 162

Census Bureau, 449

Center for Media Education, 707, 745

Center for Media Literacy, 700, 730, 746

Center for Political Studies, 467

Center for Responsive Politics, 445446

Centers for Disease Control, 403

Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980), 743

Cesario, J., 575576

Chaffee, S. H., 68, 232, 468, 491, 631

Chaiken, S., 134, 528, 570574, 578, 587

challenge-seeking, physiological boundaries of, 180181

Chaloupka, F. J., 346

Chamberlain, K., 377

Chambers, J. H., 120

Chan, A. S., 5

Chan, E., 173

Chang, J. J. C., 134

Channel One, 622

Chapel Hill media effects study (McCombs & Shaw), 4142

chase and pratfall cartoons, 255

Chattopadhyay, S., 453, 455

Chen, J., 200

Chen, Y., 701, 703, 707708, 710, 724, 728, 730

Chen, Y.-C., 33

Chernin, A., 706

Chernov, G., 48

Chia, S. C. Y., 133

Chicago

local television news, 274

Chikombero, P. M., 149

Child and Television Drama Review, 231

Childers, K. W., 427

children

gender images in children's programs, 255256

influence of sex and violence in media on, 26

media consumption by, 14, 21

media effects, 19, 21

on health, 16

on learning and development, 30, 32

on personal and social development, 32

media policy, 3334

and parental mediation in developing media literacy, 725728

programming policy, 1920

violence in media and, 17

children and advertising, 2930, 586603

advertising processing and advertising effects, 589596

affective effects, 591593

behavioral effects, 593594

cognitive effects, 590591

decreased life satisfaction, 595

intended advertising effects, 589590

materialistic orientations, 594

overweight and obesity, 595596

parent–child conflict, 594595

unintended advertising effects, 594596

children's processing of advertising, 586589

role of development, 596599

role of parents and caretakers, 599602

Children's Eating Attitudes Test, 340

Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative, 756

Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA), 754

Children Now, 296298, 426, 746

Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 753

Children's Television Act (1990, 1997), 33, 256, 742, 745

and 1997 FCC processing guideline, 745746

Childs, J. H., 623

Chiricos, T., 360, 385, 388

Cho, C., 707

Cho, J., 468, 517

Cho, S. H., 162

Chock, T. M., 74, 361

Choi, J., 134, 135

Chong, K., 472

Chory-Assad, R. M., 408, 416

Chou, T. C., 172

Chowder, 749

Chrisler, J. C., 258

Christ, W., 197

Christakis, D. A., 620621, 638, 641

Christen, C. T., 135

Chui, C.-Y., 381

Chung, Y., 214

Cicchirillo, V., 408, 416

Ciochetti, C. A., 752

CIPA see Children's Internet Protection Act

citizen engagement, 28, 464, 476

civic engagement, 463469, 477, 509, 515

civic osmosis, 46, 57

civic participation, 21, 2728, 465466, 470, 472, 517

and political participation, 57

Clark, C., 276

Clark, S., 360361

Clarke, S. W., 558

Clarke-Stewart, K., 669

class, 2, 5, 24, 359, 622, 660, 707

Clawson, R. A., 52, 95

Cleland, R., 512

Clewett, A. S., 670

Clifford the Big Red Dog, 665

Cline, V. B., 236, 403, 406

Clippenger, C. A., 199

Clinton, Bill, 280, 321, 472, 744, 746

Clinton, Hillary, 446

Clore, G. L., 375

Cloud, D., 317

CNN, 160, 319, 472

Cobb, M. D., 323

Cobb, R. W., 98

Cody, M., 537

cognition, 17, 2021, 27, 32, 68, 70, 110, 201, 205, 208, 236, 278, 357, 409410, 514

and media in body image disturbance, role of, 334348

cognitive accessibility, 24, 5253, 384

cognitive challenges, 177178

cognitive effects, 95, 408409, 486, 590591

cognitive elaboration, 30, 488, 587588

cognitive media effects, 89

cognitive neo-associative theory, 115

cognitive processing, 23, 68, 205, 216, 218, 240, 251, 339, 343344, 347, 490, 568, 598, 638

cognitive revolution, 6869

cognitive system, 24, 67, 206209, 211213, 216, 218

Cohane, G. H., 337

Cohen, A. A., 73, 97

Cohen, A. J., 377, 378

Cohen, D. A., 558

Cohen, D. I., 664665

Cohen, E. L., 26, 391

Cohen, G. L., 390

Cohen, J., 2223, 135141, 171, 176, 170, 362363, 378, 391

Cohen, M., 700, 702, 730

Cohen, P., 620

Colbert, Stephen, 489

Colbert Report, The, 464, 485, 487489, 491

Cole, C. F., 646

Cole, E. R., 487

Cole, K., 559

Cole-Lewis, H., 538

Coleman, C.-L., 383

Coleman, J. S., 91, 92, 129, 465, 618

Coleman, R., 46, 49, 51, 56, 57

Coleman bathtub, 9192

Colimore, K., 725

collective identity approaches, 97

collective reaction, 93

Collins, A. M., 94

Collins, J., 705

Collins, P. A., 175, 648

Collins, R. L., 428, 430431, 436438

Collins, S., 359

Collins, W. A., 648, 661, 669

Coltrane, S., 257

Colwell, J., 198

comedy cartoons, 255

Comedy Central, 747

Comfort, M. E., 438

comics, 149

commercial content of media devices, 14

commercial radio, 35

commercials, images in, 257258

Commission on Presidential Debates, 446

communication

campaigns, 21, 29, 552553

motives, 151153

and psychology, 18

research, 63

technology, 73

Communication Research, 18

Communications Act (1934), 744

Communications Decency Act (CDA), 743, 752

community organizations, 21, 532533

community radio, 35

Companion to Media Studies, A (Valdivia), 3, 5

comprehension, 178, 536, 539, 626, 635636, 639640, 642644, 647, 649650, 657, 660, 662, 664, 666669, 671, 704, 731

higher-level, of television, 637638

Compton, C., 542

computer(s), 14, 73, 727, 753754

games, 16, 74, 536, 538, 587, 650, 755

technology, 16, 754

Comstock, G., 8, 19, 3031, 235, 415, 616, 624625, 627631

Condit, C. M., 487

condom use, 27, 429, 436, 560

conflict resolution, 32, 118, 710

connectivity, 14, 754

Connolly, J., 687

Conrad, K., 257

Constantin, C. D., 709

content analysis, 7, 16, 22, 2425, 51, 56, 66, 191, 274, 285286, 321, 323, 327, 345, 486

in traditional news programming, 277278

content exposure, 155156

content ratings, 748749, 748749

Contento, I. R., 700

contextual effectiveness, 530

continuing adventure cartoons, 255

convergence, 3, 496, 709

of media platforms, 2, 9

Conway, J. C., 157

Conway, M., 382, 388

Cook, F. L., 476

Cook, S., 256

Cook, T. D., 66, 75, 234, 645

Cooke, M. C., 195

Coombs, W. T., 509

Cooper, Z., 340

Coover, G., 306

Copeland, G., 447

COPS, 197, 356357, 360

Corder-Bolz, C. R., 725726

Cordua, G. D., 661

Corner Pocket, 404

corrugator activation, 219

Cortese, J., 511, 517

Cosby, Bill, 662

Cosby Show, The, 660, 662

Cosmides, L., 171, 376, 381, 386

Counting Stroop (CS), 238

Couric, Katie, 471

Courneya, K. S., 572

Courrier, S., 236, 403

Courtright, J. A., 429

Covert, J., 296

Covington, M. V., 575

Cowan, P., 198

Cowburn, G., 596

Cox, A. D., 572

Cox, D., 572

Coyne, S. M., 122

Craig, R. T., 1

Craig, W. M., 687

Craik, K. H., 17

Crandall, H., 299300

Crawford, D. A., 592

Crawley, A. M., 644645, 647, 650, 666

creativity and imaginative thinking, 623624

Crespo, S., 650

Cressey, P. G., 231

Crick, N. R., 117, 122

Crigler, A. N., 44, 51, 67, 491

crime, news coverage of, 24, 51

and race, 24, 283284

criterion bias, 213

Crockett, R. J., 366

Croft, R. G., 236, 403

cross-cultural adaptation, 159, 162

cross-level approaches

in media effects research, 89103

modeling multi-level media framing and priming effects, 98101

cross-level linkages, 92

Crotty, W., 465, 472

Cruz, T. B., 701

CSI effect, 74

Csikszentmihalyi, M., 712

cue management, 681682, 687

cued recall, 213, 216

Cullen, K., 601

cultivation

analysis, 65

differential, 65

of gender-role images, 260264

research, 75

cultivation hypothesis, 66, 71, 278279, 283, 286

cultivation theory, 22, 25, 6376, 251

and active viewer, 6768

challenges to, 7274

and cognitive revolution, 6869

early criticism, 6567

exposure variable, 73

first- and second-order judgments, 6973

and on-line and off-line effects, 6973

relationship with television exposure, 7273

sociology of cultivation, 7476

Cultural Indicators Project, 64, 233

cultural system, 24, 206

Cummins, R. G., 72

Cunningham, A. W., 156

Curtin, L. R., 366

curvilinearity, 618619

Custers, K., 72, 385

Cutbirth, C., 323

Cuthbert, B. N., 211, 215, 406

CW television network, 253

cyberbullying, 32, 678, 685, 689

Cyberchase, 649

Cyrus, Miley, 342

Czaja, L., 446

Czarny, M. J., 74

Czech, D. R., 335

Dahl, R. A., 464

Dahlgren, P., 515

Dahlstrom, M. F., 384385

Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The, 21, 28, 325, 464, 471473, 475, 485488, 491, 494495

Dalton, M. A., 728729

Dalton, R., 517

Damasio, A., 172, 173, 182, 236

Damiaans, K., 71, 74

D'Angelo, P., 130

Dangerfield, C. L., 281, 303, 309

Daniels, E., 338

D'Anna, C. A., 662

Dardis, F. E., 454

Darling-Wolf, F., 10n2

Darrow, W. W., 559560

Daschmann, G., 378

data vs. information, 67

data-setting effect, 68

dating programs, television, 26, 360361, 365

David, P., 217, 218

Davidson, R. J., 237

Davidson, S., 700

Davies, J., 299, 381, 699, 710

Davies, P. G., 390

Davis, D. M., 176

Davis, E. B., 118, 413

Davis, G. F., 100

Davis, J. L., 389390

Davis, K. C., 541, 680

Davis, K. E., 685

Davis, M. H., 378, 680

Davison, W. P., 101, 129, 136, 137

Davoudi, M., 701

Dawson, G., 640

Dayan, D., 67

Dayanim, S., 680

daytime television talk shows, 28

Dean, Howard, 510, 512

Deane, C., 322

decency, 33

Deci, E. L., 173, 175177, 180

de Coteau, N. J., 273, 297

decreased life satisfaction, 595

DeFleur, M. L., 1, 189

Dehue, F., 689

Deiss, D. M., 253

DeJong, W., 542, 559560

deliberative poll (DP) framework, 516

Delli Carpini, M., 465, 476, 490, 492494

DeLoache, J., 640

de los Santos, T., 26, 35

Delsing, M. J. M., 159

Delva, J., 559

Demaree, H. A., 181

democratic citizenship

and effects of traditional news media, 466470

manifestations of, 463466

news and political entertainment effects on, 463477

political entertainment and evolving media, 471474

democratic participation, 27

Democrats, 305, 446

Denmark

Internet usage, 15

dependent variable, 97, 100, 284, 455, 599, 732734

Derbaix, C., 592

De Roos, S., 726

Derscheid, L. E., 590

Derzon, J. H., 709

desensitization from violence, 2627, 112113, 235237, 402404, 406415, 417

desensitizing and aggression-causing media effects, 402418

affective outcomes, 409412

behavioral outcomes, 412414

cognitive outcomes, 408409

key outcomes of media violence, 402404

physiological outcomes, 404408

violent content in context, 414415

who is most susceptible?, 415417

Deshpande, S., 472, 556

Desmond, R. J., 620, 626, 725, 727

Desroches, D. M., 756

detection behaviors, 571572, 576, 578

Detenber, B. H., 137, 213

Detweiler, J. B., 572

Devanathan, N., 472

Devaraj, S., 753

Devine, P. G., 279280, 301

Devos, T., 388

DeWall, C. N., 376

Dewey, Thomas, 446

de Wied, M., 178, 378

diagnostic framing, 96

Diamond, A., 559

Diamond, E., 446

Diana, Princess of Wales, 555

Dickerson, K., 639

Diddi, A., 158, 160

Diem, S. J., 71

Diener, M. L., 640

Diener-West, M., 689

Dietz, N. A., 559560

Dietz, W. H., 618, 624

digital democracy, 505518

blogs, 511515

Internet, sociability, and politics, 506509

news and politics online, 509511

online public sphere and political messaging, 515517

using Internet, 505506

Digital Heroes Campaign, 538

digital media, 3, 21, 493494, 496, 537

digital revolution, 35

digital technology, 2

digitalization technologies, 9

DiGiuseppe, D. L., 621

Dill, K. E., 110, 408410, 416

Dillard, J. P., 136, 466

Dilorio, C., 427

Dimaggio, P., 507

Dimitrova, D., 325

Dimmick, J., 153, 159

Dismissed, 365

Disney Channel, 346

Disney movies, 257, 662

disordered eating symptomatology (DE), 340

displacement hypothesis, 469, 596, 625626, 686688

disposition-based theories, 189, 194195

Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD) with Aggressive Features, 238239

distal GAM, 111115

diversity, 1, 4, 6, 30, 297, 307, 310, 336, 508, 516, 614, 647, 667

Dixon, H. G., 592

Dixon, T. L., 24, 25, 257, 273276, 278, 280, 282284, 286288, 296297, 300301, 303, 309, 360, 388

Dixon, W. W., 359

DMA see Dynamic Motivational Activation Model

documentary programs, 158

Dodge, K. A., 117

Doku, N. S., 648

Dominick, J., 158, 232

Domke, D., 130, 282, 321, 568

Domschke, T., 365

Donnerstein, E., 191, 406, 409410, 426, 435, 679

Donohew, L., 197, 531, 541

Doob, A. N., 66, 73

Dora the Explorer, 622

Dorfman, L., 531532

Dorr, A., 643, 713, 728

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 238

Dossche, D., 72, 73

Doubleday, C., 728

Douglas, K. M., 392

Doveling, K., 17

Dover, E. D., 446

Dover Air Force Base, 321

Dover Test, 321

Dovidio, J., 302

Downing, J. H. D., 3

Downs, A., 44, 45

Dozier, D. M., 252253, 256

Dr. 90210, 356

Drabman, R. S., 403, 661

Dragon Tales, 648

Dragonfly TV, 755

Dreben, E. K., 573

Drench effect, 72

Drew, D., 468

Drezner, D. W., 511512

drinking prevention, 32, 701

adolescent, 702703

Drogos, K. L., 746

Druckman, J. N., 323

Dubow, J. S., 591

Ducheneaut, N., 380

Duck, J. M., 136

Dudo, A. D., 488

Dulio, D. A., 517

Dundes, L., 257

Dunlop, S. M., 385

Dunn, D. G., 159

Dunsmore, K., 467

Dunwoody, S., 510511, 513

Duran, R. L., 706

Durantini, M., 532

Durbridge, M., 708

Durham, M. G., 5

Durkin, K., 259

Dussaillant, P., 53

Dutton, D. C., 182

DVDs, 14, 152

DVRs, 14, 152

dynamic message measurements, 21618

Dynamic Motivational Activation Model (DMA), 219

Eagly, A., 528, 573, 587

Earl, A., 532

Earnheardt, A. C., 152, 156159

East German migrants, 55

Eastin, M. S., 156

eating disorders, 25, 336, 704705, 713

Eaton, H., Jr., 43

Eckenrode, J., 688

Eckler, P., 380

Edelman, M., 490, 495

Eden, A., 173

Edgar, T., 527, 537

Edgerly, S., 28, 514, 517

educational/family cartoons, 255

educational function of media, 21

see also scholastic achievement and media use

educational policy studies, 5

educational programming, 21, 34, 630, 644648, 650, 663, 744747, 754755

learning from, 645648

educational resources and achievement, 617

educational television, 31

beyond preschool years, 648649

educational impact of, 635650

educational programming, 644648

higher-level comprehension of television, 637638

how is it successful?, 649650

and infants, 639641

and preschoolers, 641642

task analysis on preschoolers' viewing, 642644

auditory attention, 642

comprehension, 643644

visual attention, 642643

task of watching television, 636639

television as educational tool, 635636

television viewing among infants and toddlers, 638639

Educational Testing Service, 614

Edwards, H. H., 454

Edwards, John, 446, 471

Effects of Film Violence on Inhibitions Against Subsequent Aggression (Berkowitz & Rawlings), 230

effects paradigm, 1, 16, 19, 90, 95, 486

changes and continuities in, 1335

see also media: effects

effortlessness, 45

Eggerton, John, 751

ego-depletion, 174175

Eilders, C., 97

Eisenhower, Dwight, 446

Ekdale, B., 512513, 517518

Ekman, P., 237

elaboration likelihood model (ELM), 497, 573

Elasmar, M., 253254

Elder, C., 98

elderly television viewers, 158

Electric Company, The, 647, 649, 755

electricity, access to, 2, 14

electoral politics, 16, 27, 465, 468

participation in, 21

Eleey, M. F., 64

Elimidate, 365

Ellickson, P., 541

Elliot, A. J., 575

Elliott, M., 430

Elliott, P., 100

Ellison, N., 508

Ellsworth, P. C., 375, 377, 383, 385, 392

ELM see elaboration likelihood model

Elmquist, J. K., 172

Elnain, A., 175

Eloundou-Enyengue, P. M., 560

embedded reporters, 316320, 326

embodied mind and media message processing, 205220

emotion and processing of media content, 17

emotion regulation, 382

during media use, 380381

processes, 376

emotion theory, 383

fear and anxiety in context of, 374376

emotional relevance, 4950

emotional skills, 31, 648

empathy, 120121, 325, 359, 378, 403, 411414, 659

expressing, 195196

Emperor's New School, The, 747

encoding, 70, 206, 209214, 217, 237, 636, 710

Endsley, R. C., 236, 237, 379, 404

Energy and Commerce Communications, Technology and the Internet Subcommittee, 754

Engelbertson, J., 726

Engels, R. C. M. E., 159

England, 229, 233

enjoyable challenges, general characteristics of, 179180

enjoyable recreation during media exposure, 173176

homeostatic regulation, 173174

recovery of physiological resources, 174175

recreating in supportive environments, 175176

enjoyable psychological growth during media exposure, 176181

adaptive function of media entertainment, 182

affective challenges, 178179

behavioral challenges, 179

cognitive challenges, 177178

general characteristics of enjoyable challenges, 179180

physiological boundaries of challenge seeking, 180181

enjoyment

of recreation and psychological growth, 172173

theoretical propositions on, 20

Ennett, S. T., 708, 724

entertainment media, 14, 108, 177178, 180, 272, 298, 339, 341, 348, 362, 388389, 408, 415, 484, 497

impact of race and ethnicity in, 2425

see also political entertainment

Entertainment Software Association, 416

entertainment theory, 23

Entertainment Tonight, 485

Entman, R. M., 96, 97, 273274, 278, 282, 287, 297

environmental factors, 201202

ER, 439

E-Rate (Schools and Libraries Universal Service Support Mechanism), 742

Erdogan, B. Z., 554

Erikson, E., 680

Eron, L., 233234, 413, 703

ERP see event-related brain potential

escaping reality, 154

Esch, T., 171

Eschholz, S., 296, 360, 385

Espejo, E., 297298

Espelage, D. L., 689

Esser, H., 92

Esty, E. T., 649

ethnicity, 3, 5, 156, 274, 300, 302, 304305, 309310, 340, 342, 660

in media, 2425

portrayals of, 296298

see also race

Ettema, J. S., 670

Eulau, H., 91

Eurodata TV Worldwide, 1415

Europe, 19, 90, 95, 691

Evans, G., 573

Evatt, D., 49, 50

Eveland, W. P., Jr., 90, 132, 137, 303, 468, 510511, 513, 517

Evenson, K. R., 73

event-related brain potential (ERP), 406

Everett, J., 171

Ewers, J., 319

Ewoldsen, D., 206, 218

excitation, 23

and affect-based approaches, 192195

disposition-based theories, 194195

mood adjustment, 193194

mood management, 193

excitation transfer theory, 116, 179, 405

experimentation in media violence, 195196

experiments, 16, 17, 5354, 113, 230231, 278280, 284, 288, 406, 409410, 412, 434, 467, 473, 497, 590, 623, 645, 684

explanatory parental coviewing, 31

exposure variable in cultivation research, 73

expressing empathy, 195196

Extreme Makeover-Home Edition, 356

Eyal, C. H., 43, 152, 158, 191

Eyal, K., 427, 534

Facebook, 1, 446, 496, 505, 508, 516, 679

facial electromyography (EMG), 215

Faden, R. R., 74

Fahmy, S., 320

Fairburn, C. G., 340

Faith Lai, C., 277

Fallahi, C. R., 382

Family Guy, 486

Fan, D. P., 130

Fang, S. R., 590

Fanti, A., 410411

Farrar, D., 623

Farrar, K. M., 26, 429, 434, 436437

Farrell, D., 537

Farrell, H., 511512

Farrelly M. C., 533, 541

Farrington, D. P., 112

Fat Albert, 667, 669

Fatal Fury, 410

Fazio, R. H., 589

FBI, 233, 402

FCC see Federal Communications Commission

FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978), 751

fear, media-related, 20, 27, 374392

and anxiety

in context of emotion theory, 374376

lingering, 382

appeals, 553554

consequences of, 375376

elicitation of, 375

emotion regulation during media use, 380381

and expected influence of media on others, 390391

and intergroup relations, 387391

of other people and groups, 388389

responses to media, 17, 26

consequences of, 380382

to direct fear-evoking depictions, 377

factors influencing, 377380

immediate and lingering, 376382

to stories about other people, 377379

“this could happen to me,” 379380

and risk related to real-world threats, 382387

behavioral consequences of risk perceptions, 386387

media influence on risk perceptions, 383384

risk perception and media-influenced fear, 384386

and selective media exposure, 381382

Feaver, P. D., 317, 323

Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 618, 663, 671, 743, 744746, 751753

Federal Election Commission, 445

federal funding, 33, 644

programs, 753755

Federal Radio Act (1927), 744

federal regulation, 33, 543

Federal Trade Commission, 743, 753, 756

Feeley, T. H., 579

Fehrmann, P. G., 614

Feldman, L., 473, 494

female action heroes, 260

feminism, transnational, 4

feminist studies, 4, 8

Ferguson, D. A., 152, 159

Ferguson, E., 572, 580

Fernie, D., 649

Ferraro, K. F., 385

Ferree, M. M., 102

Ferris, A. L., 360361

Feshbach, S., 554, 618

Festinger, L., 341, 595

Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman, 755

Fetler, M., 618

Fey, Tina, 471

Fico, F. G., 16

Fiedler, K., 304

Field, D. E., 637, 641

Film Violence and the Cue Properties of Available Targets (Berkowitz & Geen), 230

Finemore, J., 340

Finkel, S. E., 451

Finkelhor, D., 380, 689

Finland

Internet usage, 15

Finn, S., 153, 155, 157, 197

Finnerty, K. L., 160, 356, 365, 426

Finney, L. J., 572

Finucane, M. L., 72, 383

Firestone, C., 699, 710

First Amendment, 743, 747, 752, 755

first- and second-order judgments, 6971

Fisch, S. M., 638, 643647, 649650, 660661, 665, 726

Fischer, A. H., 380

Fischer, C., 644

Fischer, P., 174, 413, 590

Fischhoff, B., 383

Fishbein, M., 432433, 528

Fisher, D. A., 426, 430

Fisherkeller, J. E., 306, 716

Fishkin, J., 516

Fishman, M., 356, 359360

Fiske, M., 149

Fiske, S. T., 70, 279, 573

Fite, K. V., 17

Fitzgerald, E., 730

Fitzpatrick, M. A., 598

Fjeldsoe, B. S., 538

Flanagin, A. J., 534

Flegal, K. M., 366

Fleming, M. J., 405

Flora, J., 532

Florsheim, R., 592

Flynn, B. S., 711

fMRI technology, 17, 24, 237

focal segments, 527528, 531, 540541, 543

Foehr, U. G., 14, 250, 346, 426, 587, 612613, 627, 629, 631, 679

Fonash, D., 281282, 309

Foote, D., 530

Ford, B. Q., 381382

Ford, Gerald, 448

Ford, T., 280, 302

Foshee, V. A., 724

Foss, A. M., 560

Foulkes, D., 172, 175

Fouts, G., 343

Fox, J., 213, 319320, 486

Fox, S., 387

Fox Television, 747, 748, 751

Fowles, J., 403

Foy, B. C., 751

frame amplification, 97

frame bridging, 97

frame extension, 97

frame transformation, 97

framing, 22, 29, 52, 130, 142, 163, 191, 272, 374, 384, 388, 515, 578580

message

defining, 567569

effects, moderators of, 571577

origins of, 569570

research on, 570571

and priming effects, 89103

of race in traditional media, 273278

France

television consumption, 15

Franzoi, S. L., 680

Frazier, P. J., 53

Frederickson, B. L., 341

Fredriksen, S., 120, 664

free speech, 743, 752, 755756

vs. public order, 52

Freedman, D., 743

Freedman, J. L., 286, 403

Freidson, E., 149

Freimuth, V., 527528, 537

Freitas, K., 382

Frensch, P. A., 43, 45

Freudenberg, N., 533

Frey, D., 174, 179

Friday the 13th (film), 404

Friedenberg, R. V., 447

Friedrich, L. K., 647, 659, 670

Friedrich-Cofer, L. K., 670

Friends, 430, 436437, 439

friendship(s)

formation, 32, 685686

quality of existing, 686688

Friesen, W. V., 237

Frijda, N. H., 379

Fritz, C., 172, 173, 175, 176

frontolimbic network, 239

Frost, R., 708

Fryberg, S. A., 298, 306

Fujioka, Y., 300, 305, 378, 389391, 602, 709, 725728, 731732

Fukunaga, R., 216

Fukuyama, F., 129

Full House, 660, 662

Fulton, J. E., 346

Funabiki, R. P., 700

functional alternatives, 150, 155

Fung, T. K., 512, 514

Funk, J. B., 411

Funkhouser, G. R., 74, 95

Furman, W., 680

Furnham, A., 379

Furstenberg, F. F., 431

Futterman, D. C., 559560

future studies, 9, 25, 35, 287, 310, 348, 567568, 690

G8 summit, Heiligendamm, anti-globalization protest at, 101

Gabel, J. A., 559

Gable, S. L., 691

Gadalla, T., 336

Gaddy, G. D., 616617

Gaeth, G. J., 568569

gain-based frames, 29

Gallagher, L., 572, 580

Gallup polls, 50, 95, 129

Galuska, D. A., 346

galvanic skin response (GSR), 404

GAM see general aggression model

gambling, 277, 570

game shows, 158, 175, 363

gaming, 9, 45, 407, 416417

Gamson, W. A., 96, 97, 102, 487

Ganahl, D. J., 257

Gandy, O., Jr., 389390

Garcia, A., 640641

Garcia, J., 390

Garfinkel, P. E., 336

Gargoyles, 256

Garner, D. M., 336

Garrett, R. K., 456, 475, 485, 514

Garrison, M. M., 638, 641

Gartner, S., 321, 323

Gastil, J., 466, 469

Gates, K., 2, 3, 9

Gates, Robert, 321

gateway hypothesis, 473, 492

Gatignon, H., 593

Gaudet, H., 46, 90, 286, 450

gays, 307308, 426, 430

Gaziano, C., 132

Geen, R. G., 230

Geer, J. G., 446

Geiger, S., 69, 73

Geist, E., 620621

Gelpi, C., 317, 323

gender, 5

diversity, 4

and GAM, 118119

and globalization, 8

media messages about, 24

and minorities, 253

and television, 249250

gender-role images, 252258

age, 253254

in children's programs, 255256

cultivation of, 260264

effects of, 258264

identification with characters, 259260

images in commercials, 257258

minorities and gender, 253

movies and music videos, 256257

occupations, 254255

perception of, 259

portrayals and behind the scenes personnel, 252253

gender-role socialization

television and, 24, 249250

theoretical orientations, 250252

in 21st century, 249265

general aggression model (GAM), 22, 108, 109110, 110, 111119

distal GAM, 111115

effects of repeated media violence viewing, 112

as integrative, 115117

lessons learned from media, 108109

proximate, 109111

role of individual differences, 117119

age, 118119

hostile attribution bias, 117118

sex, 119120

general learning model (GLM), 108, 119120, 120

distal, 119121

proximate, 119, 121

General Mills, 756

General Social Survey, 130

Gentile, D. A., 108, 109, 114, 119121, 409, 413

Gentile, J. R., 109

Gentner, D., 662

Gentzkow, M., 618

geopolitics, 6

Gerbner, G., 6366, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 90, 103, 191, 233, 252, 278, 283, 288, 296, 341, 384, 428

Gerend, M. A., 572, 580

Gergen, K. J., 683

Gerhards, J., 102

Gerhardstein, P., 639

Gerhardstein, R., 390

Germany, 19, 48, 51, 90, 99, 345, 493

Internet usage, 15

national elections

1986, 54

1990, 51

reunification, 55

television consumption, 15

unemployment in, 48

Gersh, T. L., 668

Gerson, W., 149

Gertz, M., 360, 385

Ghanem, S. I., 4243, 49, 50, 51

Ghosh-Dastidar, B., 541

Ghostwriter, 649

GI Joe, 404

Gibson, K., 517

Gibson, M., 620621

Giesen, B., 91

Gil de Zúñiga, H., 470, 512

Gilbert, E., 5

Giles, D. C., 363, 378

Giles, H., 303

Gillette, J., 532

Gilliam, F. D., 273274, 280, 282283, 305

Gilmore, R., 215

Giner-Sorolla, R., 134

girl studies, 5

Giroux, L., 730

Givens, S. M. B., 74

Glance, N., 512

Glanz, K., 528, 556

Glaser, W. A., 467

Glaubke, C., 297

Gleason, L. S., 456, 474, 485

Gleason, T., 662

Glenn, John, 321

Glik, D., 701

GLM see general learning model

global ethnographies, 8

globalization, 97

of gender studies, 4, 8

media, 8

see also anti-globalization protests

Godlewski, L. R., 369

Goff, P. A., 390

Golan, G. J., 51

Goldberg, J., 556

Goldberg, M. E., 592595

Goldberg, V., 192, 195

Golden Globe Awards, 750

Goldhoorn, C., 176

Goldman, S. R., 662

Goldsmith, R. E., 326

Goldstein, A. O., 590

Goldstein, K. M., 446

Gomberg, L., 559560

Gonzales, R., 701, 706709, 712

Goodall, C. E., 383

Google, 285

Goossens, H., 560

Gootman, J. A. E., 596

Gordon, M., 306

Gore, Al, 5657, 132, 471, 744, 746, 753

Gore, Tipper, 755756

Gorham, B., 304

Goris, J. M., 596

Gorn, G. J., 592, 594595

Gorr, M. B., 157

Gortmaker, S. L., 618, 624

Gosling, S. D., 17

Gould, S. M., 556

Gow, R. W., 366

Grabe, M. E., 382

Graber, D. A., 43, 278, 469

Grahmann, T., 259

Gralnick, J., 319

Granados, A. D., 251

Grand Theft Auto (GTA), 196, 228

Grant, H., 575

gratifications

studies and representative uses, 157163

and uses see uses and gratifications (U&G)

Grave, S. B., 713

Gray, J. J., 336, 487, 492, 494

Gray, K., 377

Greaves, K. A., 727

Green, M. C., 379, 384, 490

Greenberg, B. S., 69, 72, 151, 158, 199, 232, 253, 259, 272273, 275277, 310, 360, 379, 430, 434435, 594, 626, 756

index of television-viewing motives, 151

Greene, K., 156, 158, 161, 197, 358, 700702, 706709, 711, 730

Greenfield, P., 623, 679, 681

Greenhow, C., 507

Greenland

Internet usage, 15

Greenmayer, J., 543

Greenwald, M. K., 208

Greenwood, C. R., 648

Greenwood, D. N., 260

Greer, C. F., 152

Greeson, L. E., 429

Gregg, P. B., 307, 363, 389

Greitemeyer, T., 121, 122, 174, 413

Grieves, K., 382

Griffin, K. W., 711

Griffin, M., 320

Grigorovici, D. M., 709

Grilo, C. M., 336

Grimes, T., 210

Grinband, J., 239

Grizzard, M., 173

Groer, M., 404

Grogan, S., 335, 337

Grogan-Kaylor, A., 346

Gross, E. F., 403, 685, 688689, 691

Gross, J. J., 376, 380381

Gross, L., 6366, 68, 69, 71, 74, 90, 191, 233, 278, 283, 296, 317, 341, 384, 430

Grotpeter, J. K., 122

Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 231

group contexts in framing and priming effects, 99100

Growing Pains, 660

Gruber, A., 337

Gruber, M., 404

GSR see galvanic skin response

Gulf Wars see under Iraq

Gullah Gullah Island, 647

Gunter, B., 67, 379

Gunther, A. C., 128, 131, 133138, 390391

Gurevitch, M., 67, 149150, 156

Gussow, J. D., 700

Haas, H., 156

Haddock, S. A., 257

Haddon, L., 691

Haefner, M. J., 380381

Haertel, E. H., 618

Haertel, G. D., 618

Hafstad, A., 711

Hahn, K. S., 475, 512

Haigh, M. M., 25, 317, 319, 323326

Hailey, B. J., 572

Halford, J., 160, 356

Hall, A., 357, 362

Hall, E. R., 649650

Hall, W., 280, 301

Hallam-Jones, R., 171

Halloran, J. D., 100

Hamby, R. H., 406

Hamel, E., 638, 669

Hamilton, D., 296

Hamilton, M. A., 527, 530

Hamm, A. O., 208

Hampton, K., 506508

Hancox, R. J., 620

Hanewinkel, R., 345, 728729

Hannah Montana, 256, 342

Hansbrough, E., 264

Hansen, G., 317, 323, 327, 447449

Hanson, K. G., 31, 152156, 159, 162, 636

Hanson, L. R., 573

Hargittai, E., 507

Haridakis, P., 23, 149, 152159, 161, 162

Harper, J., 318

Harrington, A., 660

Harrington, N., 531, 537

Harris, C., 256

Harris, R. J., 378, 380, 405

Harrison, K., 259, 335336

Harrison, William Henry, 446

Hart, R. P., 487

Hartelius, J., 487

Harter, S., 680, 683684

Hartmann, T., 23, 171, 176, 179, 190, 196, 378

Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 237

Harvey, P., 555

Harwood, J., 296, 300, 303, 305, 308

Hasegawa, K., 253

Haslam, S. A., 308

Hastie, R., 70, 94, 171, 573

Hastings, G., 554

Hastorf, A. H., 132133

Haviland, M. L., 541

Haviland-Jones, J., 172

Hawkins, R. P., 68, 6970, 299

Hay, J., 1, 5

Hayes, A. F., 91, 383

Hayes, D., 661

Hayne, H., 639

Hays, H., 340, 343, 345346

Hayward, C., 337

HBO, 747

Head, S., 252

health

behaviors, 571573

campaigns, 29

and safety, 29

and well-being, 20, 25, 27

Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), 529

Healton, C. G., 541

Hearold, S., 235, 261, 658

heart rate (HR), 35

Heath, L., 380

Heath, M., 471

Hedley, A. A., 342

Hefner, D., 378

Hefner, V., 273

Hegde, R., 4, 5

Heider, D., 273, 275277, 298

Heinberg, L. J., 705

Heine, S. J., 175

Heins, M., 707

Heldman, C., 454

Hellweg, S. A., 447

Helmick, A. L., 378

Helregel, B. K., 174

Helsper, E. J., 587588, 597, 753

Hendy, D., 14

Hennessy, M., 432434, 439

Henrich, C. C., 410

Henry, J. D., 390

Henry, K. L., 194, 416

Henson, J. R., 27

Herbert, M., 317

Heresco, A., 324

Herrett-Skjellum, J., 261

Herrnson, P. A., 450

Hersey, J. C., 559560

Hertel, A. W., 571

Herzog, H., 149

Hess, V. K., 324325, 661

Hetsroni, A., 72

heuristic persuasion processing, 588

heuristic processing model, 70

heuristic systematic model (HSM), 573

Hewes, D. E., 307, 363, 389

Hewitt, G., 325

Hicks, D. J., 726

Hicks, K. A., 724

Hicks, M. V., 252

hierarchical linear modeling, 16

Higgins, E. T., 341, 575578

High School and Beyond (HSB), 614

High School Musical, 342

high school social capital, 508

Hill, T., 471

Hills, A. P., 340

Hillsdon, M., 559

Hillygus, D. S., 507

Hiltbrand, D., 369

Hilton, J., 298299

Himmelweit, Hilde, 229, 232

Hinck, E. A., 447

Hindin, T. J., 700

Hindman, M., 511

Hinkin, M. P., 405

Hinshaw, S. P., 340

HINTS see Health Information National Trends Survey

Hirsch, B., 620, 725

Hirsch, J., 17

Hirsch, P. M., 66

Hirst, W., 236

HIV/AIDS, 364, 544, 554, 561

Hmielowski, J. D., 486, 488, 492, 494, 497

HMP see hostile media perceptions

Ho, S. S., 132

Hoarders, 367

Hobbs, J., 387

Hobbs, R., 699, 708, 730

Hodapp, T. V., 645

Hoekstra, S. J., 378

Hoerl, K., 5

Hoffman, B. R., 532

Hoffman, D. L., 753

Hoffman, G., 705, 707

Hoffman, K., 378

Hoffman, L., 199, 255

Hoffner, C. A., 26, 178, 260, 263, 378, 380381, 391, 726

Hogg, M. A., 136, 387

Holbert, R. L., 28, 385, 452, 455456, 466, 475, 485488, 491492, 497, 508

Holbrook, R. A., 471

Holden, E., 668

Holder, H. D., 533

holistic media studies, 5

Holt, D. J., 756

Holt, K. E., 340

Holtto, H., 687

home page creativity, 154

home shopping, 154

homeostatic regulation, 172, 173174

homosexuality, 363, 426, 428, 431

Hong Kong, 54

Hoph, W. H., 118, 122

Hopkins, R. S., 541, 711

Horan, N., 253

Hornik, R., 527, 528, 530, 541, 620, 709

horror movies, 152, 172, 178179

Horton, D., 149, 176, 363, 554

Horton, R. W., 403

Hoskins, A., 320

Hossain, M., 560

hostile attribution bias, 114115, 117118

hostile media perceptions (HMP), 128, 132136

Houck, M. M., 255

Housley-Juster, A., 664

Houston, J. B., 324, 472

Howard, A., 640

Howard, P. N., 754

Howell, M., 404

Hox, J. J., 91

Hoy, W. K., 129

Hoyle, R. H., 541

Hrabosky, J. I., 336

Hsee, C. K., 72, 171, 376

Huber, G. L., 118

Hudson, H., 753

Huesman, L. R., 109, 116, 118, 192, 233235, 251, 413, 703, 707

Hughes, M., 66

Huhman, M., 559560

Hull, S., 365

Hullman, G. A., 149

humanist approaches, 8

Hunt, D., 253

Hunter, S. B., 430

Hurley, R. J., 273

Huron, D., 171

Hussain, M. M., 2728, 465

Hussein, Saddam, 324

Hust, S. J. T., 700, 730

Huston, A. C., 69, 232, 435, 622, 637, 646, 658, 668

Huston-Stein, A., 667, 670

Hwang, H., 512, 514

hybridity, 28, 491492, 495

Hyman, H. H., 553

“hypodermic needle” model, 9, 90

IAPS see international affective picture system

I Want a Famous Face, 360

Iannotti, R. J., 572

Ibrahim, A., 378

Iceland

Internet usage, 15

ICR see Institute of Communications Research

identification, 26, 162, 306, 308, 361, 388, 488, 536, 709

with media characters, 259260, 262, 362364, 366367, 369, 435, 439, 554556, 703, 728, 734

see also parasocial identification

identity, 7, 21, 24, 31, 34, 133, 308, 359, 362363, 378, 425, 679680, 684, 707, 732, 757

collective, 96

development, 598, 683, 689691

group, 300, 305, 392

and intimacy and Internet communication, 680683

social, 25, 97, 303, 387388, 390, 514

Ihori, N., 120

imaginative thinking and creativity, 623624

impact area of political communication, 50

implicit theory approach, 69

incidental learning, 41, 4245, 472

infants, 367

and television viewing, 31, 636, 638641

inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), 238

influence of presumed media influence (IPMI), 138

information, 27

acquisition, 14, 44

campaigns, 552553

nontraditional sources of, 324326

seeking, 154

infotainment, 27, 471, 475

Inglehart, R., 49, 51, 58

Ingram, M., 701702, 706708, 711

Institute of Communications Research (ICR), 4

institutional process analysis, 64

intellectual property, 7, 709

intended advertising effects, 589590

interaction(s)

cross-level, 99

social, 21, 2526, 151, 154155, 159160, 162, 176, 256, 259, 363, 378, 429, 496, 505506, 508, 515, 539, 641, 647, 657658, 667, 679

and sociability, 506508

interactive media, 154, 162, 179, 527, 650

interactive technology, 536

interactivity, 3, 16, 154, 369, 416, 537

interference, 626

intergroup behaviors, 296, 301, 303304

intergroup contact, mediated, 306308, 389390

intergroup relations, 26

and media-related fear, 374392

international affective picture system (IAPS), 406407, 414

International Telecommunication Union, 15

Internet, 9

access, 35

addiction, 154

adolescent development and, 21

communication see adolescents: and Internet communication

effect on politics see digital democracy

high-speed, 14

relationships, 162

role of, 28

and sociability and politics, 506509

television, 14

usage internationally, 1415

using, 505506

interpersonal communication, 149153, 156, 160, 206, 530, 532

interpersonal influencers, 527528, 531

intersectional analysis, 5

intertextuality, 495496, 498

intimacy

development, 685689

and identity, and Internet communication, 680683

intrusiveness, 536

IPMI see influence of presumed media influence

iPods, 152, 159

Ippolito, P. M., 756

Iran–Contra scandal, 54

Iraq, 98, 102

Operation Iraqi Freedom, 92, 93, 98, 102

1st Gulf War, 317, 319, 324

2nd Gulf War, 316326

Ireland

television consumption, 15

Irving, L. M., 704705

Israel, 19, 131, 133, 135136

elections, 55

issue involvement, 571, 573574, 578579

issue salience, 42, 50, 56, 456

Italy

television consumption, 15

Ivory, J. D., 405

Iyengar, S., 53, 54, 91, 140, 273, 280, 282283, 446, 453, 456, 472, 474475, 485, 495, 512, 516

Jackson, C., 732

Jackson, Janet, 750

Jackson, L. A., 753

Jackson, R. L., 281, 303, 309

Jackson-Beeck, M., 66, 191, 260, 447

Jacobovitz, R. S., 175

Jacobs, C., 336

Jacobs, L. R., 476

Jacobsohn, L. S., 708

Jain, P., 486

James, J. D., 152

Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution, 367

Jamieson, K. H., 130, 132, 140, 273, 297, 446447, 470

Janis, I., 554

Janiszewski, C., 45

Jannone, S., 309

Jansen, H. J., 514, 516

Janssen, D., 515

Jansz, J., 180, 196, 416, 732

Japan

Internet usage, 15

mayoral election, 47

television consumption, 15

Jeffries-Fox, S., 191

Jenkins, H., 496, 709

Jenkins, J. G., 44

Jenkins, K., 465

Jenkins, L., 647

Jenks, J., 411

Jennings, N. A., 263, 389

Jensen, J. D., 571572, 577

Jensen, J. L., 515

Jensen, K. B., 74

Jensen, M., 15

Jetsons, The, 745

Joe Millionaire, 360

John, D. R., 597598

Johansson, S. E., 336

Johnny Bravo, 259

Johnson, A., 532

Johnson, B. T., 538

Johnson, Earvin “Magic,” Jr., 554555

Johnson, J. A., 511

Johnson, J. D., 280, 301302

Johnson, J. G., 620

Johnson, K., 587, 701703, 706708, 711, 730731

Johnson, Lyndon, 448

Johnson, R. J., 572

Johnson, T. J., 152, 156, 157, 320, 513

Johnson-Campbell, T., 309

Johnson-Cartee, K. S., 447

Johnston, A., 447, 453

Johnston, D. D., 152, 159

Johnston, J., 670

Jones, D. A., 131, 132

Jones, J. P., 487, 489, 492, 494497

Jones, L. W., 572

Jones, S., 14

Jones, S. C., 554

Jordan, A., 33, 199, 432433, 622, 658, 744747, 749750, 755

Jordan, E. H., 335336

Jose, P. E., 662

Joseph, J., 538

Joseph, R., 5

Josey, C. S., 24, 25, 273, 276, 278, 285288

Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 18

Journal of Communication, 63

Joyner, A. B., 335

Jung, J. Y., 5

Jungeblut, A., 647

Juno (film), 490

Jusczyk, P. W., 639

Just, M. R., 44, 67

“Just Say No” initiative, 540

Juvonen, J., 403, 689, 691

Kafka, B., 6

Kafka, R. R., 732

Kahlenberg, S., 254

Kahn, K. F., 447

Kahneman, D., 70, 94, 171, 172, 182, 208, 210, 383, 569571, 573, 578

availability heuristic, 70

Kaid, L. L., 446447, 453

Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), 425426, 430, 436437, 631, 727, 745, 748749

Kalamas, A. D., 404

Kalb, M., 319

Kalyanaraman, S., 405

Kane, T., 446

Kang, J. G., 455

Kann, L., 346

Kannaovakun, P., 135

Kanouse, D. E., 430, 573

Kaplan, S., 172, 175

Karahalios, K., 5

Karp, W., 659

Kasen, S., 620

Kashima, Y., 385

Kasperson, J. X., 383, 386

Kasperson, R. E., 383

Kastenmuller, A., 413

Katz, E., 56, 67, 75, 90, 149151, 156, 160, 172, 175, 466, 468

Katzman, N., 631

Kaufman, J. S., 91

Kawabata, M., 53

Kawahara, K., 215

Kaye, B. K., 152, 156, 157, 513

Kean, L. G., 156, 158, 159, 197, 198, 200

Kee, K., 509

Keen, R., 640

Keeter, S., 465

Kegan, R., 680

Keith, S., 320

Keith, T. Z., 614

Keller, P. A., 553, 574

Kelley, C. R., 756

Kellner, D., 317

Kelly, B., 587

Kelly, C. R., 5, 239

Kelly, E., 336

Kelly, K. M., 571

Keltner, D., 376, 385, 388, 392

Kemper, T. D., 376, 387

Kenardy, J. A., 340

Kendzierski, D. A., 66, 234

Keniston, A. H., 661

Kennedy, John F., 231, 446

Kennedy, M. G., 559560

Kennedy, P. F., 595

Kennedy, Robert, 231

Kenney, P. J., 447

Kenski, K., 470

Keough, K., 572

Kepplinger, H. M., 54, 100, 103

Kern, M., 447

Kernahan, C., 109

Kerr, D., 728

Kerns, T. Y., 623

Kerry, John, 51, 57, 446

Kershaw, T., 538

Kessler, R. C., 233234

Keum, H., 472

KFF see Kaiser Family Foundation

Kies, R., 515

Kiesewetter, J., 365

Kilbourne, J., 336337

Killen, J. D., 337

Kim, D. D., 258

Kim, E., 448

Kim, H. K., 685

Kim, J., 149, 154, 155, 160, 161, 317318, 382, 466, 468

Kim, J. L., 428

Kim, K., 55

Kim, N., 476

Kim, S., 5, 5253, 163

Kim, Y. S., 74, 465

Kinder, D. R., 54, 91

King, C., 320

King, L. A., 178

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 231

Kiousis, S., 46, 51, 55, 56, 131

Kipnis, D. M., 670

Kippax, S., 229

Kirkorian, H. L., 621, 640, 650

Kirsch, I. S., 647

Kirsch, S. J., 110

Kittler, A., 387

Kitwana, B., 264

Kivijarv, L., 446

Klapper, J. T., 149, 155, 286, 451

Klein, M., 560

Klein, R., 703

Klees, D. M., 593

Klimmt, C., 170, 171, 179, 196, 378

Klotz, R. J., 518

Klu Klux Klan (KKK), 52

Knaus, C., 709, 726

Knobloch, S., 381

Knobloch-Westerwick, S., 174, 192, 193, 286

Knoke, D., 466

knowledge activation, 22, 46

and agenda setting, 5253

Knowles, A. D., 661

Koenig, O., 236

Kohli, R., 753

Kohring, M., 128, 130

Kohut, A., 132

Koloen, G., 486

Kolstad, A., 647

Konijn, E. A., 17

Kononova, A., 380

Koolstra, C. M., 626627

Koop, R., 514, 516

Koops, W., 114

Kopacz, M., 304305

Korean War, 323

Korzenny, F., 199, 232

Kosanic, A., 648

Kosicki, G. M., 90, 97, 569

Kosslyn, S. M., 236

Kotler, J. A., 648, 664

Kotler, P., 533, 557

Kovaric, P., 728

Kowalski, R. M., 689

Kozarian, L., 683

Kraak, V. I. E., 596

Kraft Foods, 756

Krahe, B., 113, 118, 122

Krakowiak, K. M., 450

Kraus, S., 447

Kraut, R., 506507, 685, 688

Krawitz, A., 216

Krcmar, M., 23, 156, 158, 159, 161, 195, 197, 198, 200, 358, 725726, 728

Kremers, S. P. J., 601

Kreuter, M., 537

Krieg, D. B., 662

Krippendorff, K., 67

Kronenberger, W. G., 238

Krosnick, J. A., 54, 132

Krueger, B. S., 518

Krugman, H. E., 44

Krull, D. S., 111

Kubey, R., 32, 699700, 710, 712

Kunda, Z., 309, 513

Kunkel, D., 73, 426428, 430431, 436, 597, 705, 744746, 756757

Kuttschreuter, M., 658

Kuuti, K., 508

Kwak, N., 385, 468, 487, 508, 517

Kwon, Y. H., 590

labeling warnings on programs, 33

Lachlan, K., 199, 379

Lacy, S., 16

Ladd, J., 132

Lafferty, B. A., 326

Lalor, K. M., 572

LaMarre, H. L., 489

Lambiase, J. J., 701

Lamde, J. L., 488

Lampe, C., 508

Landius, E., 620

Landreville, K. D., 489

Landro, L., 336

Lane, T. S., 593

Lang, A., 2324, 68, 69, 206, 208, 211218

Lang, G. E., 100

Lang, K., 100

Lang, P. J., 208, 215, 377, 406

language and vocabulary, 621623

Lanoue, D. J., 447

Lantos, J. D., 71

LaRose, R., 156, 158, 160, 201

Larsen, V., 595

Larson, E., 317, 323, 538

Lasorsa, D. L., 131

late-night comedy, 316, 324325, 327, 474, 486

late-night shows, 28

Late Show with David Letterman, The, 464, 472, 485

lateral orbitofrontal cortex (ltOFC), 239

Lather, J., 486

Latin America, 691

television consumption, 15

Latinos, 257, 273, 277278, 285, 287288, 296297, 300, 309, 388

portrayal in news programming, 275276

Latner, J. D., 342343

LaTour, M., 554, 701

Lau, J. T. F., 382

Lau, M., 382

Lau, R. R., 447, 454

Laugh-In, 324, 471

Lauricella, A., 640

Lauver, D., 572

Lauzen, M. M., 252253, 256

Lavigne, H. J., 31

Lavine, H., 382

Law and Order, 485

Lawrence, J., 446

Lawton, R., 572

Lazar, J., 231

Lazarsfeld, P., 46, 90, 91, 231, 286, 450451

Lazarus, R. S., 375378, 380381, 383, 386

LC4MP see Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing

Leaf, P. J., 689

Leaper, C., 255, 338

learning

and development, media effects on, 30

incidental, 41, 4345

with low involvement, 45

Lears, M., 262

Leary, M. R., 680, 684

LeBon, G., 493

LeDoux, J., 236, 375, 377, 382

Lee, A. Y., 568, 571, 575578

Lee, C., 447

Lee, J., 488

Lee, J. C., 340

Lee, J. K., 22, 45

Lee, M., 389, 713

Lee, N., 533

Lee, S., 217

Lee, S. J., 686, 688

Lee, T. T., 128

Lee, Y. C., 687

Lefkowitz, M. M., 233234, 251

Lehmann, D. R., 553

Leighley, J. E., 466

Leiserowitz, A., 383

leisure time, 173, 180, 469, 587, 646

Lemal, M., 385

Lemert, J. B., 468

Lemish, D., 641

Lemus, D. R., 534

L'Engle, K. L., 426

Lenhart, A., 14, 679, 752

Leno, Jay, 324, 325

Leone, R., 26, 415

Lepper, M. R., 129

Lerner, J. S., 376, 385, 388, 392

Lesh, R, 650

Leshner, G. M., 453

Lesik, S. A., 382

Leslie, F., 598

Lesser, G., 644, 646, 649

Lester, P. M., 320

Letterman, David, 324, 325

Leung, L., 152, 155, 159, 162

Levesque, R. J. R., 743, 751752

Levin, I. P., 568569

Levin, S. R., 637, 642

Levine, J. A., 438

Levine, K. J., 178, 260, 263

Levine, L., 598

Levine, M., 341, 704

Levy, D. T., 542

Levy, M. R., 153, 468

Lewin, T., 752

Lewis, C., 589, 593

Lewis, J., 387

Liben, L. S., 661

Liberman, A., 573

Lichtenstein, S., 383

Lichter, S. R., 486

Lichtman, K., 532

Lichty, L. W., 540

Lieberman, D., 538

Liebert, R., 658

Liebes, T., 67

Liebhart, J. L., 128, 133136

Lilenfeld, L., 336

Limber, S. P., 689

Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP), 208211

Lin, C. A., 152, 159, 727

Lin, G., 688

Lin, K., 258

Lin, T., 277

Linder, J. R., 409

Lindsay, J. J., 413

Linebarger, D. L., 622, 638, 643, 646648

Lingenfelter, M., 660

Linnan, L., 529

Linsangan, R., 431

Linz, D. G., 273276, 278, 283284, 287288, 297, 406, 408410

Lippincott, E. C., 403

Lippmann, Walter, 41, 493

Lipsey, M. W., 709

Lipsitz, G., 276

Liss, M. B., 120, 664

literacy, 2, 14, 3034, 647650, 754755

advertising, 588, 597, 603

see also media: literacy

Littau, J., 380

Little, T. D., 118

Littman, A. L., 258

Liu, M., 417

Liu, Z., 258

Livingstone, S., 1, 66, 67, 141, 317, 587588, 597, 691, 709, 729, 753

Livio, O., 507

Llamas, J. P., 43

Lodge, M., 382

Loevinger, J., 680

Loewenstein, G. F., 72, 376, 379, 383386, 392

Loftus, E. F., 94

Lombard, M., 130

London, P., 732

London School of Economics, 229

loneliness, 156158, 161, 507, 684, 686, 690

Long, J., 296

Long, N., 377

Longfield, J., 596

Longshore, D., 541

Lopez-Escobar, E., 43, 55

Lorch, E., 541, 637, 642, 661

Los Angeles, crime news reports in, 274275

loss-based frames, 29

Loudan, A., 447448

Loughlin, S., 598

Love, G. D., 751

Lowrey, S. A., 189

Lowry, R., 346

Lubbers, M., 300, 388

Lucas, K., 199

Lucht, N., 300

Luckmann, T., 64, 75

Lucove, J. C., 73

Ludwig, T. D., 558

Luecke-Aleksa, D., 648

Lull, J., 162

Lund, A. F., 621

Lund, L. K., 257

Luo, M., 510

Luskin, R. C., 516

Lüter, A., 97

Luthman, S., 407

Lutz, R. J., 592

Luxembourg

Internet usage, 15

Lyle, J., 199, 229230, 611, 621

Lynch, P. J., 409

Lynn, R., 210

Ma, R., 392

MacBeth, T. M., 229

Maccoby, Eleanor, 231

Macconi, I., 170, 171

Macdonald, G. E., 66, 73

MacGeorge, E. L., 380

Macgill, A. R., 14. 679

MacGregor, D. G., 383

Mackie, D., 296, 298, 311, 388, 491

Macklin, M. C., 590

MacKuen, M., 51, 491

macro-level framing and priming effects, 9193, 96103

macro-micro links, 93

macro-to-micro transitions, 92

Madden, M., 679

Maddox, K. B., 280, 301

magazines, 5, 35, 296, 321, 326, 343, 426, 432433, 435436, 537, 540, 595, 616, 650

daily reading, 14

Magic School Bus, The, 255

Magnet, S., 9

Maheswaran, D., 568, 571, 573574, 578579

Mahood, C., 191

Maibach, E., 527, 532, 556

mainstreaming, 6566, 90, 261

Maisel, L. S., 447

Major, A. M., 139

Malaviya, P., 587588

Mallinckrodt, V., 597

Manganello, J. A., 365

Mangleburg, T. F., 601

Mangold, R., 376

Manlove, J., 438

Mann, T. L., 568, 571, 575, 578

Manosevitch, E., 467

Manssens, J., 97

Manstead, A. S. R., 380

Manyozo, L., 14

Manz, J. G. P., 275

Maramba, I., 538

Marcus, G. E., 51, 491

Mares, M. L., 31, 412, 647, 658, 660, 662663, 667668

Margolis, D. M., 470

Marola, J. A., 258

Mari, J. D., 336

marketing, 28, 33, 346, 446, 541, 543, 588589, 602603, 701702, 706, 756757

see also social marketing

Markey, C. N., 366

Markey, P. M., 110, 366

Marlow, M. L., 137

Marquis, J., 622

Marseille, N. M., 725

Marsh, A. A., 380

Marshall, A. L., 538

Marshall, H. M., 579

Martel, M., 447

Martell, D., 527, 540, 543

Martin, C. D., 572

Martin, M. C., 595

Martin, P. S., 454

Martino, S. C., 430, 432433, 436, 572

Martis, G., 416

Marvin, C., 191

masculinity studies, 4

Mason, D. V., 259

Masterman, L., 710

Mastin, B., 556

Mastro, D., 2425, 253, 257, 260, 263, 272, 296300, 304306, 308309

materialism, 30, 257, 594595, 601, 707

Mass Communication and Society, 18

Mass Communication Theory (McQuail), 45

Mathiak, K., 17

Matillo, G. M., 412

Matsuba, M. K., 683684

Matthes, J., 48, 49, 128, 130

Matthews, A., 596

Matthews, V. P., 238

Matthias, S., 680

Mayer, V., 2, 67

Mayes, S., 430

Mayeux, L., 622

Mazalin, D., 683684

Mazis, M. B., 44

Mazur, E., 683

Mazzarella, S. R., 2, 4, 7

Mazzeo, S. E., 366

Mazzoleni, G., 474

McAdam, D., 97

McAdams, D. P., 178

McAllister, D. J., 131

McCabe, M. P., 340

McCain, John, 486, 510

McCann, R., 534

McCarthy, C., 5, 621

McCaul, K. D., 572

McChesney, R., 493, 744

McComas, K. A., 382, 392

McCombs, M., 22, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 91, 94, 95, 631

McCoy, K., 282

McDaniel, M. L., 51

McDermott, S., 199, 232

McDonald, D. G., 467

McEvoy, S. A., 342

McGee, J., 669

McGinnis, J. M., 596

McGlone, M., 309

McGraw, K. O., 661

McGuire, T. R., 172, 620

McGuire, W. J., 55

McGwire, Mark, 555

McIntosh, W. D., 256

McKenna, K. Y. A., 287, 679

McKenna, L., 512513

McKenzie, L. B., 365

McKinley, C., 756

McKinney, M. S., 447, 455

McLaughlin, B., 44

McLeary, P., 325

McLeod, D. M., 90, 137

McLeod, J., 66, 90, 91, 92, 101, 232, 466470

McMenamin, K., 647

McMurria, J., 359

McNeal, R., 470, 518

McPhee, W. N., 450

McQuail, D., 3, 45, 7, 67, 90, 93, 149, 151

Mead, N., 614

Meadow, R. G., 447

Meadowcroft, J., 210

mean world syndrome, 233, 235

meaning modalities, 537

Mears, B., 750751

Medal of Honor, 239

media

campaigns, 2829

effects

changes and continuities, 1335

examining nature of, 35

on learning and development, 30

negative, 30

paradigm, 8

scholarship, 1527

theories on, 40244

entertainment

adaptive function of, 182

enjoyable psychological growth during media exposure, 176181

enjoyable recreation during media exposure, 173176

and recreation and psychological growth, 170182; enjoyment of, 172173

theorizing, 170172

exposure, 149

influence on racial/ethnic stereotypes, 295311

in young people, 613

images, effects of, 258264

literacy, 1921, 3234, 348, 534, 602, 699714, 723725, 729735

applications and interventions, 701706

defined, 699700

efficacy of, 699714

understanding, 711712

see also parental mediation in developing media literacy

message processing and embodied mind, 205220

military and public, 316327

multitasking, 15, 250, 613, 642

policy

and children's media exposure, 3334, 742758

federal children's media policies, 745753

federal funding programs, 753755

foundations of, 742745

self-regulation, 755757

portrayals of race/ethnicity in, 296298

producers, 16

production, 67; skills, 33

psychology, 8, 13, 34; emergence of, 1834

and public agenda, 4243

salience, 55

selection/use and motives, 157159

stereotypes, 25, 296

technology, 742743

trust in, 128, 129132

use of around world, 1315

utility, 159

violence see violence in media

Media Education Foundation, 707

Media Psychology, 18

media-trained behavior, 108109, 119

media violence exposure index (MEVI), 238

mediated intergroup contact, 307308

mediating variables, 41

mediation, 1, 3, 599, 601, 669, 671

see also parental mediation in developing media literacy

Mednick, S. A., 112

Meekers, D., 560

Meeus, W. H. J., 159

Meili, H. K., 706

Melfi, V., 650

Melican, D. B., 286287

Meline, C. W., 623

Melnyk, S. E., 335

Meltzoff, A. N., 639640

memory-based processes, 7071

Mendelberg, T., 304305

Mendelson, A. L., 158, 160, 358

Mendelsohn, H., 553

Meneguelli, A., 726

Mens, C., 600

Menzel, H., 91

Meraz, S., 516

Meringoff, L. K., 623

Merskin, D. K., 273, 277, 298

Mertens, D. M., 529

Merton, R. K., 100

Mesch, G. S., 687688

meso-level framing and priming effects, 9193, 96103

meso-micro transitions, 93

message appeals: persuasive incentives, 535536

message content: informational vs. persuasive, 534

message features: qualitative dimensions, 534535

message framing

defining, 567569

and health-related persuasion, 567580

approach/avoidance motivation, 574576

desirability of end-states, 576577

issue involvement, 573574

type of health behavior, 571573

moderators of effects, 571577

origins of, 569750

research on, 570571

message processing and embodied mind, 205220

future research, 220

mind, body, and media, 206208

operational model, 212218

dynamic message measurements, 216218

motivated cognitive measures, 213216

theoretical model (LC4MP), 208212

message sources, 526527, 536

message system analysis, 64

message types, 533536

prevention vs. promotion, 533

Messaris, P., 725, 728

Messeri, P., 541

Messineo, M., 257258

Metzger, M. J., 534

MEVI see media violence exposure index

Meyer, G., 527

Meyer, H. K., 514

Meyerowitz, B. E., 570572

Meyers-Levy, J., 571, 573574, 578579, 587588

Michie, S., 538

Michigan State University (MSU), 542543

micro-level framing and priming effects, 9193, 9495

micro-macro links, 93

micro-to-macro transitions, 92

Middle East, 131

television consumption, 15

middle frontal gyrus (MFG), 238

Middleton, B., 387

Middleton, D., 669

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, 413

Mikami, A. L., 340

Mikami, S., 53

Mikos, L., 378

Milavsky, J. R., 233234

Milbank, D., 321322

milblogs, 325326

Milbrath, L., 464

military, media, and public, relationship between, 316327

embedded reporters, 318320

media and war, 316317

nontraditional sources of information, 324326

blogs, 325326

late-night comedy, 324325

press/military relationship, 317318

public opinion and war, 322323

visual images of war, 320322

Millar, K., 572

Millar, M. G., 572

Miller, A., 110, 730

Miller, A. R., 702

Miller, E., 701

Miller, J. M., 49, 50, 53, 132

Miller, M. M., 97

Miller, P., 297298

Miller, T. W., 556

Miller, Y. D., 538

Milliken, M. C., 517

mind

body and media, 206208

as embodied organ, 205

Ming, L. K., 120

minimal effects theory, 450456

Minnebo, J., 157

minorities, 136, 263, 273, 276280, 283285, 288, 301, 303, 305, 533

and gender, 253

improving attitudes toward, 306

model, 277

minority group members' evaluations of self, 305306

Miron, D., 72, 136, 171, 172, 175, 176, 181, 182

Miss Spider's Neighborhood, 664

Mister Rogers, 404

Mitchell, A., 532

Mitchell, C., 662

Mitchell, K. J., 689

Mitchell, K. S., 366

Mitchell-Kerman, C., 251

Mizerski, D., 597

Mizuno, Y., 559

mobile phones, 2, 9, 35, 73, 536, 538, 540, 679

adolescents and, 21

mobile technology, 12

mobilization-based approaches, 96

model minorities, 277

modeling multi-level media framing and priming effects

cross-sectional challenges, 98101

dynamic structure of target of effects, 102

follow-up effect, 100, 102

group contexts, 99100

longitudinal challenges, 101103

mechanism, 100

reciprocal bottom-up and top-down transitions, 101

target, 100

Modigliani, A., 96, 97

Moise-Titus, J., 413

Molina Guzmán, I., 5, 6

Moller, I., 113, 118, 122

Monaco, J., 643

Monahan, J. L., 74

Mondale, Walter, 451

Monday, K. A., 572

Monge, D., 5

Mongeau, P., 527

Monitoring the Future survey (1985), 263

Monshouwer, H. J., 114

Montoya, J. A., 559560

mood adjustment, 193194

mood management theory, 174, 193

Moon, S. J., 57

Moons, W. G., 491

Moore, E. S., 592, 598

Moore, K. A., 431, 438

Moore, R. J., 380

Moore, S., 683684

moral disengagement, 196

morality, 43, 191

Morey, A., 486

Morgan, G. S., 389

Morgan, M., 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 233, 251, 260262, 278, 283, 296, 361, 384385, 627

Morgan, S. J., 356

Morgenstern, M., 345, 728

Morley, D., 6, 67, 141, 232

Morris, J. S., 324, 473, 485, 487, 489

Morrison, D. E., 320

Mortal Kombat, 404

Moschis, G. P., 591

Moses, L. J., 597

Moses, N. N., 281, 303, 309

Mosimann, J. E., 336

Moskalenko, S., 175

motivated cognitive measures, 213216

motivational activation, 214

motivational system, 24

motives

communication, 151153

and media selection/use, 157159

Motoki, E., 650

Mou, Y., 417

Mounts, J. R. W., 110

movies, 159

gender-role images 256257

teen, 263

Moy, P., 2728, 96, 136, 324325, 465467, 469470, 472473

Moyer, E., 191

Moyer-Gusé, E., 360, 384, 386, 486, 490

Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, 621

MRI technology, 405

Mudore, C. F., 710

Mueller, J., 317, 322323

Muentener, P., 640641

Mukherjee, R., 5

Mulac, A., 73

Muller, F., 389

Mullin, C. R., 409410

multi-level approaches in media effects research, 89103

multitasking, media, 15, 250, 613, 642

Mumford, E. A., 542

Münch, R., 91

Mundorf, J., 171

Mundorf, N., 171, 178

Muraven, M., 174, 175

Murdock, G., 100

Murnen, S. K., 337

Murphy, S., 306

Murray, J. P., 17, 23, 24, 228, 229, 231, 232, 235, 237, 240, 403, 405

Murray-Johnson, L., 530

Musher-Eizenman, D. R., 273, 277, 667

music videos, 74, 190, 263264, 383, 429431

and gender-role images, 256257

Muslow, M., 621

Mutz, D. C., 130, 137, 468469, 476, 508, 512, 514

Myers, N. A., 661

Myers, P. N., 337, 339341

Myllyluoma, J., 559

MySpace, 446, 753

Nabi, R. L., 26, 73, 160, 201, 356358, 360367, 384, 386, 392, 486, 490491

Nacos, B. L., 96, 99, 388, 389

NAEP see National Assessment of Educational Progress

NAES, 488

NAFTA, 455

Nagasawa, R., 277

Naigles, L., 622

Nakada, M., 53

Namkoong, K., 512, 517

NAMLE see National Association for Media Literacy Education

Nan, X., 29, 568, 571, 575, 577579

Nanchahal, K., 559

Napoli, P. M., 743744

Narvaez, D., 657, 661662

Nash, A., 593

Nass, C., 130, 211

Nathan, J. G., 642

Nathanson, A. I., 72, 137, 196, 198, 380, 669, 703, 706, 724726, 728, 732

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 614

National Association for Media Literacy Education (NAMLE), 700

National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD), 336

National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 425

National Cancer Institute, 529

National Center for Educational Statistics, 614

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 231

National Election Studies (NES), 56

National Health Examination (NHE), 618

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 231, 233

National Opinion Resource Center (NORC) General Social Survey, 66, 261

National Press Photographers Association, 321

National Research Council, Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior, 236

National Science Foundation, 755

National Telemedia Council, 707

National Television Violence Study (NTVS), 414

Native Americans, 253, 273, 277, 296, 298, 300

Navracruz, L. C., 703

NBC, 367, 493, 751

News, 425

study, 233234

NCAA, 505

Neace, W. P., 258

need for orientation (NFO), and agenda setting, 4649

Need for Speed, 239

negative active mediation, 33, 723, 725726, 731732, 734735

negative attitudes and behaviors, risks in modeling, 664666

negative attribute agenda, 57

negative media effects, 30, 734

unintended, 160161

negative valence, 50, 574

negotiation models of media effects, 9091

Negra, D., 5

Nell, V., 171

Nelson, J. S., 447

Nelson, M., 472

Nelson, T. E., 52, 95

neoliberalism, 5

neo-Marxist political economy, 7

Nerone, J., 2, 6

NES see National Election Studies

Netherlands, the, 1, 8, 19, 413, 602, 660, 686

Internet usage, 15

television consumption, 15

Netzley, S. B., 257

network analysis, 5

Neuman, S. B., 622

Neuman, W. R., 491

networks, 12, 7, 115, 253, 278279, 282, 286, 321, 450, 466, 472, 486, 493, 507, 509, 513, 528529, 593, 599, 658, 681, 743, 746747, 751, 756

social, 152, 392, 468, 471, 510, 516

Neuendorf, K., 299, 377

Neuman, S. R., 614, 618, 668

Neuman, W. R., 44, 51, 67, 507, 627

neuroscience, 17

and media violence, 2324

New Electric Company, 755

New Friend, The, 665

New York Times, 513

New Zealand

Internet usage, 15

Newbitt, K. M., 413

Newcomb, H., 66, 67

Newcomer, S. E., 431

Newell, S. J., 326

Newhagen, J., 69, 73, 130, 317

Newman, J., 180

news framing, 568569

news media

agenda setting, 22

Chapel Hill study on issue coverage, 42

content studies of local news

programming, 274277

summary of findings, 277278

coverage of politics, 16, 21, 28

credibility, 22

crime coverage and race, 24

effects of online news portrayals, 286287

as “hostile,” 22

how stereotyped media content affects individual, 278284

newspaper news, 28

online, 24

and politics online, 509511

portrayal of Latinos in, 275276

portrayal of other marginalized groups in, 275276

portrayal of Whites in, 276277

and race, 272288

revisiting in new media environment, 284287

shortcomings in prior research, 287288

studying, 272273

representation of war in, 19, 20, 25

satirical news programs, 28

traditional, 24

newspaper(s), 7, 14, 28, 35, 4446, 51, 53, 57, 149, 158, 160, 192, 281, 321, 323, 411412, 467469, 496, 510, 537, 539, 542, 616, 744

Neznanski, M. C., 325

Nick News, 649

Nickell, E., 380

Nickelodeon, 346

Nicol, A., 620, 725

Nie, N., 465, 507, 687

Niederdeppe, J., 533

Nieding, G., 172, 181

Nielsen Media Company, 14, 250

Niemi, R. G., 465

Nikken, P., 732

NIMH see National Institute of Mental Health

Nir, L., 466, 516

Nisbet, E., 468

Nisbet, M., 468

Niven, D., 486

Nivens, E. E., 406

Nixon, M. C., 661

Nixon, Richard M., 446, 448, 471472

Noar, S. M., 527, 529, 537

Noelle-Neumann, E., 90, 96, 100, 103

Nolan, M. T., 74

nontraditional adventure cartoons, 255

nonverbal behavior, 5657

Norris, O., 140

Norris, P., 469

Norway

Internet usage, 15

television consumption, 15

Notley, T., 507

Novak, T. P., 753

Noyes, R., 322

Nugent, B., 259

numerical literacy, 31, 648

Nunes, M. A., 336

NTVS see National Television Violence Study

Nyberg, S. E., 213

Nygard, C. H., 687

Oakes, J. M., 91

Oakes, P. J., 308, 387

Obama, Barack, 309, 321, 445447, 496, 510

Obel, C., 621

obesity, 20, 25

and media, 345347

and overweight, 595596

object salience, 43, 51, 54

O'Brien, Conan, 324

Obsessed, 367

occupations, 254255

Ochshorn, P., 711

O'Connor, D. B., 572

O'Dea, J. A., 700

O'Donnell, S., 517

Oehlberg, L., 380

Oetting, J. B., 622

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 540541

Ofcom, 15

Office, The, 367

Ogden, M. D., 366

Ogletree, S. M., 259

O'Guinn, T. C., 70, 283

Ohler, P., 172, 181

Ohman, A., 210, 375377, 384387, 389

O'Keefe, D. J., 527, 571572, 577, 708

Olczak, P. V., 110

old media technologies, 2

Oleson, K. C., 309

Olevitch, L., 537

Olivardia, R., 337

Oliver, M. B., 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 180, 192, 193, 280282, 303, 309, 360, 389, 450, 701, 706709, 711, 713

Omdahl, B., 383, 385

O'Neal, E. C., 194

online chatting, 162, 466, 516

online ethnographies, 8

online news, 24, 28, 131, 272273, 285288, 321, 325326, 509511

effects of portrayals, 286287

online public sphere and political messaging, 515517

Operation “Enduring Freedom,” 319

Operation Iraqi Freedom scenario, 92, 93, 98

operationalizations, 71, 73, 150, 407, 465, 568569, 576577

opinion dispersion, 56

opinion formation, 25, 513

and agenda setting, 5556

opinion polarization, 56

Opp, K.-D., 99

Oppenheim, A. N., 229

Oppliger, R. A., 261

Oprah, 28

Opree, S. J., 594

Ordman, V., 178

O'Reilly, Bill, 388

O'Reilly Factor, The, 489

Organ, A., 173

Ornstein, R., 236

Orobio de Castro, B., 114, 117

Ortiz, M., 299300, 308

Ortony, A., 375

Osborn, D. K., 236, 237, 379, 404

Osswald, S., 121, 122

Oswald, D., 273, 277

Overkill, 410

overweight and obesity, 25, 334, 336, 342347, 557, 594596

Owen, L. H., 589

Owen, N., 559

Owren, M. J., 377

Oxley, Z. M., 52, 95

Ozretich, R. A., 703

Padgett, K., 385

Pae, S., 622

Paek, H., 466, 512

Page, B. I., 476

Paik, H., 235, 415

Pajares, E., 200

Pakistan, 321

Palestinians, 131, 133, 135

Palin, Sarah, 471, 486

Palmer, K. S., 364

Palmgreen, P., 152, 157, 529, 531, 541

Pan, Z., 91, 92, 97, 101, 136, 466, 569

Panee, C. D., 406

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 614

Panksepp, J., 236

Pantii, M., 359

Papacharissi, Z., 152, 154160, 358, 516

Papadakis, M., 507

paradigm diversity, 4

Paradise, A., 26, 416417

Parameswaran, R., 2, 78

parasocial identification, 554555

parasocial interaction (PSI), 26, 159160, 176, 259, 363, 378, 439

parasocial relationships (PSR), 307, 363364

Pardun, C. J., 426, 432, 435436

parent–child communication about media and media literacy, 733

parent–child conflict, 586, 594595

Parental Advisory Label system (aka Tipper Sticker), 756

parental communication, 586587, 599603

and media literacy, 723725, 727732, 734735

and alcohol use, 734

parental coviewing, 31, 34, 733

parental interactions around media, 19

parental mediation in developing media literacy, 2021, 3234, 136, 723735

effects on children and adolescents, 725728

in homes and schools, 724725

media literacy and substance use, 730731

parental communication and media literacy, 729730, 733

parenting, 21, 235, 365

parents, 21, 30, 33

explaining TV content to children, 669

role in children's advertising, 599602

Parents Music Resource Center, 755

Park, B., 70, 94, 213, 214, 217, 319320

Park, H., 511

Park, N., 509

Parker, E. B., 229230, 611, 621

Parker, J. C., 537

Parker, M., 297298

Parkin, M., 473

Parrelli, S., 446

Parrott, R., 527

Parrott, S., 340, 344345

Pasek, J., 470

Pasold, T., 411

Patterson, K. A., 340

Patterson, S., 152

Pauker, K., 304

Paul, C., 317318

Payne, E., 713

Payne, J., 198

Payne Fund Studies, 2

Pazdro, S., 517

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), 622

Pearl, D., 231

Pechmann, C., 598

Pecora, N., 228, 232

Pedzek, K., 623

Peep and the Big Wide World, 755

Peeters, A., 725

Peffley, M., 280, 282, 301, 309

Pemberton, M., 724

Pempek, T. A., 621, 637, 639, 641

Peng, W., 417

Penrod, G., 321

Penrod, S., 409410

People Magazine, 425

People's Choice, The (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, & Gaudet), 450

Pepler, D., 687

perceptions of media, 128142

audience trust in media, 129132

hostile, 132136

perceived media influence, 136138

toward theory of, 138142

perceptual schema, 112, 114115, 119120

Perchmann, C., 577

Perdue, L., 336

Peri, Y., 473, 498

Perlman, C. A., 255

Perlmutter, D. D., 321, 512

Perloff, R. M., 133, 135, 136, 391, 536

Perse, E. M., 73, 151153, 157161, 369

Persian Gulf, 321

see also Iraq: 1st and 2nd Gulf Wars

Persing, J. A., 366

Person, A. V., 273, 277

personal makeover shows, television, 26

personal relevance, 4950, 134

personality factors and media violence, 197198

personality traits, 23, 66, 156157, 197, 359, 362, 416

personalization, 537, 554555

personological factors, 202

Persson, A., 667

persuasive media, 21, 2829, 95, 711

Peter, J., 3132, 74, 162, 679690, 692n1

Peters, E., 72, 383

Petersen, S., 596

Peterson, B., 336

Peterson, C. C., 623

Peterson, J. L., 431, 623

Peterson, R. L., 324

Petrocik, J. R., 447

Petrovich, N., 17

Pettigrew, T., 307

Petty, R. E., 134, 497, 528, 573574, 578, 587589, 591

Pew Internet and American Life Project, 505507, 511512, 515516

Pew Research Center, 284, 317, 324, 471, 486, 488

Pfau, M., 317, 319, 321324, 326327, 447, 454455, 472473

Phalen, P. E., 540

Phan, T., 336

Phelps, E., 713

Philadelphia local television news, 274

Philport, J. C., 131

physiological boundaries of challenge-seeking, 180181

physiological effect of media, 20, 23, 35

physiological resources, recovery of, 174175

Piaget, J., 631

Picot, A., 336

Pidgeon, N., 383

Pierce, J. P., 541

Pierce, T., 686

Pierroutsakos, S. L., 640

Piette, J., 730

Pike, J. J., 263

Pine, K. J., 593

Pingree, S., 68, 6970, 299, 644

Pinkleton, B. E., 700702, 706712, 726, 730, 732

Piotrowski, J. T., 643

Pipher, M., 337

Piran, N., 336, 704

Pitton, V., 5

Pitts, R. E., 554

Plant, A., 559560

Plato, 496

pleasure research, 171

Podolski, C. P., 413

Poindexter, P. M., 276277

Poland, 486

television consumption, 15

Polat, R. K., 518

Pole, A., 512513

political advertising, 16, 21, 27, 28, 51, 56, 446447, 454, 456

functions and topics of, 449

see also political TV advertising and debates

political blogs, 25, 471, 505, 511515

political comedy, 28, 464, 471473, 475

political communication, 16, 22, 2728, 89, 94, 103, 301, 463464, 466, 471472, 474475, 477, 484485, 488, 491, 509, 568

impact area of, 50

see also political entertainment

political debates, 27, 28, 447449, 454455

functions and topics of, 449

see also political TV advertising and debates

political decision-making, 304305

political economy, 7

political entertainment, 21, 25, 28

effects mechanisms, 490491

hybridity, 491492

importance of content, 485487

rise of, 485487

and traditional political communication outlets, 484498

who is watching what?, 487490

political information, 28, 44, 155, 157, 455, 473, 475476, 484, 486487, 489, 491, 494, 509, 511512, 516

political messaging and online public sphere, 505, 515517

political participation, 57, 132, 140, 455, 463466, 468, 470, 476, 506, 509510, 514, 516, 518

political science, 3, 7374, 91

political TV advertising and debates, 445456

campaign media effects, 449450

causes and characteristics of hybrid political media environment, 492495

effects of debates, 454456

effects of television spots, 453454

importance of, in contemporary society, 445448

minimal effects theory, 450456

nature of RV spots and debates, 448449

US presidential debates, 447448

US presidential television slots, 446447

Pollack, H., 438

Pollay, R. W., 594

Pollydore, C.-A., 390

Pomper, G. M., 447

Ponder, J. D., 156

Poniewozik, J., 364

Pooley, J., 75

Pope, H. G., 337

Popkin, S. L., 44

Pornsakulvanich, V., 149, 153, 155, 156, 159, 162

Porterfield, K., 336338

Portnoy, D. B., 538

Portwood-Stacer, L., 359

Posavac, H. D., 335

Posavac, S. S., 335

positive attitudes and beliefs toward violence, 113

positive attribute agenda, 57

positive psychology, 173, 176

Posner, M. I., 44

post-auricular response (PA response), 215216

postcolonial studies, 8

postfeminist culture, 5

post-9/11 news use, 161

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 237

Pottebaum, S. M., 614

Potter, R. F., 215217

Potter, W. J., 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 192, 356, 361, 403, 414415, 618, 701

Pouliot, C., 171

Poulton, R., 620

Powell, C., 596

Powell, L., 346

Powell, R. A., 160

Power, J., 306

power structures in society, 22

Powerpuff Girls, 259

Powers, J. L., 688

Prager, K., 680

prefrontal cortex, exploring, 238240

preschoolers, 31, 32, 641642

task analysis on viewing, 642644

auditory attention, 642

comprehension, 643644

visual attention, 642643

Press, A. L., 487

Prestin, A., 200

prevention behaviors, 571

Price, V., 46, 52, 94, 98, 137, 466, 516, 569

Priester, J. R., 588

priming, 22, 25, 5354

attribute priming, 5455

experimental research using, 280284

and framing effects, 89103

beyond micro-level, 9698

meso- and macro-levels, 9193, 96103

micro-level, 9193, 9495

modern paradigms of media effects, 9091

multi-level matrix, 9194

sociological approaches, 9698

real-world racial/ethnic evaluations, 301303

Prinsen, T. J., 257

Prinstein, M. J., 708

print news, 160, 275276, 284, 319, 322323, 510

Prior, M., 472, 474, 491

process evaluation, 529

Prochaska, J., 528

product advertising, 158

Profitt, J. M., 517

prognostic framing, 96

programmatic effectiveness, 530

Projansky, S., 5

Project for Excellence in Journalism, 486

Proposition 8, 517

prosocial behavior, 119122, 403, 412, 526, 635, 648, 659660, 664, 667

prosocial media exposure, 119120, 122

prosocial musical lyrics, 121

prosocial TV content, 21, 31, 32, 657671

activities elaborating on, 669671

adding explanatory inserts to, 667671

identifying prosocial lesson of TV or film narratives, 662663

repeated exposure to, 666667

risks in modeling negative attitudes and behaviors, 664666

strategies to increase positive effects, 666667

television as prosocial force, 657659

weak effects of unaided viewing at home, 659660

younger viewers need help interpreting, 660663

prosocial videogames, 121

Pruzinsky, T., 341, 366

psychological growth, 173

and entertainment and recreation, 170182

psychology, 17, 73

and communication, 18

of relevance and agenda-setting effects, 49

psychophysiology, 207208

psychosocial development, 678692

psychoticism and exposure to media violence, 110

Pu, J., 181

public communication campaigns, 21, 29

advances in, 526544

design and management, 527529

examples

anti-drug campaigns, 540541

antismoking campaigns, 541542

risky drinking campaigns, 542543

formative research in design, 528529

mediated communication channels: mass and digital, 536539

message types, 533536

process evaluation, 529

quantitative dissemination factors, 539540

studying, 526527

summative evaluation of effects, 529533

public opinion, 20, 25, 41, 58, 101, 132, 135, 316317, 321, 326327, 533, 755, 757

polls, 323

and war, 322323

public order vs. free speech, 52

Public Opinion (Lippmann), 41

public salience, 51, 5556

public service announcements, 21

Puhl, R. M., 342343

Punamaki, R. L., 687

Purushotma, R., 709

Putnam, R., 465, 469, 508

Puzzle Place, The, 647

Pyle, E., 317

Qatar, 336

qualitative methodologies, 5

Quan Haase, A., 505, 508

Quandt, T., 93

quantitative content analysis, 64

quantitative methodologies, 5

Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, 363

Quesada, A., 701

Quick, B. L., 579

Quinn, D. M., 390

Quinn, P., 446

Quintero Johnson, J., 730

Qvist, J., 336

Rabin, R. C., 508

race, 5

and ethnicity in media, 2425

portrayals of, 296298

framing in traditional media, 273278

and news, 272288

coverage of crime, 24

revisiting in new media environment, 284287

shortcomings in prior research, 287288

studying, 272273

see also ethnicity; minorities; stereotypes

race-coded issues, 282

racial bias in news, 24, 283, 304

racial diversity, 4

racial/ethnic evaluations, priming real-world, 301303

racial/ethnic stereotypes, influence of media exposure on, 295311

racial identification, 306, 308

Racine Group, 447

racism, 5

radio(s), 14

daily audience

in UK, 1415

in US, 14

global nature, 14

music, 149

permanence of, 2

quiz shows, 149

serials, 149

Rafaeli, S., 516

Raffeld, P., 259

Raine, A., 112

Rains, S. A., 537

Ramasubramanian, S., 701, 706709, 711, 713

Raney, A. A., 179, 195, 256

rap videos, 257, 263264

Rapaczynski, W. S., 620

Rasinski, K. A., 383

Rawlings, E., 230

Ray, S., 541

Rayburn, J. D., II, 152, 157

Rayner, M., 596

Razel, M., 614, 618620

Reading Rainbow, 649

Ready To Learn Television initiative, 755

Reagan, Ronald, 54, 321, 451, 540, 744

Real Time with Bill Maher, 494

Real World, 356

real-world contact, 307

reality crime, 26, 357, 360

reality television, 56

benefits of, 364365

cultural perspectives, 359360

defining, 356357

effects of consumption, 359361

empirical approaches, 360361

and health effects, 26

identification with personalities, 362364

research, 355369

and viewers' health, 365368

why people watch, 357359

Reality TV World, 355

Reardon, M. E., 152

recognition

measuring, 213

technology, 9

Recording Industry Association of America, 756

recreation, 23

and psychological growth

enjoyment of, 172173

and entertainment, 170182

in supportive environments, 175176

recuperative behaviors, 571572, 580

Reeves, B., 210, 211, 259

Reger, B., 558560

Reicher, S. D., 387

Reichert, B. P., 97

Reichert, T., 701, 706709, 712

Reid, E., 683

Reid, S. A., 137

Reifler, J., 323

Reimers, T. M., 614

Reinard, J. C., 536

Reinecke, L., 175, 182

reinforcement, 65, 90

Reinhardt, L. C., 120, 664

Reinhart, A. M., 579

Reis, H. T., 680

Reiss, S., 356, 358

Reitman, Jason, 490

relaxation, 44, 151152, 157158, 160, 174

relevance

and agenda setting, 4852

emotional, 49

personal, 49

social, 49

and uncertainty, 49

remediation, 3

Repetti, R. L., 182

reporter “embedding” in military units, 25

representational analysis, 7

Republicans, 446

Resnick, D. D., 470

resonance, 65

retrievability, 682683

retrieval, 210, 214

Reyes, M., 662

Rheingold, H., 470

Rhodes, J., 538

Ribak, R., 136

Ricciardelli, L. A., 340

Rice, M. L., 622, 640, 646

Rice, R. E., 29, 527, 530, 537

Richards, J. W., 590

Richert, R. A., 638

Richeson, J. A., 390

Richie, Nicole, 750, 752

Richins, M. L., 335336, 595

Rickwood, D. J., 405

Rid, T., 317318, 320

Riddle, K., 191

Rideout, V. J., 1415, 250, 346, 425, 434435, 587, 598, 612614, 622, 627, 629, 631, 638, 641, 669, 679

Ridolfi, D. R., 706

Riffe, D., 16

Rimal, R. N., 537

Rimpela, A., 687

Rindfleisch, A., 588

risk, 26

perceptions

behavioral consequences of, 386387

and media-influenced fear, 384386

media influence on, 383384

ratios, 64

Ritchie, L. D., 598

Ritt-Olson, A., 532

Ritterfeld, U., 17, 170

Rivadeneyra, R., 262, 306, 435

Rivers, C., 659

Robb, M. B., 638

Robelia, B., 507

Robert, D. F., 14

Roberto, E. L., 557

Roberto, N., 533

Roberts, A., 640

Roberts, D. E., 250

Roberts, D. F., 426, 434, 587, 612613, 627, 629, 631, 679

Roberts, E. J., 427

Roberts, T.-A., 341

Robertson, J. W., 198

Robertson, T. S., 44, 593

Robins, R. W., 17

Robinson, J. L., 181

Robinson, J. P., 232, 468, 507

Robinson, T. N., 703, 713

Rochford, E. B., 96

Rockman, E., 649

Rockwell, S. C., 429

Rodeheffer, C. D., 405

Rodgers, S., 297298

Roe, K., 74, 157

Rogers, E., 527528, 531532, 537, 554

Rogers, R. W., 554

Rojas, T. H., 590

Rojecki, A., 273, 282

Rokeach, M., 489

Rolie Polie Olie, 664

Roloff, M. E., 69

Romer, D., 273276, 278, 297, 470

Romney, Mitt, 446

Room by Room, 365

Roona, M. R., 711

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 321

Rosario, H. H., 172

Rosen, J. B., 375376

Rosenberg, M., 684

Rosengren, K. E., 75, 149, 151, 155

Rosenkoetter, L., 658, 660, 662, 703, 712

Rosenkoetter, S., 703

Rosenthal, R., 454

Rosenwasser, S., 660

Roser, C., 554

Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., 299

Roskos-Ewoldsen, D., 299, 378, 589

Ross, D., 230, 412

Ross, G., 669

Ross, L., 122

Ross, S. A., 412

Ross, S. H., 230

Rosselli, F., 296

Rossiter, J. R., 554

Rossler, P., 55

Rossmann, R., 175

Rothbart, M. K., 637

Rothenberg, R., 709

Rothman, A. J., 568, 571572, 574, 576, 578579

Rothschild, M. R., 555558

Rotter, J. B., 129

Rouner, D., 386

Rousseau, D., 129

Routledge Handbook of Emotions and Mass Media, The (Doveling et al.), 17

Rovner, I. B., 454

Roy, A., 296, 303, 305

Rozendaal, E., 597

Rozin, P., 171, 176, 180, 182

Rubens, W. S., 233234

Rubin, A. M., 149160, 162, 163, 628

index of television-viewing motives, 151

Rubin, M., 572

Rubin, R. B., 153, 155, 158, 161

Rubin, Z., 680

Rubinstein, E. A., 660

Ruble, A. E., 337

Rucht, D., 102

Rueter, T., 447

Ruff, H., 637

Ruginyte, D., 358

Runco, M., 623

Russello, L., 559

Rust, L. W., 648

Ryan, R. M., 173, 175177, 180

Sabido, M., 537

Sabra and Shatila massacre, Lebanon, 133

safe sex, 27, 425, 427, 429, 434, 436439

Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat, 664

Sahin, V., 486

Sailor Moon, 256257

Saito, R., 538

Saleem, M., 120

Salmon, C., 527, 530531, 534, 536, 539

Salomon, G., 73, 620

Salop, S. C., 44

Salovey, P., 568, 571572, 574, 578579

Salter, C. A., 618, 624

Samuels, J., 662

San Salvador, 321

Sancho, C., 340

Sanders, A. K., 593

Sanders, J., 637

Sanders-Jackson, A., 217, 687

Sandman, C. A., 208

Sandvig, C., 5

Santomero, A., 645, 666

Saper, C. B., 172

Sapolsky, B. S., 175, 179

Sargent, J. D., 345, 728

Sarin, R. K., 171

Saron, C., 237

Sarwer, D. B., 366

satirical news programs, 28

Saturday Night Live, 464

Saving Private Ryan (film), 415

Sawalani, G. M., 118

Sayeed, S., 528

Saylor, M. M., 640

Sayre, B., 28, 512513, 517

Scalia, Justice, 751

Scanfeld, D., 538

Scanfeld, V., 538

Scantlin, R., 748750

Scharrer, E., 2, 89, 19, 258, 411412, 416, 616, 624625, 627630, 701, 703704, 706709, 712

Schatz, A., 752

Scheepers, P., 300, 388

Scheier, M. F., 575

Schellenberg, J. R. M. A., 560

Schenk, M., 55

Scherer, K. 110, 375, 377, 383, 385, 392

Schermer, F., 704

Scheufele, B. T., 22, 91, 92, 93, 95

Scheufele, D. A., 22, 52, 53, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 384385, 448, 466, 468, 568

Schiappa, E., 307, 363364, 389

Schlenger, W. E., 380, 382

Schlozman, K., 465, 470

Schmeichel, B. J., 174, 181

Schmidt, M. E., 617, 620621, 630

Schmierbach, M., 512

Schmitt, K. L., 175, 639, 646, 648, 658, 680, 683684, 744746, 749

Schmitt, K. M., 133

Schneider, S. K., 559

Schneider, W., 208

Schoenbach, K., 51

scholastic achievement and media use, 611631

achievement as function of viewing time, 619620

and attention span, 619620

creativity and imaginative thinking, 623624

displacement hypothesis, 625626

educational resources and achievement, 617

interference, 626

key questions, 611612

language and vocabulary, 621623

media exposure in young people, 613

preeminence of television, 612613

relationship between television and achievement, 613617

curvilinearity in, 618619

path model, 628

pathways, 626

vanishing, 617618

sixth grade achievement and television viewing habits, 615

and socialization, 626627

Schooler, C., 553

Schooler, D., 428

school(s), 14, 30

curricula on making own media, 34

parental mediation in developing media literacy, 724725

readiness, 31

role of media on performance in, 30

Schools and Libraries Universal Service Support Mechanism (aka E-Rate), 753

Schouten, A. P., 162, 680

Schouten, F., 162, 446, 680, 682, 685, 688

Schramm, W., 229230, 232, 611, 621, 623

Schroeder, A., 447

Schrott, P. R., 447

Schudson, M., 466, 493

Schulkin, J., 375376

Schultz, D. A., 447

Schulz, W., 100

Schulze, L., 434

Schupak-Neuberg, E., 336

Schuster, D., 701

Schuurman, J., 596

Schwalbe, C., 320, 325

Schwartz, D., 336

Schwartz, M. P., 590

Schwartz, N., 306, 574

Scott, D., 409410

Scott, W. R., 100

Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., 538

script theory, 114, 116117

Scully, M. L., 592

Seals, B. F., 559

Seaman, W. R., 68

Sears, D. O., 286

Segrin, C., 73

Segura, G., 321, 323

selective exposure, 23, 149, 161, 286287, 303, 381, 451, 512, 591

to violent media, 189202

selective perception, 160, 451

selective retention, 451

self-concept, 32, 135, 304305, 648

clarity, 683684

self-disclosure, 31, 160, 162, 364, 369, 679682, 684, 687688

self-efficacy, 156157, 367, 386, 427, 432, 454, 532, 537, 539, 554

self-esteem, 32, 157, 306, 308, 334339, 362, 646, 684685, 688, 704705, 711

self-fulfillment, 160, 162

self-presentation, 3132, 507, 598, 679685

self-regulation, 33, 175176, 181, 755757

Selfhout, M. H. W., 686, 690

Semetko, H., 51

Semin, G. R., 304, 427

Semmler, S. M., 324, 472

Sender, K., 368

sensation seeking, 156, 158, 197, 201202

Senulis, J., 237

September 11 (9/11), 9, 10n3, 92, 161, 277, 325, 381, 389

Sergeant Stryker's Daily Briefing, 325

Serrano, M., 533

Sesame Street, 622

Sesame Workshop, 648

Sessions, L. F., 507

Sestir, M. A., 113, 118, 406, 413

Severinsen, Doc, 324

sex

and GAM, 118119

in media, influence on children, 26

on television, 424439

context of media portrayal, 435436

empirical research, 429443

future research, 439

positive effects, 436438

sexual socialization, 27, 425427

social importance, 424425

theoretical perspectives, 427429

variables of interest, 433435

Sex Rehab with Dr. Drew, 367

sexism, 5, 261

sexual behavior, 20, 360, 367, 424428, 430439, 540

effects of media portrayals on, 431433

sexual socialization, 27, 424427, 429, 432433, 435, 438

sexuality, 3, 4, 5, 26, 424, 426431, 434, 436439

Sfardini, A., 474

Shaffer, S. D., 467

Shafran, R., 340, 713

Shah, C., 517

Shah, D. V., 28, 130, 132, 385, 468, 470, 472, 487, 508, 512, 514, 516, 517, 568

Shanahan, J., 52, 65, 69, 71, 72, 251, 261262, 296, 299, 384385

Shapiro, J. M., 618

Shapiro, L., 390

Shapiro, M. A., 68, 69, 74, 213, 323, 361

Sharma, R., 156

Shaw, D. L., 42, 91, 95

Shaw, E. F., 74

Shaw, H., 336, 704705

Sheafer, T., 51, 55

Sheatsley, P. B., 553

Sheets, P., 754

Shelton, D. E., 74

Shelton, J. N., 390

Shen, F., 454

Shen, L., 136, 466

Shenker, S., 680

Shepherd, J. E., 572, 580

Sherman, D. S., 568

Sherr-Pollard, S., 321322, 326

Sherry, J. L., 179, 180, 199, 413

Shields, T., 280, 301, 309

Shiffrin, R. M., 209

Shihadeh, E. S., 389

Shin, M., 214

Shin, N., 614, 620, 625626

Ship, The, 365

Shmueli, D., 175

Shoham, M. D., 137

Shrum, L. J., 18, 68, 69, 7071, 283, 296, 299, 588, 592, 709

heuristic processing or accessibility

model, 70

Shugart, H. A., 359

Siegel, M., 711

Siegler, R. S., 591

Sigelman, L., 454

Signorella, M. L., 661

Signorielli, N., 24, 64, 65, 72, 73, 75, 191, 233, 250254, 256, 261263, 278, 283, 296, 299, 756

Sikand, J., 152

Silcock, B. W., 320

Silk, K., 539

Silva, S., 702

Silverman, L. T., 664

Silverstein, B., 336

Silvia, P. J., 171, 177

Simon, A., 53

Simons, R. F., 208

Simple Life, A, 750

Simpsons, The, 485488, 496

Sinclair, R. C., 572

Singer, D. G., 620, 623, 626, 703, 707, 710, 725, 729

Singer, J., 517, 620, 623, 626, 703, 725, 729

Singhal, A., 537, 659

Singh, R., 365

Sipe, C., 538

Sitkin, S. B., 129

Skeggs, B., 360

sketch comedy, 28

skin conductance (SC), 215

skin response, 35

Skitka, L. J., 389

Skoric, M., 413

Slater, A., 335, 341, 638

Slater, M. D., 194, 197, 198, 383, 386, 416, 528

Slovic, P., 72, 383384, 386387, 389, 392

Sly, D. F., 541, 711

Smahel, D., 681

Smallwood, A. M. K., 687

smartphones, 14

Smelser, N. J., 91

Smisson, C. P., 335

Smith, A., 470, 679

Smith, B., 555, 557

Smith, E. R., 388, 561

Smith, H., 559

Smith, L., 276277

Smith, R., 644

Smith, S., 415, 543, 663

Smith, S. L., 72, 191, 251, 360, 414415

Smith, S. M., 256, 574

Smith, S. W., 360, 543

smoking, 526527, 532, 544, 553, 699, 711, 729

antismoking campaigns, 541542, 706

and media literacy, 32, 701702

see also tobacco

Smolak, L., 335, 337, 341, 704

Smothers Brothers, The, 324, 471

Smurfs, 255

Snow, D. A., 96, 97, 98

Snow, R. P., 74

SNSs see social network sites

Snyder, D., 556

Snyder, L. B., 527, 530

Snyder, R., 45

So, J., 26

soap operas, 152, 158, 160, 177, 262, 361, 429431

Sobol, B. L., 669

sociability

and interaction, 506508

and Internet, and politics, 506509

and social capital, 508509

social anxiety, 26, 598, 684, 689690

social capital, 28, 465466, 518n2

and sociability, 505506, 508509

social class, 24

social cognitive theory, 25, 27, 116, 189, 251, 300, 307, 341, 355, 362, 414, 435, 438, 528

and media violence, 200201, 202

social development, 30, 32, 251

see also psychosocial development

social factors influencing interest in media violence, 198200

social identity theory, 25, 303, 387

social information processing (SIP), 117, 687

social learning theory, 116, 251, 427428

social marketing, 21, 29, 527, 533, 537, 540

communication and information campaigns, 552553

effects of, 552561

fear appeals, 553554

limitations, 558559

personalization, 554555

potential, 557558

review of previous studies, 559560

social media, 7, 9, 16, 119122, 159, 505, 516, 538540, 542, 658

use, 162163

social network sites (SNSs), 507508, 678679, 681682, 684, 687688, 691

social networking, 21, 28, 163

websites, 35, 154, 162, 392, 470, 515, 518, 679, 753, 757

social relationships, 32, 150, 307, 363364, 648

social relevance, 4950, 657

social sciences, 8, 22

social skills, 31, 647, 685

social structures, 7

social system, 24, 140, 206, 212, 528

social well-being, 25

socialization, 20

and scholastic achievement and media use, 626627

and storytelling, 64

television fiction as vector of, 6376

sociological approaches, 9698

sociology, 73

of cultivation, 7476

of knowledge, 64

Soderman, A., 430

soft news, 44, 486

Sonenstein, F. L., 425

Sonnentag, S., 172, 173, 175, 176

Sopory, P., 527

Sorenson, S. B., 275276, 278

Sorsoli, C. L., 428

South Asia, 8

South Korea

Internet usage, 15

Spain

national elections, 98, 102

Socialist Party, 102

television consumption, 15

Sparks, C. W., 412

Sparks, G. C., 412

Sparks, G. G., 72, 192, 195, 196, 377, 379, 381382

Sparks, J. V., 215, 216, 377

specializability, 536

speed of technology, 16

Speers, T., 387

Spence, P. R., 379

Spencer, R., 538

Spencer, S. J., 390

Sperry, S., 366

Spiderman, 255

Spielberg, Steven, 592

Spinda, J. S. W., 152, 162

spiral of silence theory, 96

Spirek, M. M., 381

sports, 42, 152, 156158, 162, 180, 191192, 197, 199, 264, 277, 297, 318, 356357, 406, 543, 622, 751

media exposure and sports participation, 337339

Sprafkin, J., 658, 660, 664

Spratt, M., 322

Square One TV, 649

Staelin, R., 44

Stamatakis, E., 596

Stamm, K., 467468

standardized tests, 30, 611

Stanford-Binet (S-B), 622

Stanford University, 229

Starr, P., 744

Stassen, Harold, 446

statistical analyses, 1617, 66

Staude-Muller, F., 407, 414

Stead, M., 554

Steckler, A., 529

Steele, C. M., 390

Steele, M. S., 427

Steen, F. F., 173

Stefano, G. B., 171

Stein, A. H., 648, 659, 670

Stein, K. A., 449

Stein, R. I., 336

Steinberg, L., 680, 683

Steinfield, C., 508

Stephan, C. W., 388, 390

Stephan, W. G., 388, 390

Stephenson, Adlai, 446

Stephenson, M. T., 541

stereotypes, 25, 26

activation and application, 301306

improving attitudes toward minorities, 306

intergroup behaviors, 303304

minority group members' evaluations of self, 305306

political decision-making, 304305

priming real-world racial/ethnic evaluations, 301303

construction, 298300

influence of media exposure on racial/ethnic, 295311

factors moderating effect of media on stereotyping, 306309

mediated intergroup contact, 307308

prior racial attitudes, 308309

racial identification, 308

real-world contact, 307

typicality of media representations, 309

Stern, S. L., 257

Sterne, J., 1

Sternheimer, K., 679

Stevens, T., 621

Steward, O., 236

Stewart, Jon, 486

Stice, E., 336337, 704705

Stiff, J. B., 527

Stipp, H. H., 233234

Stitt, C. R., 160, 356358, 364

Stoddard, C., 704

Stohl, C., 98

Stohl, M., 98

Stoneman, Z., 593

storage, 210

Storey, J. D., 138, 390391

storytelling and socialization, 64

Stout, P. A., 389

Strach, P., 446

Strandberg, K., 517

strangers, Internet communication with, 688689

Strasburger, V. C., 19, 754

Strathmann, A. J., 588

Strecher, V., 237

Stromback, J., 46

Stromer-Galley, J., 516, 518

Stroud, N. J., 450

Strouse, G. A., 640

Strouse, J. S., 430431

structural equation modeling, 16, 432

Stuart, H., 390

Stucky, B. D., 118

Stuke, D., 378

Stunkard, A. J., 343

Subrahmanyam, K., 679, 681, 688

substance use, 538, 723, 725, 730735

and media literacy, 33, 730731

and parental communication, 32, 3334, 731733

and parental mediation, 728729

Suchman, E., 149

sudden insight, 72

Sudweeks, F., 516

Sugawara, A. I., 338

Suhay, E., 389

Sullivan, J. L., 278, 386, 747

Sullivan, M., 368, 614

Sun, S., 149, 159, 161

Sun, Y., 136, 466, 687

Sundar, S. S., 130

Sundquist, J., 336

Sundquist, K., 336

Sunstein, C. R., 476, 508509

Super Bowl, 750

Super Why!, 647

Superfriends, 664

superheroes, 256, 415, 664

Supernanny, 365

Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, 231, 233, 234

Surkan, P. J., 532

surveillance, 149, 154, 157158

survey research, 16, 45, 52, 278, 286, 669

surveys, 16, 22, 65, 229230, 233, 261, 403, 413, 431, 473, 497, 529, 537, 540, 623, 629, 631, 690691, 732, 748

Survivor, 356

Susman, E. J., 670

Susskind, J., 296

Sutton, S. K., 575

Suzuki, L. K., 681, 688

Swain, R. C., 194, 416

Swan, The, 365

Swanson, J., 115

Sweden, 336

Internet usage, 15

Swerdlow, J. L., 447

Swing, E. L., 108, 119

Sword in the Stone, The (film), 662663

Syrjanen, A., 508

systematic persuasion processing, 588

Szczypka, G., 346

Tagg, S., 554

Tajfel, H., 100, 303, 308, 387

Takeshita, T., 47, 53

talk radio, 154, 488, 496

talk shows, TV, 28, 152, 158, 262, 356357, 471474, 485, 489, 537, 710

Talmud, I., 688,

Tal-Or, N., 136, 138

Tamborini, R., 66, 73, 173, 177, 181, 378, 381, 408

Tamir, M., 176, 381382

Tan, A., 300, 305

Tan, E. S., 170, 177

Tan, G., 300, 305

Tancill, K., 66

Tangney, J. P., 618

Tannenbaum, P. H., 491

Tanner, L. R., 257

Tanski, S. E., 728

Tapscott, S., 640

target audiences, 528, 531, 535, 537, 540, 559, 706, 708709, 730

Taris, T. W., 427

Tasker, Y., 5

Tassinary, L. G., 207

Taylor, C. B., 337

Taylor, D. S., 161

Taylor, J. R., 100

Taylor, P. M., 320

Taylor, S. E., 70, 279, 574

Taylor, S. L., 194

TDP media, 337

teachers, 21, 3233, 250, 254, 412413, 532, 645, 670, 691, 708, 714, 724, 729

television and media as, 108, 623, 648

“teachy-preachy” cartoons, 255

tearjerker movies, 171

technology, 6, 380, 470, 476, 492, 528, 690, 700, 703, 747, 749750, 752755

communication, 73

computer, 16, 754

fMRI, 17, 24, 237

interactive, 536

media, 742743

mobile, 12

MRI, 405

recognition, 9

speed of, 16

V-chip, 757

teen movies, 249, 256, 260, 263

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film), 255, 256

Telecommunications Act (1996), 33, 493, 744

and V-chip mandate, 747750

Teletubbies, 638639

television

advertising see political TV advertising and debates

affective impact of visual information, 5657

attention to, 637

and children, 3031

codes, 636637

consumption internationally, 1315, 35

drama, 63

and education see educational television; scholastic achievement and media use

as educational tool, 635636

effects of sex on, 2627

fiction on, as socialization vector, 6376

and gender, 249250

and gender-role socialization, 24, 249250

higher-level comprehension of, 637638

and infants, 639641

medium, 636

messages, 6768

pathways from viewing to academic achievement in school-age children, 626

preeminence of, 612613

and preschoolers, 641642

as prosocial force, 21, 31, 657659

reality see reality television

research and social concerns on introduction of, 229231

and school performance, 31

and sex see sex: on television

symbolic environment, 76

task of watching, 636639

therapeutic effects of, 25

time shifting, 14

unaided viewing, 31

viewing among infants and toddlers, 638639

and violence, 64

beginnings of brainmapping, 237238

behavioral to neurological, connections, 235236

correlational research, 232233

exploring prefrontal cortex, 238240

first experimental studies, 230231

five principal US commissions, 231232

special-case correlational research, 233235

Television and Behavior Project, 231

Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties (Pearl, Bouthilet, & Lazar), 231

Television and the Child: An Empirical Study of the Effect of Television on the Young (Himmelweit et al.), 229

Television in the Lives of Our Children (Schramm et al.), 229

Temptation Island, 360

Ter Bogt, T. E. M., 159

terrorists and media attention, 9899

Terry, D. J., 136

Terry-Human, E., 438

Tetris, 410, 416

Tewfik, I., 336

Tewksbury, D., 46, 52, 91, 94, 98, 136, 510, 569

text messaging, 517, 538, 679, 752

Thank You for Smoking (film), 490

That's So Raven, 256

therapeutic effects of television viewing, 25

third-person effect hypothesis, 101, 103, 128

third-person perception (TPP), 136137

Thomas, J., 367

Thomas, M. H., 403, 406407

Thomas, S. V., 66, 234

Thompson, D., 539, 727

Thompson, E., 487, 492, 494

Thompson, J. G., 661

Thompson, J. K., 705

Thompson, K., 366

Thompson, M., 336, 554

Thompson, R. A., 376, 380381

Thompson, T. L., 255, 259

Thornton, J. D., 380

Thorson, E., 297298, 537

Thorson, K., 512514, 517

“thoughtless vigilantes,” 227240

Thrasher, F. M., 238

threat, mastering, 195196

Three-Hour Rule (FCC processing guideline), 746

3-2-1 Contact, 649

Thurber, J. A., 447

Thurlow, R., 661

Tice, D. M., 174, 175

Tiggemann, M., 161, 335, 341342

Timberlake, Justin, 750

Tincoff, R., 639

Tipper Sticker (Parental Advisory Label system), 756

Tisdale, Ashley, 342

Tisinger, R. A., 487, 492, 494

TiVo, 152, 347

TNS Media Intelligence, 446

tobacco, 33, 365, 532, 541542, 553, 559, 701702, 727, 732, 734

see also smoking

Tobler, N. S., 711

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 467

Todorov, A., 52

Tolbert, C., 470, 518

Tolman, D. L., 428, 430

Tolsa, A., 55

Tom and Jerry, 255

Tomarken, A. J., 237

Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The, 28, 324, 473, 485

Tooby, J., 172, 375, 381, 386

Toohey, R. A., 260

top-down feedback, 9293, 99, 101

Torres, M., 282

Torres-Reyna, O., 388389

Toth, R. C., 132

Toupin, C., 662

Towner, T. L., 517

toys, 592, 600

gender-neutral, 263

Tozzi, F., 713

Trace, S. E., 366

Trading Spaces, 356

traditional adventure cartoons, 255

traditional audiences, 2

traditional media forms, 16

traditional news media, effects of, 466470

Internet, 470

newspapers, 467468

television, 468470

Trail, G. T., 152

Trammell, K. D., 325

Trapido, E., 541, 711

transnational alliances, 2

transnational feminism, 4, 5

transnational ownership, 7

Trawalter, S., 302

Treno, A. J., 533

triangulation, 16

Trippi, J., 506, 512

Troseth, G. L., 640

True Blood, 379

Truglio, R., 69, 622, 644, 646, 664665, 726

Truman, Harry, 446

trust in media, 128, 129132

Tschannen-Moran, M., 129

Tsfati, Y., 2223, 98, 99, 131, 132, 135, 136141, 391, 473, 498

Tsioutsiouliklis, K., 511

Tsui, H. Y., 382

Tukachinsky, R., 2425, 306, 309, 473, 498

Tulsky, J. A., 71

Tumblr, 1

Turkheimer, M., 517

Turkle, S., 679

Turner, H., 380

Turner, J., 303, 308, 387388

Tutzauer, F., 579

Tversky, A., 383, 569571, 573, 578

availability heuristic, 70

Twitter, 1, 517, 538

two-step flows of information, 90

Tyler, T. R., 74

Tylka, T. L., 336

Tyner, K., 711

U2, 750

U&G see uses and gratifications

ubiquity, 45, 57

Uhlmann, E., 115

unaided television viewing, 31

weak effects of, 659660

uncertainty, 9, 47, 337, 679

reduction, 129, 161, 307, 365, 381

and relevance, 49

Undercover Boss, 365

Unger, J. B., 701

unintended negative media effects, 160161

United Kingdom, 386, 559, 602

Internet usage, 15

media habits, 1415

television consumption, 15

United Nations (UN), 324

United States, 1, 89, 10n1, 1314, 19, 90, 95, 130, 132, 191, 228229, 231, 273, 276, 309, 318, 325, 335, 342, 345, 347, 355, 366, 387, 389, 402403, 425, 434, 447449, 456, 467, 496, 498, 516, 559, 602, 614, 657661, 666, 670, 679, 714, 729, 742744, 750, 754755

Civil War, 317

Congress, 231, 743

Department of Defense (DoD) Principles for News Media Coverage of DoD Operations, 318

Department of Education, 755

military in Iraq, 317, 322

presidential elections, 51

1972, 4243, 4647

2000, 51, 56, 132

debates, 447448

television slots, 446447

radio audience in, 14

Senate, 744

Supreme Court, 743

television viewership in, 14

trust in media in, 130

University of Indiana Medical School, 238

University of Pennsylvania, 233

Unsolved Mysteries, 359

Updegraff, J. A., 568

UPN networks, 253

user-generated media, 3

uses and gratifications (U&G), media, 148163

activity, 153155

audience-centered media-effects perspective, 148149

background characteristics, 156157

communication motives, 151153

evolution of research, 150151

media and content exposure, 155156

origins and theoretical assumptions, 149150

representative uses and gratifications studies, 157163

intended and other positive media effects, 159160

motives and media selection/use, 157159

social media use, 162163

unintended negative media effects, 160161

Uslaner, E. M., 516

Valdivia, A. N., 1, 3, 5

Valente, T. W., 529, 532

Valentino, N. A., 278280, 302, 304305, 388

Valenzuela, S., 48, 49, 50, 51, 509

Valkenburg, P. M., 2930, 3132, 74, 162, 590595, 597601, 623, 679690, 692n1, 725728

Vallone, R. P., 129, 133, 135

Van Cleemput, K., 689

Van den Bergh, B., 75

Van den Broek, P., 661

Van den Bulck, J., 22, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 383, 385

van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., 685, 690

van der Aa, N., 685686

van der Voort, T. H. A., 626627

van Dijk, J. A. G. M., 14

Vandebosch, H., 689

Vander Wal, J. S., 706

Vandewater, E. A., 617, 620, 622, 630, 641

Vanman, E., 410

Van Mierlo, J., 74

Van Poecke, L., 67

Van Reijmersdal, E. A., 594

van Schie, E. G. M., 413

Van Zoonen, L., 489, 495

Varnhagen, D., 662

Vaughan, K., 343

Vaughn, L. M., 701, 704

V-chip

programming screen, 750

provision, 33, 747750

technology, 757

VCRs, 14

Veenstra, A., 470, 512513

Veerman, J. L., 596

Veerman, J. W., 114

Velicer, W., 528

VERB campaign (CDC), 539

Verba, S., 465, 470

verbal literacy, 31

Vergeer, M., 300, 388389

Verser, R. M., 448, 455

Vessel, E. A., 177178

Vibbert, M. M., 623

Vickerman, P. T., 560

victimization, 65, 233, 235, 381, 388, 403, 689

videogames, 35, 109, 121, 172, 179, 201, 297, 343, 416417, 433, 539, 613, 711712, 748

daily use, 14

violent, 16, 113115, 118, 121, 180, 190, 194, 196, 198199, 227229, 238, 404411, 413, 416

exposure to, and aggression, 110

Vidmar, N., 489

Viehoff, R., 376

Vietnam War, 317, 322324, 755

viewing time, 587, 596

achievement as function of, 619620

Villegas, J., 389

Villani, S., 74, 730

Vince, P., 229

Vincent, C., 377

Vincent, R. C., 159, 160

violence in media, 16, 19, 2324

appeal of, 23, 189190

behavioral outcomes, 412414

and brain activation patterns in young viewers, 227240

cognitive outcomes, 408409

in context, 414415

desensitization hypothesis, 113

do we really enjoy, 199200

effects of repeated viewing, 112

excitation and affect-based approaches, 192195

experimentation in, 195196

exposure to

and aggression, 110

bidirectionally linked factors predicting, 202

functional approaches, 195196

influence on children, 26

key outcomes, 402404

moral disengagement, 196

personality factors, 197198

physiological outcomes, 404408

prevention, and media literacy, 32, 703704

selective exposure to, 189202

social factors influencing interest in, 198200

understanding interest in, 200202

videogames see videogames: violent

what is media violence?, 191192

who is most susceptible?, 415417

see also general aggression model

visual attention, 642643

visual images of war, 320322

visual information, affective impact of, 51, 5657

Vita, P., 559

vocabulary, 31, 616617, 621623, 643, 646

Vohs, K. D., 174, 376

Vollink, T., 689

Voltaire, 471

von Hippel, C., 390

von Hippel, W., 298299

von Scheve, C., 17

Vorderer, P., 170, 171, 173, 196, 228, 376, 378

voting, 21, 25, 27, 46, 57, 98, 141, 304, 369, 450, 452, 454455, 464468, 470, 474, 476, 485, 491, 508, 516518

voyeurism, 156, 160, 355, 357358, 369

Vraga, E. K., 28, 470, 513516

Vygotsky, L. S., 636

Wackman, D. B., 568, 590, 594, 705

Wadden, T. A., 335, 342

Wade, T. D., 700701, 704705, 708

Wahl, O. F., 389

Wainright, D. K., 647

Wakefield, M., 385, 542, 592

Wakker, P. P., 171

Wakshlag, J., 66

Walberg, H. J., 618

Walder, L. O., 233234

Walgrave, S., 97

Walker, D. K., 618, 622, 624, 638

Walker, E., 264

Walker, K. B., 232

Wallack, L., 527, 531532

Wallenius, M., 687

Wallensten, K., 513

Walma van der Molen, J. H., 726

Walsh, D. A., 409

Walsh, K. M., 706

Walther, J. B., 680681, 687

Wang, A., 579

Wang, B. M., 514

Wang, S. S., 335, 342

Wang, Y., 159, 228, 238

Wang, Z., 218, 219, 340

Wänke, M., 306

Wann, D. L., 156

Wanta, W., 4243, 46, 52

war, 327, 389, 415, 486, 490, 755

comedy and, 324325

media and, 316320

milblogs and, 325326

movies, 193

and public opinion, 322323

representation in news, 19, 20, 25

visual images of, 320322

Ward, L. M., 262, 264, 306, 429430, 434435, 439

Ward, S., 66, 590, 593594, 705

Warnick, E., 560

Warren, R., 727

Wartella, E., 228, 232, 435, 590, 622, 638, 641, 705, 758

Waszak, C. S., 427

Watkins, B., 623, 667, 669

Watson, R., 701, 704

Watts, C. H., 560

Watts, M. D., 130

WB network, 253

Weaver, D. H., 43, 46, 49, 53, 56, 163, 468

Weaver, J., 66, 157, 174, 178, 195, 197

Webb, J., 554

Webb, T. L., 538

Weber, E. U., 72, 92, 376

Weber, R., 17

Webster, J. G., 540

Wechsler, H., 346

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), 618, 622

Wedding Story, A, 357

Wehner, E. A., 680

Wei, R., 152, 155, 159, 162

Weib, R. H., 118

Weideman, R., 325

Weidman, L., 8

Weigel, M., 709

“weight bias,” 25, 334348

weight-related health, 25, 27

Weil, F. D., 389

Weimann, G., 90, 98, 99

Weiner, B., 111

Weinstein, N. D., 382384

Weinstock, H., 425

Weis, D. S., 136

Weisberg, H. E., 465

Weisbuch, M., 304

Weiss, A. J., 381

Welch, D., 620

Welch, N., 376

Wellman, B., 506509

Wellman, H., 661

Wells, W. T., 447

Wen, W.-C., 447

Wenmouth, W., Jr., 323

Wenner, L. A., 157

Wenter, D., 533

West, D. M., 447

West, M., 218

West Wing, The, 490

Westby, S. D., 661, 669

Westen, D., 50

Westerman, D., 379

Wetherell, M., 387

What Not to Wear, 356

Wheeler, S. C., 490, 538

Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?, 255

White, C. S., 516

White, I. R., 559

White, R. W., 172173, 176, 177, 180, 182

White, V. M., 592

Whites, 253, 281283, 285, 288, 296297

portrayal in news programming, 276278

Whitlock, J. L., 688

Who Do You Think You Are?, 356

Who's the Boss?, 660

Wicclair, M. R., 74

Wickens, C. D., 210

Wicklund, R. A., 579

Wide Range Achievement Test in Arithmetic (WRAT-A), 618

Wide Range Achievement Test in Reading (WRAT-R), 618

Wiegman, O., 413, 658, 660

Wiest, J. R., 404, 409

Wikipedia, 511, 709

Wilcox, B. L., 705

Wilcox, D., 517

Wilde, M. L., 703

Wilder, A., 645, 666

Wilkins, K. G., 468

Wilksch, S. M., 708, 712713

Will & Grace, 308

Williams, B., 280, 301, 309, 490, 492494, 643

Williams, D., 74, 413

Williams, M., 645, 666

Williams, P. A., 618, 623

Williams, R. A., 428

Williams, R. B., 199

Williams, Raymond, 9

Williams, T. M., 229, 622, 623, 625

Willnat, L., 54

Wilson, B., 380, 661

Wilson, B. D., 217

Wilson, B. J., 19, 72, 381, 414415, 669, 746, 755

Wilson, E. J., 15

Wilson, P., 172

Wilson, T., 67

Wiltz, J., 357358

Wiman, A. R., 727

Windahl, S., 153, 154

Winzelberg, A., 688

wireless technology, 2

WISC see Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Wise, K., 217, 380

Wiseman, C. V., 336

withdrawal hypothesis, 66

Witte, J., 506, 508

Witte, K., 376, 386, 527, 554, 561

Wittenberg, M. T., 680

Wlaschin, J., 572

Wober, J. M., 67

Wohl, R. R., 149, 176, 363, 554

Wolak, J., 689

Wolf, M. A., 643

Wolfe, K. M., 149

Wolfsfeld, G., 97

women, 1314, 24, 65, 158, 161, 175, 249250, 252265, 335337, 339, 341342, 348, 360, 365366, 385, 390, 408409, 429431, 434438, 487, 537, 542, 570

cultural representations of, 4

and videogames, 14

Wong, K., 15

Wong, P., 277

Wood, D., 669

Wood, R., 341

Woodard, E. H., 199, 647, 658, 746, 749

Woodruff, K., 532

Woods, A., 336

Woodside, D. B., 336

Woolley, M. E., 559

Wootan, M. G., 559

Worden, J. K., 711

Worden, S. K., 94

World War II, 321

WRAT-A see Wide Range Achievement Test in Arithmetic

WRAT-R see Wide Range Achievement Test in Reading

Wright, C. R., 149

Wright, J. C., 69, 622, 637, 646, 658, 667668

Wright, N. D., 595

Wright, P., 756

Wu, H. D., 49, 51, 57

Wyatt, E., 752

Wyatt, R. O., 466, 468

Wylie, K. R., 171

Xenos, M. A., 2728, 324325, 470, 473, 476, 488, 492

Yamamiya, Y., 335

Yang, M., 134, 589

Yanovitsky, J., 358

Yardley, L., 538

Ybarra, M. L., 538, 540, 689

Ye, J., 378

Yegiyan, N. S., 212, 219

Yngvar, K., 359

Yoon, S., 470

Young, D. G., 28, 324, 473, 485488, 492, 494495

Young, V., 538

young people, 7, 17, 3234, 262, 342343, 366, 369, 403, 416, 424430, 433439, 476, 488, 507508, 533, 538, 540541, 543, 586587, 611, 624, 627, 648, 680, 700, 702, 711712, 727, 730, 732, 733734, 752, 757

daily radio audience, 14

media violence and brain activation patterns in, 227240

Yousman, B., 706

YouTube, 73, 152

Yu, T.-H., 447

Yue, S. K., 365

Yukawa, S., 120

Zack, E., 639, 641

Zajonc, R. B., 178

Zaller, J., 451452

Zechmeister, E. B., 213

Zerbinos, E., 255, 259

Zettl, H., 710

Zhang, Y., 257, 376

Zhao, G., 577, 579

Zhou, P., 337, 341

Zhu, J.-H., 54

Zill, N., 646

Zillmann, D., 66, 116, 170, 172, 174176, 178, 179, 190, 193, 195, 208, 236, 237, 378, 384, 405, 643

Zimmerman, F. J., 596, 620621, 641

Zimmerman, T. S., 257, 529

Zuckerman, D. M., 703

Zukin, C., 45, 465

Zurbriggen, E. L., 365

Zwei, A., 561

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