Index
Page references to figures or tables are in italics; references to notes have the letter “n” following the page number.
Aaker, J. L., 568, 571, 575–578
Aaro, L. E., 711
Abdulla, S., 560
Abelson, R. P., 114
Abma, J. C., 425
Abraham, L., 302
Abrams, J., 303
Acar, A., 45
accessibility-based models, 70, 94
achievement as function of viewing time, 619–620
Action for Children's Television (ACT), 745
active mediation, 33–34, 599, 724–726, 728–729, 731–732
negative, 33, 723, 725–726, 731–732, 734–735
Adamic, L. A., 512
Adams, S. M., 406
adaptive function of media entertainment, 182
Adkins, A. D., 357
Adler, I., 69
adolescents
alcohol usage, media influence on, 17
cartoons geared toward, 256
effects of sex on television, 26–27
and Internet, 21, 30, 31–32, 678–692
and Internet communication
and cyberbullying, 689
and friendship formation, 685–686
and identity and intimacy, 680–683
and identity development, 683
and intimacy development, 685–689
and opportunities and risks, 683–689
and psychosocial development, 680
and quality of existing friendships, 686–688
and self-concept clarity, 683–684
self-presentation and self-disclosure, 31–32
adults
daily radio audience, 14
media use in, 14
awareness, and media literacy, 32, 705–706
and children see children and advertising
embedded in programs, 14
literacy, 30
processing and effects, 589–596
products, 158
use of in media devices, 14
AFB see anti-fat bias
affect
as cognitive evaluations, 51
as emotion, 51
heuristic, 72
affective attribute priming, 55
affective effects, 72, 590–593
affective impact of visual information, 51, 56–57
affective intelligence, 50
affective outcomes, 17
affective response, 22, 171, 192, 195, 409–410, 706
Afghanistan
Operation “Enduring Freedom,” 319
Africa, 691
Internet usage, 15
mobile phone usage, 15
African Americans, 258, 264, 296–297, 299–302, 304–305, 309–310, 336, 388, 390, 436, 713
Agatston, P. W., 689
age, 24
and gender-role images, 253–254
and television, 31
age-based rating, 748–749, 748–749, 756
agenda setting, 537
consequences for attitudes and opinions, 53–54, 54, 55–56
effects from incidental exposure, 44–46
and knowledge activation, 53
and need for orientation (NFO), 46–47, 47, 48
and political and civic participation, 57
and psychology of relevance, 49
trends in research 42
aggregation, rule of, 98
and effects of repeated media violence viewing, 112
see also general aggression model
aggressive attitudes and beliefs, 113, 232
aggressive behavior, 108–114, 116–122, 230–235, 240, 257, 403, 405, 409–410, 412–413, 417, 424, 648, 703
aggressive behavioral scripts, 112, 114
aggressive perceptual schema, 112, 114–115
aggressive thoughts, 26, 10, 112, 114–115, 405, 408–409, 414, 416–417
Agha, S., 560
Ahern, R. K., 528
Ahrens, A. H., 336
Ahrens, K., 559
AIDS see HIV/AIDS
Ajzen, I., 528
alcohol usage, 33, 136, 277, 298, 360, 365, 367, 532, 543, 559, 659, 699, 701–703, 726–734
media influence on, 17
negative active mediation on, 33
parental communication and media literacy, 734
Aldrich, J. H., 278
Aldrich, R., 537
Alexander, J. C., 91
Allegra's Window, 647
Allen, M., 261, 363, 454, 554, 561
Allen, R. L., 73
alliesthesia research, 172–173
Alperstein, N. M., 554
Altabe, M., 705
Alter, S., 286
Althaus, S., 510
Altman, D. G., 553
American Academy of Pediatrics, 347, 641
American Bar Association, 275
American Journal of Media Psychology, 18
America's Most Wanted, 359
American Healthstyles survey, 529
American Legacy Foundation, 541
American Library Association, 754
American Life Project, 470, 505–507, 516, 752
American Psychology Association (APA), 18, 232
Task Force on Television and Society, 231–232
America's Toughest Jobs, 365
Amundson, D., 486
An, C., 455
ANAD see National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders
analysis of variance, 16
Anderson, C. A., 22, 108–114, 117–120, 122, 194, 403, 405, 407–410, 416, 648, 713
Anderson, D. A., 639
Anderson, D. R., 17, 31, 175, 228, 621, 636–637, 639–646, 648–650, 661, 666
Anderson, J., 556
Anderson, J. A., 707
Anderson, L. L., 416
Anderson, N. H., 573
Andolina, M., 465
Andreasen, A. R., 555
Ang, I., 67
Animaniacs, 255
Annenberg Public Policy Center (APPC), 745–746
Annenberg School for Communication, 63
Anselmo Olinto, M. Y., 336
Ansolabehere, S., 140, 446, 453
anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), 238–239
anthropology, 74
anti-fat bias (AFB)
media exposure and, 345
role of media in development of, 343–345
anti-globalization protests, 102
at G8 summit, 101
antismoking campaigns, 541–542
Antoine, C., 572
Anton, L., 743
and expected influence of media on others, 390–391
lingering, 382
APA see American Psychology Association
APPC see Annenberg Public Policy Center
applicability-based models, 89, 94
approach/avoidance motivation, 574–576
Arab Muslims, 389
Aramovich, N. P., 389
Archer, A. H., 640
Arija, M. V., 340
Aristophanes, 471
armed conflict, 3
Armstrong, B., 360
Armstrong, C. B., 152
Armstrong, S., 701
arousal, 151, 158, 172–174, 179, 181, 190, 192–195, 200–201, 215, 219, 236, 410
emotional, 50, 216, 236, 514, 536
physiological, 110, 113, 115, 116, 119, 192, 194, 197, 237, 403–406
Arsenio Hall Show, The, 471–473
Ascione, F. R., 120
television consumption, 15
Asian Americans, 277, 296–298, 336
Asians, 253, 257, 274, 277, 285, 667
Aslama, M., 359
Atkin, C. K., 29, 198, 199, 232, 527–528, 530–531, 534, 536, 537, 539, 543, 591–592
Atkin, D. J., 727
Atwell-Seate, A., 391
Atwood, L. E., 139
Aubey, L. W., 614
Aubrey, J. S., 259
audience
activity, 68
studies, 8
audience-centered media-effects perspective, 148–149
Audience Research Department, BBC, 229
audiovisual media exposure, 171
auditory attention, 642
Aufderheide, P., 699, 710, 729, 755
Auld, G., 556
Aust, C. F., 178
Austin, E. W., 33, 306, 587, 602, 700–703, 706–712, 724–728, 730–732
Australia, 229, 340, 365, 559, 592
Internet usage, 15
automatic persuasion processing, 588–589
availability heuristic, 70, 383
Avraamides, M. N., 410
Baarda, B., 658
Babbitt, P., 454
babies in utero, 14
Baby Borrowers, The, 367
Baby Einstein, 638
Baby Story, A, 365
Baby Wordsmith, 638
Bachelor, The, 356
Bachman, J. G., 232
Bachorowski, J. A., 377
Backer, T., 527
Bagdasarov, Z., 358
Bagdikian, B. H., 494
Bahrain
Internet usage, 15
Baker, F., 728
Baker, M. J., 554
Baker, S. M., 574
Bakir, V., 74
Balaban, M. T., 208
Baldassaro, R., 405
Baldwin, D. A., 597
Ball, L. K., 573
Ball-Rokeach, S., 465
Ballard, M. E., 404, 406–407, 409
Balon, R. E., 131
Bandura, A., 73, 113, 116–118, 200–202, 230, 235–236, 251, 300, 307, 341, 412, 427, 528
Banerjee, S. C., 32, 358, 700–702, 706–709, 711, 730
Bankart, P., 648
banks, 14
Banks, M. J., 7
Bantz, C. R., 152
Barak, G., 74
Baran, S. J., 429
Barbato, C. A., 152
Barkin, S., 727
Barner, M. R., 256
Barney & Friends, 647
Barnhurst, K. G., 469
Barowski, L., 415
Barros, F. C., 336
Bartels, R. D., 572
Bartholow, B. D., 113, 114, 118, 406, 408, 413–414
Barton, K. M., 152
Bartsch, A., 171, 174, 176, 376, 380
BAS see behavioral activation system
Basil, M. D., 29, 159, 160, 214, 553, 555–556, 561
Bates, A., 471
Bates, B. R., 579
Bates, D. W., 387
Bates, S., 446
Batson, C. D., 378
Bauer, J. J., 178
Baum, M., 44, 473, 485–486, 488, 492
Bauman, C. W., 389
Baumeister, R. F., 174, 175, 376, 389, 680
Baumgartner, J., 324, 411, 473, 485, 487, 489
Bausch, S., 446
Bazalgette, C., 730
Bazzini, D. G., 256
BBC see British Broadcasting Corporation
Beadle, F., 131
Beagle-Roos, J., 623
Beale, I. I., 688
Beales, H., 44
Beam, M. A., 489
Bearman, S. K., 337
Bechtoldt Baldacci, H., 411
Beck, K., 67
Beck, R., 669
Becker-Blease, K., 380
Bedell, B. T., 572
Beentjes, W. J., 623
behavioral activation system (BAS), 575
behavioral challenges, 170, 177, 179, 181
behavioral effects, 121, 132, 161, 229, 363, 412–413, 558, 590, 593–594, 668
behavioral inhibition system (BIS), 575
Behm-Morawitz, E., 257, 260, 263, 299, 304
Beirut, 321
Belgium, 19
Internet usage, 15
Bell, J. F., 596
Bellew, B., 559
Belmas, G. I., 751
Beltramini, R. F., 702
Benedetto, R., 317
Bener, A., 336
Benet, S., 554
Benjamin, A. J., 113, 114, 407
Bennett, S. E., 468
Bennett, W. L., 456, 472, 474–476, 485, 495
Benoit, W. L., 27, 446–449, 452–455, 492, 497
Bentley, J., 662
Benton, M., 53
Berelson, B., 46, 90, 149, 286, 450
Berenstain Bears, The, 664
Beres, L., 257
Bergsma, I. J., 701–702, 706–708, 711
Berinsky, A. J., 323
Berk, R. A., 275
Berkowitz, L., 115, 230, 235–236, 278, 302
Berman, S., 425
Berndt, T., 661
Bernhardt, J. M., 365
Bernston, G. G., 207
Berry, G., 251
Berry, S. H., 430
Bessenoff, G. R., 341
Best, S. J., 518
Bettencourt, B. A., 109
Bettman, J. R., 44
BID see body image distortion
Bidjerano, T., 180
Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American Society (Huston et al.), 232
Biggest Loser, The, 356
Bigler, R. S., 661
Bill Nye the Science Guy, 649
Bilyeu, J. K., 156
biological system, 24, 206–207, 209
biomedical effects of media, 23, 35
biopolitics, 9
Birdsell, D. S., 447
BIS see behavioral inhibition system
Bischak, V., 299
Bishop, D. B., 528
Bishop, G. F., 447
Bissell, K., 8, 25, 335–341, 343–346
Bitzer, L., 447
Black, K. A., 258
Black Americans, 253, 258, 272–279, 281–283, 285, 287–288, 302, 434, 667
Blackburn, S., 131
Blackwell, B. S., 360
Blain, N., 198
Blair, E., 250
Blair, N. A., 365
Blais, J. J., 687
Blanchard, A., 508
Blank, D. M., 66
Blevins, J., 743
Bliesener, T., 407
Blind Date, 365
Block, L. G., 574
implications of readership, 513–514
Blue's Clues, 622
Bocarnea, M., 555
Bode, J., 622
anti-fat bias (AFB)
media exposure and, 345
role of media in development of, 343–345
directions for future research, 347–348
disturbance and weight bias, 334–348
sports media exposure and sports participation, 337–339
and individual, social, and mediated factors, 339–340
theoretical perspectives, 341–342
body size and shape, and media, 335
Boettcher, W. Q., 323
Bogart, L., 472
Bohner, G., 574
Bolman, C., 689
Bolt, D., 136
Bomhof, E., 596
Bond-Maupin, L., 359
Booth-Butterfield, S., 559
Borgida, E., 278
Borowiecki, J. J., 337
Borse, J., 217
Borzekowski, D. L. G., 136
Bosch, J. D., 114
Bostrom, A., 573
Botta, B. A., 726
bottom-up media effects, 92
Botvin, G. J., 711
Boul, L., 171
Boulos, M. N. K., 538
boundary-setting effect, 68
Bouthilet, L., 231
Bower, G. H., 278
Bowles, H. R., 559
Bowman, N. D., 173
Boyatzis, C. J., 412
Boynton, G. R., 447
Boynton, K. R., 643
Boys, Movies and City Streets (Cressey & Thrasher), 231
Bradley, R., 253
Bradley, S. D., 208, 211, 214, 215, 220
Bradley, S. P., 533
Brain, M., 253
brain activation patterns in young viewers and media violence, 227–240
brain scans, 35
Brainy Baby, 638
brand awareness, 30, 586, 589–591
Bratich, J., 8
Bratslavasky, E., 174
Brazil, 336
breast cancer detection behaviors, 572
breast self-examination (BSE), 570
Bree, J., 592
Breed, L., 255
Brehm, J. W., 579
Brehm, S. S. B., 579
Brennan, L., 537
Brennan, P. A., 112
Brentar, J., 299
Brewer, S., 317
Bridge, P. D., 702
Brightman, C., 318
Bringing Baby Home, 365
Briñol, P., 589
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 229, 233
Broadcasting Decency Enforcement Act, 750–752
Brock, B., 712
Brodie, M., 434
Brody, G. H., 593
Brook, J. S., 620
Brosius, H.-B., 54, 98, 175, 384
Brown, D., 208,
Brown, J. D., 426–428, 431–434, 439
Brown, J. R., 149
Brown, J. W., 216
Brown, S. K. M., 665
Browne, B. A., 258
Brugha, R., 561
Brundidge, J. S., 137
Bruner, J., 669
Bryant, J., 66, 72, 136, 171, 174–176, 179, 190, 193, 195, 208, 228, 237, 264, 381, 429, 643, 647, 666, 687
Brydon, S. R., 447
Buchanan, M., 726
Buchholz, C., 558
Buchman, D. D., 411
Buday, R., 539
Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L., 430–431, 434
Buffy, the Vampire Slayer, 260
Bufkin, J., 296
Buhr, J., 622
Buhrmester, D., 680
Buijzen, M., 29–30, 587, 589–590, 592–601, 726–728
Bukatko, D., 680
Bulik, C. M., 713
Bull, S. S., 537, 540, 559–560
Burden, D., 668
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 402
Burk, J., 322
Burke, Delta, 324
Burke, K. L., 335
Burleson, B. R., 380
Burrel, N., 454
Burroughs, J. E., 588
Burt, R. S., 129
Busch, L., 754
Busemeyer, J., 218
Bush, George W., 51, 56–57, 132, 316–317, 321, 446, 471, 485, 751
Bushman, B. J., 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, 118, 192, 403, 406, 413
Busselle, R. W., 69, 73, 75, 299–300, 379, 386
Byrne, N. M., 340
Byrne, S., 137, 486, 490, 701, 706, 714
Cabanac, M., 171–173, 176, 181, 182
Cacioppo, J. T., 134, 207, 208, 211, 497, 528, 573, 578, 587–588
Calam, R., 725
Caldwell, M. T., 7
California Assessment Program (CAP), 614, 616, 619, 625
Calvert, S. L., 598, 640, 648, 667–668, 683
Calves, A. E., 560
Cambre, M. A., 649
Camerer, C., 129
Camey, S., 336
campaign media effects, 449–450
campaigning, 21, 467, 510, 517, 537, 540
Campbell, J. D., 683
Canada, 19, 229, 336, 559, 602, 748, 754
Internet usage, 15
national election (2006), 51
Canals, J., 340
cancer-screening behaviors, 572
Canepa, J., 746
Cantor, J., 72, 179, 196, 198, 335–336, 374, 376–380, 382–385, 597, 661, 705–706, 726, 748
Cantril, H., 133
Caplan, S. E., 685
Cappella, J. N., 130, 131, 132, 140, 466, 516, 528, 535
Card, N. A., 118
Cardoza, K., 8
caregivers, 21, 30, 32–33, 666, 724–726, 728–730, 734, 749
Carey, J., 130
Carey, M. P., 538
Carlin, George, 751
Carlson, T., 517
Carlton, K. A., 488
Carnagey, N. L., 109–114, 403, 407, 409, 414–415
Carroll, J., 623
Carroll, M. D., 366
Carson, Johnny, 324
Cartoon World, 346
cartoons, 24, 120, 192, 255–256, 258–259, 308, 346, 379, 404, 592–593, 644, 647, 664, 667, 710, 745–746, 749
Carver, C. S., 575
Carveth, R. A., 208
Casas, M., 273
Casey, D., 661
casualties hypothesis, 322
Cate, R., 338
Cates, W., Jr., 425
causal restraints, 68
Cavill, N., 559
study, 233
CD players, 14
CDA see Communications Decency Act
CDC see Centers for Disease Control
Cecil-Karb, R., 346
Celano, D., 622
Census Bureau, 449
Center for Media Education, 707, 745
Center for Media Literacy, 700, 730, 746
Center for Political Studies, 467
Center for Responsive Politics, 445–446
Centers for Disease Control, 403
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980), 743
Chaffee, S. H., 68, 232, 468, 491, 631
Chaiken, S., 134, 528, 570–574, 578, 587
challenge-seeking, physiological boundaries of, 180–181
Chaloupka, F. J., 346
Chamberlain, K., 377
Chambers, J. H., 120
Chan, A. S., 5
Chan, E., 173
Chang, J. J. C., 134
Channel One, 622
Chapel Hill media effects study (McCombs & Shaw), 41–42
chase and pratfall cartoons, 255
Chen, J., 200
Chen, Y., 701, 703, 707–708, 710, 724, 728, 730
Chen, Y.-C., 33
Chernin, A., 706
Chernov, G., 48
Chia, S. C. Y., 133
Chicago
local television news, 274
Chikombero, P. M., 149
Child and Television Drama Review, 231
Childers, K. W., 427
children
gender images in children's programs, 255–256
influence of sex and violence in media on, 26
on health, 16
on learning and development, 30, 32
on personal and social development, 32
and parental mediation in developing media literacy, 725–728
violence in media and, 17
children and advertising, 29–30, 586–603
advertising processing and advertising effects, 589–596
decreased life satisfaction, 595
intended advertising effects, 589–590
materialistic orientations, 594
overweight and obesity, 595–596
parent–child conflict, 594–595
unintended advertising effects, 594–596
children's processing of advertising, 586–589
role of parents and caretakers, 599–602
Children's Eating Attitudes Test, 340
Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative, 756
Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA), 754
Children Now, 296–298, 426, 746
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 753
Children's Television Act (1990, 1997), 33, 256, 742, 745
and 1997 FCC processing guideline, 745–746
Childs, J. H., 623
Cho, C., 707
Cho, S. H., 162
Chong, K., 472
Chou, T. C., 172
Chowder, 749
Chrisler, J. C., 258
Christ, W., 197
Christakis, D. A., 620–621, 638, 641
Christen, C. T., 135
Chui, C.-Y., 381
Chung, Y., 214
Ciochetti, C. A., 752
CIPA see Children's Internet Protection Act
citizen engagement, 28, 464, 476
civic engagement, 463–469, 477, 509, 515
civic participation, 21, 27–28, 465–466, 470, 472, 517
and political participation, 57
Clark, C., 276
Clarke, S. W., 558
Clarke-Stewart, K., 669
class, 2, 5, 24, 359, 622, 660, 707
Cleland, R., 512
Clewett, A. S., 670
Clifford the Big Red Dog, 665
Clippenger, C. A., 199
Clinton, Bill, 280, 321, 472, 744, 746
Clinton, Hillary, 446
Clore, G. L., 375
Cloud, D., 317
Cobb, M. D., 323
Cobb, R. W., 98
Cody, M., 537
cognition, 17, 20–21, 27, 32, 68, 70, 110, 201, 205, 208, 236, 278, 357, 409–410, 514
and media in body image disturbance, role of, 334–348
cognitive accessibility, 24, 52–53, 384
cognitive effects, 95, 408–409, 486, 590–591
cognitive elaboration, 30, 488, 587–588
cognitive media effects, 89
cognitive neo-associative theory, 115
cognitive processing, 23, 68, 205, 216, 218, 240, 251, 339, 343–344, 347, 490, 568, 598, 638
cognitive system, 24, 67, 206–209, 211–213, 216, 218
Cohane, G. H., 337
Cohen, D. A., 558
Cohen, G. L., 390
Cohen, J., 22–23, 135–141, 171, 176, 170, 362–363, 378, 391
Cohen, P., 620
Colbert, Stephen, 489
Colbert Report, The, 464, 485, 487–489, 491
Cole, C. F., 646
Cole, E. R., 487
Cole, K., 559
Cole-Lewis, H., 538
Coleman, C.-L., 383
Coleman, J. S., 91, 92, 129, 465, 618
Coleman, R., 46, 49, 51, 56, 57
Colimore, K., 725
collective identity approaches, 97
collective reaction, 93
Collins, A. M., 94
Collins, J., 705
Collins, R. L., 428, 430–431, 436–438
Collins, S., 359
Coltrane, S., 257
Colwell, J., 198
comedy cartoons, 255
Comedy Central, 747
Comfort, M. E., 438
comics, 149
commercial content of media devices, 14
commercial radio, 35
commercials, images in, 257–258
Commission on Presidential Debates, 446
communication
and psychology, 18
research, 63
technology, 73
Communication Research, 18
Communications Act (1934), 744
Communications Decency Act (CDA), 743, 752
community organizations, 21, 532–533
community radio, 35
Companion to Media Studies, A (Valdivia), 3, 5
comprehension, 178, 536, 539, 626, 635–636, 639–640, 642–644, 647, 649–650, 657, 660, 662, 664, 666–669, 671, 704, 731
higher-level, of television, 637–638
Compton, C., 542
computer(s), 14, 73, 727, 753–754
games, 16, 74, 536, 538, 587, 650, 755
Comstock, G., 8, 19, 30–31, 235, 415, 616, 624–625, 627–631
Condit, C. M., 487
conflict resolution, 32, 118, 710
Connolly, J., 687
Conrad, K., 257
Constantin, C. D., 709
content analysis, 7, 16, 22, 24–25, 51, 56, 66, 191, 274, 285–286, 321, 323, 327, 345, 486
in traditional news programming, 277–278
content ratings, 748–749, 748–749
Contento, I. R., 700
contextual effectiveness, 530
continuing adventure cartoons, 255
Conway, J. C., 157
Cook, F. L., 476
Cook, S., 256
Cooke, M. C., 195
Coombs, W. T., 509
Cooper, Z., 340
Coover, G., 306
Copeland, G., 447
Cordua, G. D., 661
Corner Pocket, 404
corrugator activation, 219
Cosby, Bill, 662
Cosmides, L., 171, 376, 381, 386
Counting Stroop (CS), 238
Couric, Katie, 471
Courneya, K. S., 572
Courtright, J. A., 429
Covert, J., 296
Covington, M. V., 575
Cowan, P., 198
Cowburn, G., 596
Cox, A. D., 572
Cox, D., 572
Coyne, S. M., 122
Craig, R. T., 1
Craig, W. M., 687
Craik, K. H., 17
Crawford, D. A., 592
Crawley, A. M., 644–645, 647, 650, 666
creativity and imaginative thinking, 623–624
Crespo, S., 650
Cressey, P. G., 231
Crigler, A. N., 44, 51, 67, 491
crime, news coverage of, 24, 51
criterion bias, 213
Crockett, R. J., 366
cross-cultural adaptation, 159, 162
in media effects research, 89–103
modeling multi-level media framing and priming effects, 98–101
cross-level linkages, 92
Cruz, T. B., 701
CSI effect, 74
Csikszentmihalyi, M., 712
Cullen, K., 601
cultivation
analysis, 65
differential, 65
of gender-role images, 260–264
research, 75
cultivation hypothesis, 66, 71, 278–279, 283, 286
cultivation theory, 22, 25, 63–76, 251
and cognitive revolution, 68–69
exposure variable, 73
first- and second-order judgments, 69–73
and on-line and off-line effects, 69–73
relationship with television exposure, 72–73
sociology of cultivation, 74–76
Cultural Indicators Project, 64, 233
Cummins, R. G., 72
Cunningham, A. W., 156
Curtin, L. R., 366
Cutbirth, C., 323
Cuthbert, B. N., 211, 215, 406
CW television network, 253
cyberbullying, 32, 678, 685, 689
Cyberchase, 649
Cyrus, Miley, 342
Czaja, L., 446
Czarny, M. J., 74
Czech, D. R., 335
Dahl, R. A., 464
Dahlgren, P., 515
Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The, 21, 28, 325, 464, 471–473, 475, 485–488, 491, 494–495
Dalton, R., 517
Damasio, A., 172, 173, 182, 236
D'Angelo, P., 130
Dangerfield, C. L., 281, 303, 309
Daniels, E., 338
D'Anna, C. A., 662
Dardis, F. E., 454
Darling-Wolf, F., 10n2
Daschmann, G., 378
data vs. information, 67
data-setting effect, 68
dating programs, television, 26, 360–361, 365
Davidson, R. J., 237
Davidson, S., 700
Davies, J., 299, 381, 699, 710
Davies, P. G., 390
Davis, D. M., 176
Davis, G. F., 100
Davis, K. E., 685
Davison, W. P., 101, 129, 136, 137
Davoudi, M., 701
Dawson, G., 640
Dayan, D., 67
Dayanim, S., 680
daytime television talk shows, 28
Deane, C., 322
decency, 33
Deci, E. L., 173, 175–177, 180
decreased life satisfaction, 595
Dehue, F., 689
Deiss, D. M., 253
deliberative poll (DP) framework, 516
Delli Carpini, M., 465, 476, 490, 492–494
DeLoache, J., 640
Delsing, M. J. M., 159
Delva, J., 559
Demaree, H. A., 181
democratic citizenship
and effects of traditional news media, 466–470
news and political entertainment effects on, 463–477
political entertainment and evolving media, 471–474
democratic participation, 27
Denmark
Internet usage, 15
dependent variable, 97, 100, 284, 455, 599, 732–734
Derbaix, C., 592
De Roos, S., 726
Derscheid, L. E., 590
Derzon, J. H., 709
desensitization from violence, 26–27, 112–113, 235–237, 402–404, 406–415, 417
desensitizing and aggression-causing media effects, 402–418
key outcomes of media violence, 402–404
physiological outcomes, 404–408
violent content in context, 414–415
who is most susceptible?, 415–417
Desmond, R. J., 620, 626, 725, 727
Desroches, D. M., 756
detection behaviors, 571–572, 576, 578
Detweiler, J. B., 572
Devanathan, N., 472
Devaraj, S., 753
Devos, T., 388
DeWall, C. N., 376
Dewey, Thomas, 446
diagnostic framing, 96
Diamond, A., 559
Diamond, E., 446
Diana, Princess of Wales, 555
Dickerson, K., 639
Diem, S. J., 71
Diener, M. L., 640
Diener-West, M., 689
Internet, sociability, and politics, 506–509
news and politics online, 509–511
online public sphere and political messaging, 515–517
Digital Heroes Campaign, 538
digital media, 3, 21, 493–494, 496, 537
digital revolution, 35
digital technology, 2
digitalization technologies, 9
DiGiuseppe, D. L., 621
Dill, K. E., 110, 408–410, 416
Dilorio, C., 427
Dimaggio, P., 507
Dimitrova, D., 325
Dismissed, 365
Disney Channel, 346
disordered eating symptomatology (DE), 340
displacement hypothesis, 469, 596, 625–626, 686–688
disposition-based theories, 189, 194–195
Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD) with Aggressive Features, 238–239
diversity, 1, 4, 6, 30, 297, 307, 310, 336, 508, 516, 614, 647, 667
Dixon, H. G., 592
Dixon, T. L., 24, 25, 257, 273–276, 278, 280, 282–284, 286–288, 296–297, 300–301, 303, 309, 360, 388
Dixon, W. W., 359
DMA see Dynamic Motivational Activation Model
documentary programs, 158
Dodge, K. A., 117
Doku, N. S., 648
Domschke, T., 365
Donnerstein, E., 191, 406, 409–410, 426, 435, 679
Dora the Explorer, 622
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 238
Doubleday, C., 728
Douglas, K. M., 392
Doveling, K., 17
Dover, E. D., 446
Dover Air Force Base, 321
Dover Test, 321
Dovidio, J., 302
Downing, J. H. D., 3
Dr. 90210, 356
Dragon Tales, 648
Dragonfly TV, 755
Dreben, E. K., 573
Drench effect, 72
Drew, D., 468
Drogos, K. L., 746
Druckman, J. N., 323
Dubow, J. S., 591
Ducheneaut, N., 380
Duck, J. M., 136
Dudo, A. D., 488
Dulio, D. A., 517
Dundes, L., 257
Dunlop, S. M., 385
Dunn, D. G., 159
Dunsmore, K., 467
Duran, R. L., 706
Durantini, M., 532
Durbridge, M., 708
Durham, M. G., 5
Durkin, K., 259
Dussaillant, P., 53
Dutton, D. C., 182
dynamic message measurements, 216–18
Dynamic Motivational Activation Model (DMA), 219
Earl, A., 532
Earnheardt, A. C., 152, 156–159
East German migrants, 55
Eastin, M. S., 156
eating disorders, 25, 336, 704–705, 713
Eaton, H., Jr., 43
Eckenrode, J., 688
Eckler, P., 380
Eden, A., 173
educational/family cartoons, 255
educational function of media, 21
see also scholastic achievement and media use
educational policy studies, 5
educational programming, 21, 34, 630, 644–648, 650, 663, 744–747, 754–755
educational resources and achievement, 617
educational television, 31
beyond preschool years, 648–649
educational impact of, 635–650
educational programming, 644–648
higher-level comprehension of television, 637–638
how is it successful?, 649–650
task analysis on preschoolers' viewing, 642–644
auditory attention, 642
task of watching television, 636–639
television as educational tool, 635–636
television viewing among infants and toddlers, 638–639
Educational Testing Service, 614
Edwards, H. H., 454
Effects of Film Violence on Inhibitions Against Subsequent Aggression (Berkowitz & Rawlings), 230
effects paradigm, 1, 16, 19, 90, 95, 486
changes and continuities in, 13–35
see also media: effects
effortlessness, 45
Eggerton, John, 751
Eilders, C., 97
Eisenhower, Dwight, 446
Ekman, P., 237
elaboration likelihood model (ELM), 497, 573
Elder, C., 98
elderly television viewers, 158
Electric Company, The, 647, 649, 755
electoral politics, 16, 27, 465, 468
participation in, 21
Eleey, M. F., 64
Elimidate, 365
Ellickson, P., 541
Elliot, A. J., 575
Elliott, M., 430
Elliott, P., 100
Ellison, N., 508
Ellsworth, P. C., 375, 377, 383, 385, 392
ELM see elaboration likelihood model
Elmquist, J. K., 172
Elnain, A., 175
Eloundou-Enyengue, P. M., 560
embedded reporters, 316–320, 326
embodied mind and media message processing, 205–220
emotion and processing of media content, 17
emotion regulation, 382
processes, 376
emotion theory, 383
fear and anxiety in context of, 374–376
empathy, 120–121, 325, 359, 378, 403, 411–414, 659
Emperor's New School, The, 747
encoding, 70, 206, 209–214, 217, 237, 636, 710
Endsley, R. C., 236, 237, 379, 404
Energy and Commerce Communications, Technology and the Internet Subcommittee, 754
Engelbertson, J., 726
Engels, R. C. M. E., 159
enjoyable challenges, general characteristics of, 179–180
enjoyable recreation during media exposure, 173–176
homeostatic regulation, 173–174
recovery of physiological resources, 174–175
recreating in supportive environments, 175–176
enjoyable psychological growth during media exposure, 176–181
adaptive function of media entertainment, 182
behavioral challenges, 179
general characteristics of enjoyable challenges, 179–180
physiological boundaries of challenge seeking, 180–181
enjoyment
of recreation and psychological growth, 172–173
theoretical propositions on, 20
entertainment media, 14, 108, 177–178, 180, 272, 298, 339, 341, 348, 362, 388–389, 408, 415, 484, 497
impact of race and ethnicity in, 24–25
see also political entertainment
Entertainment Software Association, 416
entertainment theory, 23
Entertainment Tonight, 485
Entman, R. M., 96, 97, 273–274, 278, 282, 287, 297
environmental factors, 201–202
ER, 439
E-Rate (Schools and Libraries Universal Service Support Mechanism), 742
Erdogan, B. Z., 554
Erikson, E., 680
ERP see event-related brain potential
escaping reality, 154
Esch, T., 171
Espelage, D. L., 689
Esser, H., 92
Esty, E. T., 649
ethnicity, 3, 5, 156, 274, 300, 302, 304–305, 309–310, 340, 342, 660
see also race
Ettema, J. S., 670
Eulau, H., 91
Evans, G., 573
Eveland, W. P., Jr., 90, 132, 137, 303, 468, 510–511, 513, 517
Evenson, K. R., 73
event-related brain potential (ERP), 406
Everett, J., 171
Ewers, J., 319
excitation, 23
and affect-based approaches, 192–195
disposition-based theories, 194–195
mood management, 193
excitation transfer theory, 116, 179, 405
experimentation in media violence, 195–196
experiments, 16, 17, 53–54, 113, 230–231, 278–280, 284, 288, 406, 409–410, 412, 434, 467, 473, 497, 590, 623, 645, 684
explanatory parental coviewing, 31
exposure variable in cultivation research, 73
Extreme Makeover-Home Edition, 356
Eyal, C. H., 43, 152, 158, 191
Facebook, 1, 446, 496, 505, 508, 516, 679
facial electromyography (EMG), 215
Faden, R. R., 74
Fahmy, S., 320
Fairburn, C. G., 340
Faith Lai, C., 277
Fallahi, C. R., 382
Family Guy, 486
Fan, D. P., 130
Fang, S. R., 590
Farrar, D., 623
Farrar, K. M., 26, 429, 434, 436–437
Farrell, D., 537
Farrington, D. P., 112
Fatal Fury, 410
Fazio, R. H., 589
FCC see Federal Communications Commission
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978), 751
fear, media-related, 20, 27, 374–392
and anxiety
in context of emotion theory, 374–376
lingering, 382
elicitation of, 375
emotion regulation during media use, 380–381
and expected influence of media on others, 390–391
and intergroup relations, 387–391
of other people and groups, 388–389
to direct fear-evoking depictions, 377
immediate and lingering, 376–382
to stories about other people, 377–379
“this could happen to me,” 379–380
and risk related to real-world threats, 382–387
behavioral consequences of risk perceptions, 386–387
media influence on risk perceptions, 383–384
risk perception and media-influenced fear, 384–386
and selective media exposure, 381–382
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 618, 663, 671, 743, 744–746, 751–753
Federal Election Commission, 445
Federal Radio Act (1927), 744
Federal Trade Commission, 743, 753, 756
Feeley, T. H., 579
Fehrmann, P. G., 614
female action heroes, 260
feminism, transnational, 4
Fernie, D., 649
Ferraro, K. F., 385
Ferree, M. M., 102
Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman, 755
Fetler, M., 618
Fey, Tina, 471
Fico, F. G., 16
Fiedler, K., 304
Film Violence and the Cue Properties of Available Targets (Berkowitz & Geen), 230
Finemore, J., 340
Finkel, S. E., 451
Finland
Internet usage, 15
Finnerty, K. L., 160, 356, 365, 426
Finney, L. J., 572
First Amendment, 743, 747, 752, 755
first- and second-order judgments, 69–71
Fisch, S. M., 638, 643–647, 649–650, 660–661, 665, 726
Fischer, A. H., 380
Fischer, C., 644
Fischhoff, B., 383
Fishkin, J., 516
Fiske, M., 149
Fite, K. V., 17
Fitzgerald, E., 730
Fitzpatrick, M. A., 598
Fjeldsoe, B. S., 538
Flanagin, A. J., 534
Flegal, K. M., 366
Fleming, M. J., 405
Flora, J., 532
Florsheim, R., 592
Flynn, B. S., 711
focal segments, 527–528, 531, 540–541, 543
Foehr, U. G., 14, 250, 346, 426, 587, 612–613, 627, 629, 631, 679
Foote, D., 530
Ford, Gerald, 448
Foshee, V. A., 724
Foss, A. M., 560
Fouts, G., 343
Fox, S., 387
Fowles, J., 403
Foy, B. C., 751
frame amplification, 97
frame bridging, 97
frame extension, 97
frame transformation, 97
framing, 22, 29, 52, 130, 142, 163, 191, 272, 374, 384, 388, 515, 578–580
message
effects, moderators of, 571–577
of race in traditional media, 273–278
France
television consumption, 15
Franzoi, S. L., 680
Frazier, P. J., 53
Frederickson, B. L., 341
free speech, 743, 752, 755–756
vs. public order, 52
Freedman, D., 743
Freidson, E., 149
Freitas, K., 382
Freudenberg, N., 533
Friday the 13th (film), 404
Friedenberg, R. V., 447
Friedrich, L. K., 647, 659, 670
Friedrich-Cofer, L. K., 670
friendship(s)
Friesen, W. V., 237
Frijda, N. H., 379
frontolimbic network, 239
Frost, R., 708
Fujioka, Y., 300, 305, 378, 389–391, 602, 709, 725–728, 731–732
Fukunaga, R., 216
Fukuyama, F., 129
Fulton, J. E., 346
Funabiki, R. P., 700
functional alternatives, 150, 155
Funk, J. B., 411
Furman, W., 680
Furnham, A., 379
Furstenberg, F. F., 431
future studies, 9, 25, 35, 287, 310, 348, 567–568, 690
G8 summit, Heiligendamm, anti-globalization protest at, 101
Gabel, J. A., 559
Gable, S. L., 691
Gadalla, T., 336
gain-based frames, 29
Galuska, D. A., 346
galvanic skin response (GSR), 404
GAM see general aggression model
Gamson, W. A., 96, 97, 102, 487
Ganahl, D. J., 257
Garcia, J., 390
Garfinkel, P. E., 336
Gargoyles, 256
Garner, D. M., 336
Garrett, R. K., 456, 475, 485, 514
Gates, Robert, 321
Gatignon, H., 593
Gaziano, C., 132
Geen, R. G., 230
Geer, J. G., 446
gender, 5
diversity, 4
and globalization, 8
media messages about, 24
and minorities, 253
in children's programs, 255–256
identification with characters, 259–260
images in commercials, 257–258
minorities and gender, 253
movies and music videos, 256–257
perception of, 259
portrayals and behind the scenes personnel, 252–253
gender-role socialization
theoretical orientations, 250–252
general aggression model (GAM), 22, 108, 109–110, 110, 111–119
effects of repeated media violence viewing, 112
lessons learned from media, 108–109
role of individual differences, 117–119
hostile attribution bias, 117–118
general learning model (GLM), 108, 119–120, 120
General Mills, 756
General Social Survey, 130
Gentile, D. A., 108, 109, 114, 119–121, 409, 413
Gentile, J. R., 109
Gentner, D., 662
Gentzkow, M., 618
geopolitics, 6
Gerbner, G., 63–66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 90, 103, 191, 233, 252, 278, 283, 288, 296, 341, 384, 428
Gergen, K. J., 683
Gerhards, J., 102
Gerhardstein, P., 639
Gerhardstein, R., 390
Germany, 19, 48, 51, 90, 99, 345, 493
Internet usage, 15
national elections
1986, 54
1990, 51
reunification, 55
television consumption, 15
unemployment in, 48
Gersh, T. L., 668
Gerson, W., 149
Ghanem, S. I., 42–43, 49, 50, 51
Ghosh-Dastidar, B., 541
Ghostwriter, 649
GI Joe, 404
Gibson, K., 517
Giesen, B., 91
Gilbert, E., 5
Giles, H., 303
Gillette, J., 532
Gilliam, F. D., 273–274, 280, 282–283, 305
Gilmore, R., 215
Giner-Sorolla, R., 134
girl studies, 5
Giroux, L., 730
Givens, S. M. B., 74
Glance, N., 512
Glaser, W. A., 467
Glaubke, C., 297
Gleason, T., 662
Glenn, John, 321
Glik, D., 701
GLM see general learning model
global ethnographies, 8
globalization, 97
media, 8
see also anti-globalization protests
Godlewski, L. R., 369
Goff, P. A., 390
Golan, G. J., 51
Goldberg, J., 556
Golden Globe Awards, 750
Goldhoorn, C., 176
Goldman, S. R., 662
Goldsmith, R. E., 326
Goldstein, A. O., 590
Goldstein, K. M., 446
Gonzales, R., 701, 706–709, 712
Goodall, C. E., 383
Google, 285
Goossens, H., 560
Gootman, J. A. E., 596
Gordon, M., 306
Gore, Al, 56–57, 132, 471, 744, 746, 753
Gorham, B., 304
Goris, J. M., 596
Gorr, M. B., 157
Gosling, S. D., 17
Gould, S. M., 556
Gow, R. W., 366
Grabe, M. E., 382
Grahmann, T., 259
Gralnick, J., 319
Granados, A. D., 251
Grand Theft Auto (GTA), 196, 228
Grant, H., 575
gratifications
studies and representative uses, 157–163
and uses see uses and gratifications (U&G)
Grave, S. B., 713
Gray, J. J., 336, 487, 492, 494
Gray, K., 377
Greaves, K. A., 727
Greenberg, B. S., 69, 72, 151, 158, 199, 232, 253, 259, 272–273, 275–277, 310, 360, 379, 430, 434–435, 594, 626, 756
index of television-viewing motives, 151
Greene, K., 156, 158, 161, 197, 358, 700–702, 706–709, 711, 730
Greenhow, C., 507
Greenland
Internet usage, 15
Greenmayer, J., 543
Greenwald, M. K., 208
Greenwood, C. R., 648
Greenwood, D. N., 260
Greer, C. F., 152
Greeson, L. E., 429
Greitemeyer, T., 121, 122, 174, 413
Grieves, K., 382
Griffin, K. W., 711
Griffin, M., 320
Grigorovici, D. M., 709
Grilo, C. M., 336
Grimes, T., 210
Grinband, J., 239
Grizzard, M., 173
Groer, M., 404
Grogan-Kaylor, A., 346
Gross, E. F., 403, 685, 688–689, 691
Gross, L., 63–66, 68, 69, 71, 74, 90, 191, 233, 278, 283, 296, 317, 341, 384, 430
Grotpeter, J. K., 122
Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 231
group contexts in framing and priming effects, 99–100
Growing Pains, 660
Gruber, A., 337
Gruber, M., 404
GSR see galvanic skin response
Gulf Wars see under Iraq
Gullah Gullah Island, 647
Gunther, A. C., 128, 131, 133–138, 390–391
Gurevitch, M., 67, 149–150, 156
Gussow, J. D., 700
Haas, H., 156
Haddock, S. A., 257
Haddon, L., 691
Haertel, E. H., 618
Haertel, G. D., 618
Hafstad, A., 711
Haigh, M. M., 25, 317, 319, 323–326
Hailey, B. J., 572
Hallam-Jones, R., 171
Halloran, J. D., 100
Hamby, R. H., 406
Hamilton, D., 296
Hamm, A. O., 208
Hancox, R. J., 620
Hansbrough, E., 264
Hansen, G., 317, 323, 327, 447–449
Hanson, K. G., 31, 152–156, 159, 162, 636
Hanson, L. R., 573
Hargittai, E., 507
Haridakis, P., 23, 149, 152–159, 161, 162
Harper, J., 318
Harrington, A., 660
Harris, C., 256
Harrison, William Henry, 446
Hart, R. P., 487
Hartelius, J., 487
Hartmann, T., 23, 171, 176, 179, 190, 196, 378
Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 237
Harvey, P., 555
Harwood, J., 296, 300, 303, 305, 308
Hasegawa, K., 253
Haslam, S. A., 308
Hastings, G., 554
Haviland, M. L., 541
Haviland-Jones, J., 172
Hawkins, R. P., 68, 69–70, 299
Hayes, D., 661
Hayne, H., 639
Hayward, C., 337
HBO, 747
Head, S., 252
health
campaigns, 29
and safety, 29
Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), 529
Healton, C. G., 541
heart rate (HR), 35
Heath, L., 380
Heath, M., 471
Hedley, A. A., 342
Hefner, D., 378
Hefner, V., 273
Heinberg, L. J., 705
Heine, S. J., 175
Heins, M., 707
Heldman, C., 454
Hellweg, S. A., 447
Helmick, A. L., 378
Helregel, B. K., 174
Helsper, E. J., 587–588, 597, 753
Hendy, D., 14
Henrich, C. C., 410
Henry, J. D., 390
Henson, J. R., 27
Herbert, M., 317
Heresco, A., 324
Herrett-Skjellum, J., 261
Herrnson, P. A., 450
Hertel, A. W., 571
Herzog, H., 149
Hetsroni, A., 72
heuristic persuasion processing, 588
heuristic processing model, 70
heuristic systematic model (HSM), 573
Hewitt, G., 325
Hicks, D. J., 726
Hicks, K. A., 724
Hicks, M. V., 252
hierarchical linear modeling, 16
High School and Beyond (HSB), 614
High School Musical, 342
high school social capital, 508
Hill, T., 471
Hills, A. P., 340
Hillsdon, M., 559
Hillygus, D. S., 507
Hiltbrand, D., 369
Hinck, E. A., 447
Hindin, T. J., 700
Hindman, M., 511
Hinkin, M. P., 405
Hinshaw, S. P., 340
HINTS see Health Information National Trends Survey
Hirsch, J., 17
Hirsch, P. M., 66
Hirst, W., 236
Hmielowski, J. D., 486, 488, 492, 494, 497
HMP see hostile media perceptions
Ho, S. S., 132
Hoarders, 367
Hobbs, J., 387
Hodapp, T. V., 645
Hoekstra, S. J., 378
Hoerl, K., 5
Hoffman, B. R., 532
Hoffman, D. L., 753
Hoffman, K., 378
Hoffner, C. A., 26, 178, 260, 263, 378, 380–381, 391, 726
Holbert, R. L., 28, 385, 452, 455–456, 466, 475, 485–488, 491–492, 497, 508
Holbrook, R. A., 471
Holden, E., 668
Holder, H. D., 533
holistic media studies, 5
Holt, D. J., 756
Holt, K. E., 340
Holtto, H., 687
home page creativity, 154
home shopping, 154
homeostatic regulation, 172, 173–174
homosexuality, 363, 426, 428, 431
Hong Kong, 54
Horan, N., 253
Hornik, R., 527, 528, 530, 541, 620, 709
horror movies, 152, 172, 178–179
Horton, D., 149, 176, 363, 554
Horton, R. W., 403
Hoskins, A., 320
Hossain, M., 560
hostile attribution bias, 114–115, 117–118
hostile media perceptions (HMP), 128, 132–136
Houck, M. M., 255
Housley-Juster, A., 664
Howard, A., 640
Howard, P. N., 754
Howell, M., 404
Hox, J. J., 91
Hoy, W. K., 129
Hoyle, R. H., 541
Hrabosky, J. I., 336
Huber, G. L., 118
Hudson, H., 753
Huesman, L. R., 109, 116, 118, 192, 233–235, 251, 413, 703, 707
Hughes, M., 66
Hull, S., 365
Hullman, G. A., 149
humanist approaches, 8
Hunt, D., 253
Hunter, S. B., 430
Hurley, R. J., 273
Huron, D., 171
Hussein, Saddam, 324
Huston, A. C., 69, 232, 435, 622, 637, 646, 658, 668
Hyman, H. H., 553
“hypodermic needle” model, 9, 90
IAPS see international affective picture system
I Want a Famous Face, 360
Iannotti, R. J., 572
Ibrahim, A., 378
Iceland
Internet usage, 15
ICR see Institute of Communications Research
identification, 26, 162, 306, 308, 361, 388, 488, 536, 709
with media characters, 259–260, 262, 362–364, 366–367, 369, 435, 439, 554–556, 703, 728, 734
see also parasocial identification
identity, 7, 21, 24, 31, 34, 133, 308, 359, 362–363, 378, 425, 679–680, 684, 707, 732, 757
collective, 96
development, 598, 683, 689–691
and intimacy and Internet communication, 680–683
social, 25, 97, 303, 387–388, 390, 514
Ihori, N., 120
imaginative thinking and creativity, 623–624
impact area of political communication, 50
implicit theory approach, 69
incidental learning, 41, 42–45, 472
infants, 367
and television viewing, 31, 636, 638–641
inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), 238
influence of presumed media influence (IPMI), 138
information, 27
nontraditional sources of, 324–326
seeking, 154
Ingram, M., 701–702, 706–708, 711
Institute of Communications Research (ICR), 4
institutional process analysis, 64
intended advertising effects, 589–590
interaction(s)
cross-level, 99
social, 21, 25–26, 151, 154–155, 159–160, 162, 176, 256, 259, 363, 378, 429, 496, 505–506, 508, 515, 539, 641, 647, 657–658, 667, 679
interactive media, 154, 162, 179, 527, 650
interactive technology, 536
interactivity, 3, 16, 154, 369, 416, 537
interference, 626
intergroup behaviors, 296, 301, 303–304
intergroup contact, mediated, 306–308, 389–390
intergroup relations, 26
and media-related fear, 374–392
international affective picture system (IAPS), 406–407, 414
International Telecommunication Union, 15
Internet, 9
access, 35
addiction, 154
adolescent development and, 21
communication see adolescents: and Internet communication
effect on politics see digital democracy
high-speed, 14
relationships, 162
role of, 28
and sociability and politics, 506–509
television, 14
interpersonal communication, 149–153, 156, 160, 206, 530, 532
interpersonal influencers, 527–528, 531
intersectional analysis, 5
intimacy
and identity, and Internet communication, 680–683
intrusiveness, 536
IPMI see influence of presumed media influence
Ippolito, P. M., 756
Iran–Contra scandal, 54
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 92, 93, 98, 102
Ireland
television consumption, 15
elections, 55
issue involvement, 571, 573–574, 578–579
issue salience, 42, 50, 56, 456
Italy
television consumption, 15
Ivory, J. D., 405
Iyengar, S., 53, 54, 91, 140, 273, 280, 282–283, 446, 453, 456, 472, 474–475, 485, 495, 512, 516
Jackson, C., 732
Jackson, Janet, 750
Jackson, L. A., 753
Jackson-Beeck, M., 66, 191, 260, 447
Jacobovitz, R. S., 175
Jacobs, C., 336
Jacobs, L. R., 476
Jacobsohn, L. S., 708
Jain, P., 486
James, J. D., 152
Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution, 367
Jamieson, K. H., 130, 132, 140, 273, 297, 446–447, 470
Janis, I., 554
Janiszewski, C., 45
Jannone, S., 309
Janssen, D., 515
Japan
Internet usage, 15
mayoral election, 47
television consumption, 15
Jeffries-Fox, S., 191
Jenkins, J. G., 44
Jenkins, K., 465
Jenkins, L., 647
Jenks, J., 411
Jensen, J. L., 515
Jensen, K. B., 74
Jensen, M., 15
Jetsons, The, 745
Joe Millionaire, 360
Johansson, S. E., 336
Johnny Bravo, 259
Johnson, A., 532
Johnson, B. T., 538
Johnson, Earvin “Magic,” Jr., 554–555
Johnson, J. A., 511
Johnson, J. G., 620
Johnson, K., 587, 701–703, 706–708, 711, 730–731
Johnson, Lyndon, 448
Johnson, R. J., 572
Johnson, T. J., 152, 156, 157, 320, 513
Johnson-Campbell, T., 309
Johnson-Cartee, K. S., 447
Johnston, J., 670
Jones, J. P., 487, 489, 492, 494–497
Jones, L. W., 572
Jones, S., 14
Jones, S. C., 554
Jordan, A., 33, 199, 432–433, 622, 658, 744–747, 749–750, 755
Jose, P. E., 662
Joseph, J., 538
Joseph, R., 5
Josey, C. S., 24, 25, 273, 276, 278, 285–288
Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 18
Journal of Communication, 63
Joyner, A. B., 335
Jung, J. Y., 5
Jungeblut, A., 647
Juno (film), 490
Jusczyk, P. W., 639
“Just Say No” initiative, 540
Kafka, B., 6
Kafka, R. R., 732
Kahlenberg, S., 254
Kahn, K. F., 447
Kahneman, D., 70, 94, 171, 172, 182, 208, 210, 383, 569–571, 573, 578
availability heuristic, 70
Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), 425–426, 430, 436–437, 631, 727, 745, 748–749
Kalamas, A. D., 404
Kalb, M., 319
Kalyanaraman, S., 405
Kane, T., 446
Kang, J. G., 455
Kann, L., 346
Kannaovakun, P., 135
Karahalios, K., 5
Karp, W., 659
Kasen, S., 620
Kashima, Y., 385
Kasperson, R. E., 383
Kastenmuller, A., 413
Katz, E., 56, 67, 75, 90, 149–151, 156, 160, 172, 175, 466, 468
Katzman, N., 631
Kaufman, J. S., 91
Kawabata, M., 53
Kawahara, K., 215
Kaye, B. K., 152, 156, 157, 513
Kean, L. G., 156, 158, 159, 197, 198, 200
Kee, K., 509
Keen, R., 640
Keeter, S., 465
Kegan, R., 680
Keith, S., 320
Keith, T. Z., 614
Kelley, C. R., 756
Kellner, D., 317
Kelly, B., 587
Kelly, E., 336
Kelly, K. M., 571
Keltner, D., 376, 385, 388, 392
Kenardy, J. A., 340
Keniston, A. H., 661
Kennedy, P. F., 595
Kennedy, Robert, 231
Kenney, P. J., 447
Kenski, K., 470
Keough, K., 572
Kepplinger, H. M., 54, 100, 103
Kern, M., 447
Kernahan, C., 109
Kerr, D., 728
Kerns, T. Y., 623
Kershaw, T., 538
Keum, H., 472
KFF see Kaiser Family Foundation
Kies, R., 515
Kiesewetter, J., 365
Killen, J. D., 337
Kim, D. D., 258
Kim, E., 448
Kim, H. K., 685
Kim, J., 149, 154, 155, 160, 161, 317–318, 382, 466, 468
Kim, J. L., 428
Kim, K., 55
Kim, N., 476
King, C., 320
King, L. A., 178
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 231
Kiousis, S., 46, 51, 55, 56, 131
Kipnis, D. M., 670
Kippax, S., 229
Kirkorian, H. L., 621, 640, 650
Kirsch, I. S., 647
Kirsch, S. J., 110
Kittler, A., 387
Kitwana, B., 264
Kivijarv, L., 446
Klapper, J. T., 149, 155, 286, 451
Klein, M., 560
Klein, R., 703
Klees, D. M., 593
Klimmt, C., 170, 171, 179, 196, 378
Klotz, R. J., 518
Klu Klux Klan (KKK), 52
Knobloch, S., 381
Knobloch-Westerwick, S., 174, 192, 193, 286
Knoke, D., 466
Knowles, A. D., 661
Koenig, O., 236
Kohli, R., 753
Kohut, A., 132
Koloen, G., 486
Kolstad, A., 647
Konijn, E. A., 17
Kononova, A., 380
Koops, W., 114
Korean War, 323
Kosanic, A., 648
Kosslyn, S. M., 236
Kovaric, P., 728
Kowalski, R. M., 689
Kozarian, L., 683
Kraak, V. I. E., 596
Kraft Foods, 756
Krakowiak, K. M., 450
Kraus, S., 447
Krawitz, A., 216
Krcmar, M., 23, 156, 158, 159, 161, 195, 197, 198, 200, 358, 725–726, 728
Kremers, S. P. J., 601
Kreuter, M., 537
Krieg, D. B., 662
Krippendorff, K., 67
Kronenberger, W. G., 238
Krueger, B. S., 518
Krugman, H. E., 44
Krull, D. S., 111
Kubey, R., 32, 699–700, 710, 712
Kunkel, D., 73, 426–428, 430–431, 436, 597, 705, 744–746, 756–757
Kuttschreuter, M., 658
Kuuti, K., 508
Kwak, N., 385, 468, 487, 508, 517
Kwon, Y. H., 590
labeling warnings on programs, 33
Lacy, S., 16
Ladd, J., 132
Lafferty, B. A., 326
Lalor, K. M., 572
LaMarre, H. L., 489
Lambiase, J. J., 701
Lamde, J. L., 488
Lampe, C., 508
Landius, E., 620
Landreville, K. D., 489
Landro, L., 336
Lane, T. S., 593
Lang, A., 23–24, 68, 69, 206, 208, 211–218
Lang, G. E., 100
Lang, K., 100
Lang, P. J., 208, 215, 377, 406
language and vocabulary, 621–623
Lanoue, D. J., 447
Lantos, J. D., 71
LaRose, R., 156, 158, 160, 201
Larsen, V., 595
Lasorsa, D. L., 131
late-night comedy, 316, 324–325, 327, 474, 486
late-night shows, 28
Late Show with David Letterman, The, 464, 472, 485
lateral orbitofrontal cortex (ltOFC), 239
Lather, J., 486
Latin America, 691
television consumption, 15
Latinos, 257, 273, 277–278, 285, 287–288, 296–297, 300, 309, 388
portrayal in news programming, 275–276
Lau, J. T. F., 382
Lau, M., 382
Lauricella, A., 640
Lauver, D., 572
Lavigne, H. J., 31
Lavine, H., 382
Law and Order, 485
Lawrence, J., 446
Lawton, R., 572
Lazar, J., 231
Lazarsfeld, P., 46, 90, 91, 231, 286, 450–451
Lazarus, R. S., 375–378, 380–381, 383, 386
LC4MP see Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing
Leaf, P. J., 689
learning
and development, media effects on, 30
with low involvement, 45
Lears, M., 262
LeBon, G., 493
LeDoux, J., 236, 375, 377, 382
Lee, C., 447
Lee, J., 488
Lee, J. C., 340
Lee, N., 533
Lee, S., 217
Lee, T. T., 128
Lee, Y. C., 687
Lefkowitz, M. M., 233–234, 251
Lehmann, D. R., 553
Leighley, J. E., 466
Leiserowitz, A., 383
leisure time, 173, 180, 469, 587, 646
Lemal, M., 385
Lemert, J. B., 468
Lemish, D., 641
Lemus, D. R., 534
L'Engle, K. L., 426
Lepper, M. R., 129
Lerner, J. S., 376, 385, 388, 392
Lesh, R, 650
Leshner, G. M., 453
Lesik, S. A., 382
Leslie, F., 598
Lester, P. M., 320
Levesque, R. J. R., 743, 751–752
Levine, J. A., 438
Levine, L., 598
Levy, D. T., 542
Lewin, T., 752
Lewis, J., 387
Liben, L. S., 661
Liberman, A., 573
Lichtenstein, S., 383
Lichter, S. R., 486
Lichtman, K., 532
Lichty, L. W., 540
Lieberman, D., 538
Liebert, R., 658
Liebes, T., 67
Lilenfeld, L., 336
Limber, S. P., 689
Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP), 208–211
Lin, G., 688
Lin, K., 258
Lin, T., 277
Linder, J. R., 409
Lindsay, J. J., 413
Linebarger, D. L., 622, 638, 643, 646–648
Lingenfelter, M., 660
Linnan, L., 529
Linsangan, R., 431
Linz, D. G., 273–276, 278, 283–284, 287–288, 297, 406, 408–410
Lippincott, E. C., 403
Lipsey, M. W., 709
Lipsitz, G., 276
literacy, 2, 14, 30–34, 647–650, 754–755
see also media: literacy
Littau, J., 380
Little, T. D., 118
Littman, A. L., 258
Liu, M., 417
Liu, Z., 258
Livingstone, S., 1, 66, 67, 141, 317, 587–588, 597, 691, 709, 729, 753
Livio, O., 507
Llamas, J. P., 43
Lodge, M., 382
Loevinger, J., 680
Loewenstein, G. F., 72, 376, 379, 383–386, 392
Loftus, E. F., 94
Lombard, M., 130
London, P., 732
London School of Economics, 229
loneliness, 156–158, 161, 507, 684, 686, 690
Long, J., 296
Long, N., 377
Longfield, J., 596
Longshore, D., 541
Los Angeles, crime news reports in, 274–275
loss-based frames, 29
Loughlin, S., 598
Love, G. D., 751
Lowrey, S. A., 189
Lowry, R., 346
Lucas, K., 199
Lucht, N., 300
Lucove, J. C., 73
Ludwig, T. D., 558
Luecke-Aleksa, D., 648
Lull, J., 162
Lund, A. F., 621
Lund, L. K., 257
Luo, M., 510
Luskin, R. C., 516
Lüter, A., 97
Luthman, S., 407
Lutz, R. J., 592
Luxembourg
Internet usage, 15
Lyle, J., 199, 229–230, 611, 621
Lynch, P. J., 409
Lynn, R., 210
Ma, R., 392
MacBeth, T. M., 229
Maccoby, Eleanor, 231
MacGeorge, E. L., 380
MacGregor, D. G., 383
Mackie, D., 296, 298, 311, 388, 491
Macklin, M. C., 590
macro-level framing and priming effects, 91–93, 96–103
macro-micro links, 93
macro-to-micro transitions, 92
Madden, M., 679
magazines, 5, 35, 296, 321, 326, 343, 426, 432–433, 435–436, 537, 540, 595, 616, 650
daily reading, 14
Magic School Bus, The, 255
Magnet, S., 9
Maheswaran, D., 568, 571, 573–574, 578–579
Mahood, C., 191
Maisel, L. S., 447
Major, A. M., 139
Mallinckrodt, V., 597
Manganello, J. A., 365
Mangleburg, T. F., 601
Mangold, R., 376
Manlove, J., 438
Mann, T. L., 568, 571, 575, 578
Manosevitch, E., 467
Manssens, J., 97
Manstead, A. S. R., 380
Manyozo, L., 14
Manz, J. G. P., 275
Maramba, I., 538
Mares, M. L., 31, 412, 647, 658, 660, 662–663, 667–668
Margolis, D. M., 470
Marola, J. A., 258
Mari, J. D., 336
marketing, 28, 33, 346, 446, 541, 543, 588–589, 602–603, 701–702, 706, 756–757
see also social marketing
Markey, C. N., 366
Marlow, M. L., 137
Marquis, J., 622
Marseille, N. M., 725
Marsh, A. A., 380
Marshall, A. L., 538
Marshall, H. M., 579
Martel, M., 447
Martin, C. D., 572
Martin, M. C., 595
Martin, P. S., 454
Martino, S. C., 430, 432–433, 436, 572
Martis, G., 416
Marvin, C., 191
masculinity studies, 4
Mason, D. V., 259
Masterman, L., 710
Mastin, B., 556
Mastro, D., 24–25, 253, 257, 260, 263, 272, 296–300, 304–306, 308–309
materialism, 30, 257, 594–595, 601, 707
Mass Communication and Society, 18
Mass Communication Theory (McQuail), 4–5
Mathiak, K., 17
Matillo, G. M., 412
Matthews, A., 596
Matthews, V. P., 238
Matthias, S., 680
Mayes, S., 430
Mayeux, L., 622
Mazis, M. B., 44
Mazur, E., 683
Mazzeo, S. E., 366
Mazzoleni, G., 474
McAdam, D., 97
McAdams, D. P., 178
McAllister, D. J., 131
McCabe, M. P., 340
McCann, R., 534
McCaul, K. D., 572
McCombs, M., 22, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 91, 94, 95, 631
McCoy, K., 282
McDaniel, M. L., 51
McDonald, D. G., 467
McEvoy, S. A., 342
McGee, J., 669
McGinnis, J. M., 596
McGlone, M., 309
McGraw, K. O., 661
McGuire, W. J., 55
McGwire, Mark, 555
McIntosh, W. D., 256
McKenzie, L. B., 365
McKinley, C., 756
McLaughlin, B., 44
McLeary, P., 325
McLeod, J., 66, 90, 91, 92, 101, 232, 466–470
McMenamin, K., 647
McMurria, J., 359
McPhee, W. N., 450
McQuail, D., 3, 4–5, 7, 67, 90, 93, 149, 151
Mead, N., 614
Meadow, R. G., 447
Meadowcroft, J., 210
meaning modalities, 537
Medal of Honor, 239
media
effects
changes and continuities, 13–35
examining nature of, 35
on learning and development, 30
negative, 30
paradigm, 8
entertainment
adaptive function of, 182
enjoyable psychological growth during media exposure, 176–181
enjoyable recreation during media exposure, 173–176
and recreation and psychological growth, 170–182; enjoyment of, 172–173
exposure, 149
influence on racial/ethnic stereotypes, 295–311
in young people, 613
literacy, 19–21, 32–34, 348, 534, 602, 699–714, 723–725, 729–735
applications and interventions, 701–706
see also parental mediation in developing media literacy
message processing and embodied mind, 205–220
multitasking, 15, 250, 613, 642
policy
and children's media exposure, 33–34, 742–758
federal children's media policies, 745–753
federal funding programs, 753–755
portrayals of race/ethnicity in, 296–298
producers, 16
psychology, 8, 13, 34; emergence of, 18–34
salience, 55
selection/use and motives, 157–159
utility, 159
violence see violence in media
Media Education Foundation, 707
Media Psychology, 18
media-trained behavior, 108–109, 119
media violence exposure index (MEVI), 238
mediated intergroup contact, 307–308
mediating variables, 41
mediation, 1, 3, 599, 601, 669, 671
see also parental mediation in developing media literacy
Mednick, S. A., 112
Meekers, D., 560
Meeus, W. H. J., 159
Meili, H. K., 706
Melfi, V., 650
Meline, C. W., 623
Melnyk, S. E., 335
Mendelson, A. L., 158, 160, 358
Mendelsohn, H., 553
Meneguelli, A., 726
Mens, C., 600
Menzel, H., 91
Meraz, S., 516
Meringoff, L. K., 623
Mertens, D. M., 529
Merton, R. K., 100
meso-level framing and priming effects, 91–93, 96–103
meso-micro transitions, 93
message appeals: persuasive incentives, 535–536
message content: informational vs. persuasive, 534
message features: qualitative dimensions, 534–535
message framing
and health-related persuasion, 567–580
approach/avoidance motivation, 574–576
desirability of end-states, 576–577
type of health behavior, 571–573
moderators of effects, 571–577
message processing and embodied mind, 205–220
future research, 220
mind, body, and media, 206–208
dynamic message measurements, 216–218
motivated cognitive measures, 213–216
theoretical model (LC4MP), 208–212
message system analysis, 64
prevention vs. promotion, 533
Messeri, P., 541
Metzger, M. J., 534
MEVI see media violence exposure index
Meyer, G., 527
Meyer, H. K., 514
Meyers-Levy, J., 571, 573–574, 578–579, 587–588
Michie, S., 538
Michigan State University (MSU), 542–543
micro-level framing and priming effects, 91–93, 94–95
micro-macro links, 93
micro-to-macro transitions, 92
Middle East, 131
television consumption, 15
middle frontal gyrus (MFG), 238
Middleton, B., 387
Middleton, D., 669
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, 413
Mikami, A. L., 340
Mikami, S., 53
Mikos, L., 378
Milbrath, L., 464
military, media, and public, relationship between, 316–327
nontraditional sources of information, 324–326
press/military relationship, 317–318
public opinion and war, 322–323
Millar, K., 572
Millar, M. G., 572
Miller, A. R., 702
Miller, E., 701
Miller, J. M., 49, 50, 53, 132
Miller, M. M., 97
Miller, T. W., 556
Miller, Y. D., 538
Milliken, M. C., 517
mind
as embodied organ, 205
Ming, L. K., 120
minimal effects theory, 450–456
Minnebo, J., 157
minorities, 136, 263, 273, 276–280, 283–285, 288, 301, 303, 305, 533
and gender, 253
improving attitudes toward, 306
model, 277
minority group members' evaluations of self, 305–306
Miron, D., 72, 136, 171, 172, 175, 176, 181, 182
Miss Spider's Neighborhood, 664
Mister Rogers, 404
Mitchell, A., 532
Mitchell, C., 662
Mitchell, K. J., 689
Mitchell, K. S., 366
Mitchell-Kerman, C., 251
Mizerski, D., 597
Mizuno, Y., 559
mobile phones, 2, 9, 35, 73, 536, 538, 540, 679
adolescents and, 21
mobilization-based approaches, 96
model minorities, 277
modeling multi-level media framing and priming effects
cross-sectional challenges, 98–101
dynamic structure of target of effects, 102
longitudinal challenges, 101–103
mechanism, 100
reciprocal bottom-up and top-down transitions, 101
target, 100
Moise-Titus, J., 413
Monaco, J., 643
Monahan, J. L., 74
Mondale, Walter, 451
Monday, K. A., 572
Monge, D., 5
Mongeau, P., 527
Monitoring the Future survey (1985), 263
Monshouwer, H. J., 114
mood management theory, 174, 193
Moon, S. J., 57
Moons, W. G., 491
Moore, R. J., 380
moral disengagement, 196
Morey, A., 486
Morgan, G. S., 389
Morgan, M., 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 233, 251, 260–262, 278, 283, 296, 361, 384–385, 627
Morgan, S. J., 356
Morris, J. S., 324, 473, 485, 487, 489
Morrison, D. E., 320
Mortal Kombat, 404
Moschis, G. P., 591
Moses, L. J., 597
Mosimann, J. E., 336
Moskalenko, S., 175
motivated cognitive measures, 213–216
motivational activation, 214
motivational system, 24
motives
and media selection/use, 157–159
Motoki, E., 650
Mou, Y., 417
Mounts, J. R. W., 110
movies, 159
teen, 263
Moy, P., 27–28, 96, 136, 324–325, 465–467, 469–470, 472–473
Moyer, E., 191
Moyer-Gusé, E., 360, 384, 386, 486, 490
Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, 621
MRI technology, 405
Mudore, C. F., 710
Mukherjee, R., 5
Mulac, A., 73
Muller, F., 389
multi-level approaches in media effects research, 89–103
multitasking, media, 15, 250, 613, 642
Mumford, E. A., 542
Münch, R., 91
Mundorf, J., 171
Murdock, G., 100
Murnen, S. K., 337
Murphy, S., 306
Murray, J. P., 17, 23, 24, 228, 229, 231, 232, 235, 237, 240, 403, 405
Murray-Johnson, L., 530
Musher-Eizenman, D. R., 273, 277, 667
music videos, 74, 190, 263–264, 383, 429–431
and gender-role images, 256–257
Muslow, M., 621
Mutz, D. C., 130, 137, 468–469, 476, 508, 512, 514
Myers, N. A., 661
Myllyluoma, J., 559
Nabi, R. L., 26, 73, 160, 201, 356–358, 360–367, 384, 386, 392, 486, 490–491
Nacos, B. L., 96, 99, 388, 389
NAEP see National Assessment of Educational Progress
NAES, 488
NAFTA, 455
Nagasawa, R., 277
Naigles, L., 622
Nakada, M., 53
NAMLE see National Association for Media Literacy Education
Nan, X., 29, 568, 571, 575, 577–579
Nanchahal, K., 559
Nash, A., 593
Nathan, J. G., 642
Nathanson, A. I., 72, 137, 196, 198, 380, 669, 703, 706, 724–726, 728, 732
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 614
National Association for Media Literacy Education (NAMLE), 700
National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD), 336
National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 425
National Cancer Institute, 529
National Center for Educational Statistics, 614
National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 231
National Election Studies (NES), 56
National Health Examination (NHE), 618
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 231, 233
National Opinion Resource Center (NORC) General Social Survey, 66, 261
National Press Photographers Association, 321
National Research Council, Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior, 236
National Science Foundation, 755
National Telemedia Council, 707
National Television Violence Study (NTVS), 414
Native Americans, 253, 273, 277, 296, 298, 300
Navracruz, L. C., 703
News, 425
NCAA, 505
Neace, W. P., 258
need for orientation (NFO), and agenda setting, 46–49
Need for Speed, 239
negative active mediation, 33, 723, 725–726, 731–732, 734–735
negative attitudes and behaviors, risks in modeling, 664–666
negative attribute agenda, 57
negative media effects, 30, 734
negotiation models of media effects, 90–91
Negra, D., 5
Nell, V., 171
Nelson, J. S., 447
Nelson, M., 472
neoliberalism, 5
neo-Marxist political economy, 7
NES see National Election Studies
Netherlands, the, 1, 8, 19, 413, 602, 660, 686
Internet usage, 15
television consumption, 15
Netzley, S. B., 257
network analysis, 5
Neuman, S. B., 622
Neuman, W. R., 491
networks, 1–2, 7, 115, 253, 278–279, 282, 286, 321, 450, 466, 472, 486, 493, 507, 509, 513, 528–529, 593, 599, 658, 681, 743, 746–747, 751, 756
social, 152, 392, 468, 471, 510, 516
Neuman, W. R., 44, 51, 67, 507, 627
neuroscience, 17
New Electric Company, 755
New Friend, The, 665
New York Times, 513
New Zealand
Internet usage, 15
Newbitt, K. M., 413
Newcomer, S. E., 431
Newell, S. J., 326
Newhagen, J., 69, 73, 130, 317
Newman, J., 180
news media
agenda setting, 22
Chapel Hill study on issue coverage, 42
content studies of local news
coverage of politics, 16, 21, 28
credibility, 22
crime coverage and race, 24
effects of online news portrayals, 286–287
as “hostile,” 22
how stereotyped media content affects individual, 278–284
newspaper news, 28
online, 24
portrayal of Latinos in, 275–276
portrayal of other marginalized groups in, 275–276
portrayal of Whites in, 276–277
revisiting in new media environment, 284–287
shortcomings in prior research, 287–288
representation of war in, 19, 20, 25
satirical news programs, 28
traditional, 24
newspaper(s), 7, 14, 28, 35, 44–46, 51, 53, 57, 149, 158, 160, 192, 281, 321, 323, 411–412, 467–469, 496, 510, 537, 539, 542, 616, 744
Neznanski, M. C., 325
Nick News, 649
Nickell, E., 380
Nickelodeon, 346
Niederdeppe, J., 533
Nielsen Media Company, 14, 250
Niemi, R. G., 465
Nikken, P., 732
NIMH see National Institute of Mental Health
Nisbet, E., 468
Nisbet, M., 468
Niven, D., 486
Nivens, E. E., 406
Nixon, M. C., 661
Nixon, Richard M., 446, 448, 471–472
Noelle-Neumann, E., 90, 96, 100, 103
Nolan, M. T., 74
nontraditional adventure cartoons, 255
Norris, O., 140
Norris, P., 469
Norway
Internet usage, 15
television consumption, 15
Notley, T., 507
Novak, T. P., 753
Noyes, R., 322
Nugent, B., 259
Nunes, M. A., 336
NTVS see National Television Violence Study
Nyberg, S. E., 213
Nygard, C. H., 687
Oakes, J. M., 91
Obama, Barack, 309, 321, 445–447, 496, 510
Obel, C., 621
O'Brien, Conan, 324
Obsessed, 367
Ochshorn, P., 711
O'Connor, D. B., 572
O'Dea, J. A., 700
O'Donnell, S., 517
Oehlberg, L., 380
Oetting, J. B., 622
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 540–541
Ofcom, 15
Office, The, 367
Ogden, M. D., 366
Ogletree, S. M., 259
Ohman, A., 210, 375–377, 384–387, 389
O'Keefe, D. J., 527, 571–572, 577, 708
Olczak, P. V., 110
old media technologies, 2
Oleson, K. C., 309
Olevitch, L., 537
Olivardia, R., 337
Oliver, M. B., 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 180, 192, 193, 280–282, 303, 309, 360, 389, 450, 701, 706–709, 711, 713
O'Neal, E. C., 194
online chatting, 162, 466, 516
online ethnographies, 8
online news, 24, 28, 131, 272–273, 285–288, 321, 325–326, 509–511
effects of portrayals, 286–287
online public sphere and political messaging, 515–517
Operation “Enduring Freedom,” 319
Operation Iraqi Freedom scenario, 92, 93, 98
operationalizations, 71, 73, 150, 407, 465, 568–569, 576–577
opinion dispersion, 56
opinion polarization, 56
Opp, K.-D., 99
Oppenheim, A. N., 229
Oppliger, R. A., 261
Oprah, 28
Opree, S. J., 594
Ordman, V., 178
O'Reilly, Bill, 388
O'Reilly Factor, The, 489
Organ, A., 173
Ornstein, R., 236
Orobio de Castro, B., 114, 117
Ortony, A., 375
Osborn, D. K., 236, 237, 379, 404
Overkill, 410
overweight and obesity, 25, 334, 336, 342–347, 557, 594–596
Owen, L. H., 589
Owen, N., 559
Owren, M. J., 377
Ozretich, R. A., 703
Padgett, K., 385
Pae, S., 622
Page, B. I., 476
Pajares, E., 200
Pakistan, 321
Palmer, K. S., 364
Palmgreen, P., 152, 157, 529, 531, 541
Pan, Z., 91, 92, 97, 101, 136, 466, 569
Panee, C. D., 406
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 614
Panksepp, J., 236
Pantii, M., 359
Papacharissi, Z., 152, 154–160, 358, 516
Papadakis, M., 507
paradigm diversity, 4
parasocial identification, 554–555
parasocial interaction (PSI), 26, 159–160, 176, 259, 363, 378, 439
parasocial relationships (PSR), 307, 363–364
Pardun, C. J., 426, 432, 435–436
parent–child communication about media and media literacy, 733
parent–child conflict, 586, 594–595
Parental Advisory Label system (aka Tipper Sticker), 756
parental communication, 586–587, 599–603
and media literacy, 723–725, 727–732, 734–735
and alcohol use, 734
parental coviewing, 31, 34, 733
parental interactions around media, 19
parental mediation in developing media literacy, 20–21, 32–34, 136, 723–735
effects on children and adolescents, 725–728
media literacy and substance use, 730–731
parental communication and media literacy, 729–730, 733
explaining TV content to children, 669
role in children's advertising, 599–602
Parents Music Resource Center, 755
Park, B., 70, 94, 213, 214, 217, 319–320
Park, H., 511
Park, N., 509
Parker, E. B., 229–230, 611, 621
Parker, J. C., 537
Parkin, M., 473
Parrelli, S., 446
Parrott, R., 527
Pasek, J., 470
Pasold, T., 411
Patterson, K. A., 340
Patterson, S., 152
Pauker, K., 304
Payne, E., 713
Payne, J., 198
Payne Fund Studies, 2
Pazdro, S., 517
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), 622
Pearl, D., 231
Pechmann, C., 598
Pedzek, K., 623
Peep and the Big Wide World, 755
Peeters, A., 725
Peffley, M., 280, 282, 301, 309
Pemberton, M., 724
Pempek, T. A., 621, 637, 639, 641
Peng, W., 417
Penrod, G., 321
People Magazine, 425
People's Choice, The (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, & Gaudet), 450
Pepler, D., 687
audience trust in media, 129–132
perceived media influence, 136–138
perceptual schema, 112, 114–115, 119–120
Perchmann, C., 577
Perdue, L., 336
Perlman, C. A., 255
Perloff, R. M., 133, 135, 136, 391, 536
Perse, E. M., 73, 151–153, 157–161, 369
Persian Gulf, 321
see also Iraq: 1st and 2nd Gulf Wars
Persing, J. A., 366
personal makeover shows, television, 26
personal relevance, 49–50, 134
personality factors and media violence, 197–198
personality traits, 23, 66, 156–157, 197, 359, 362, 416
personological factors, 202
Persson, A., 667
persuasive media, 21, 28–29, 95, 711
Peter, J., 31–32, 74, 162, 679–690, 692n1
Petersen, S., 596
Peterson, B., 336
Peterson, C. C., 623
Peterson, R. L., 324
Petrocik, J. R., 447
Petrovich, N., 17
Pettigrew, T., 307
Petty, R. E., 134, 497, 528, 573–574, 578, 587–589, 591
Pew Internet and American Life Project, 505–507, 511–512, 515–516
Pew Research Center, 284, 317, 324, 471, 486, 488
Pfau, M., 317, 319, 321–324, 326–327, 447, 454–455, 472–473
Phalen, P. E., 540
Phan, T., 336
Phelps, E., 713
Philadelphia local television news, 274
Philport, J. C., 131
physiological boundaries of challenge-seeking, 180–181
physiological effect of media, 20, 23, 35
physiological resources, recovery of, 174–175
Piaget, J., 631
Picot, A., 336
Pidgeon, N., 383
Pierce, J. P., 541
Pierce, T., 686
Pierroutsakos, S. L., 640
Piette, J., 730
Pike, J. J., 263
Pine, K. J., 593
Pingree, S., 68, 69–70, 299, 644
Pinkleton, B. E., 700–702, 706–712, 726, 730, 732
Piotrowski, J. T., 643
Pipher, M., 337
Pitton, V., 5
Pitts, R. E., 554
Plato, 496
pleasure research, 171
Podolski, C. P., 413
Poland, 486
television consumption, 15
Polat, R. K., 518
political advertising, 16, 21, 27, 28, 51, 56, 446–447, 454, 456
functions and topics of, 449
see also political TV advertising and debates
political blogs, 25, 471, 505, 511–515
political comedy, 28, 464, 471–473, 475
political communication, 16, 22, 27–28, 89, 94, 103, 301, 463–464, 466, 471–472, 474–475, 477, 484–485, 488, 491, 509, 568
impact area of, 50
see also political entertainment
political debates, 27, 28, 447–449, 454–455
functions and topics of, 449
see also political TV advertising and debates
political decision-making, 304–305
political economy, 7
political entertainment, 21, 25, 28
importance of content, 485–487
and traditional political communication outlets, 484–498
who is watching what?, 487–490
political information, 28, 44, 155, 157, 455, 473, 475–476, 484, 486–487, 489, 491, 494, 509, 511–512, 516
political messaging and online public sphere, 505, 515–517
political participation, 57, 132, 140, 455, 463–466, 468, 470, 476, 506, 509–510, 514, 516, 518
political science, 3, 73–74, 91
political TV advertising and debates, 445–456
campaign media effects, 449–450
causes and characteristics of hybrid political media environment, 492–495
effects of television spots, 453–454
importance of, in contemporary society, 445–448
minimal effects theory, 450–456
nature of RV spots and debates, 448–449
US presidential debates, 447–448
US presidential television slots, 446–447
Pollack, H., 438
Pollay, R. W., 594
Pollydore, C.-A., 390
Pomper, G. M., 447
Ponder, J. D., 156
Poniewozik, J., 364
Pooley, J., 75
Pope, H. G., 337
Popkin, S. L., 44
Pornsakulvanich, V., 149, 153, 155, 156, 159, 162
Portnoy, D. B., 538
Portwood-Stacer, L., 359
Posavac, H. D., 335
Posavac, S. S., 335
positive attitudes and beliefs toward violence, 113
positive attribute agenda, 57
Posner, M. I., 44
post-auricular response (PA response), 215–216
postcolonial studies, 8
postfeminist culture, 5
post-9/11 news use, 161
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 237
Pottebaum, S. M., 614
Potter, W. J., 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 192, 356, 361, 403, 414–415, 618, 701
Pouliot, C., 171
Poulton, R., 620
Powell, C., 596
Powell, L., 346
Powell, R. A., 160
Power, J., 306
power structures in society, 22
Powerpuff Girls, 259
Powers, J. L., 688
Prager, K., 680
prefrontal cortex, exploring, 238–240
task analysis on viewing, 642–644
auditory attention, 642
Press, A. L., 487
Prestin, A., 200
prevention behaviors, 571
Price, V., 46, 52, 94, 98, 137, 466, 516, 569
Priester, J. R., 588
experimental research using, 280–284
meso- and macro-levels, 91–93, 96–103
modern paradigms of media effects, 90–91
sociological approaches, 96–98
real-world racial/ethnic evaluations, 301–303
Prinsen, T. J., 257
Prinstein, M. J., 708
print news, 160, 275–276, 284, 319, 322–323, 510
process evaluation, 529
Prochaska, J., 528
product advertising, 158
Profitt, J. M., 517
prognostic framing, 96
programmatic effectiveness, 530
Projansky, S., 5
Project for Excellence in Journalism, 486
prosocial behavior, 119–122, 403, 412, 526, 635, 648, 659–660, 664, 667
prosocial media exposure, 119–120, 122
prosocial musical lyrics, 121
prosocial TV content, 21, 31, 32, 657–671
activities elaborating on, 669–671
adding explanatory inserts to, 667–671
identifying prosocial lesson of TV or film narratives, 662–663
risks in modeling negative attitudes and behaviors, 664–666
strategies to increase positive effects, 666–667
television as prosocial force, 657–659
weak effects of unaided viewing at home, 659–660
younger viewers need help interpreting, 660–663
prosocial videogames, 121
psychological growth, 173
and entertainment and recreation, 170–182
and communication, 18
of relevance and agenda-setting effects, 49
psychosocial development, 678–692
psychoticism and exposure to media violence, 110
Pu, J., 181
public communication campaigns, 21, 29
design and management, 527–529
examples
antismoking campaigns, 541–542
risky drinking campaigns, 542–543
formative research in design, 528–529
mediated communication channels: mass and digital, 536–539
process evaluation, 529
quantitative dissemination factors, 539–540
summative evaluation of effects, 529–533
public opinion, 20, 25, 41, 58, 101, 132, 135, 316–317, 321, 326–327, 533, 755, 757
polls, 323
public order vs. free speech, 52
Public Opinion (Lippmann), 41
public service announcements, 21
Punamaki, R. L., 687
Purushotma, R., 709
Puzzle Place, The, 647
Pyle, E., 317
Qatar, 336
qualitative methodologies, 5
Quandt, T., 93
quantitative content analysis, 64
quantitative methodologies, 5
Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, 363
Quesada, A., 701
Quick, B. L., 579
Quinn, D. M., 390
Quinn, P., 446
Quintero Johnson, J., 730
Qvist, J., 336
Rabin, R. C., 508
race, 5
framing in traditional media, 273–278
coverage of crime, 24
revisiting in new media environment, 284–287
shortcomings in prior research, 287–288
see also ethnicity; minorities; stereotypes
race-coded issues, 282
racial bias in news, 24, 283, 304
racial diversity, 4
racial/ethnic evaluations, priming real-world, 301–303
racial/ethnic stereotypes, influence of media exposure on, 295–311
racial identification, 306, 308
Racine Group, 447
racism, 5
radio(s), 14
daily audience
in US, 14
global nature, 14
music, 149
permanence of, 2
quiz shows, 149
serials, 149
Rafaeli, S., 516
Raffeld, P., 259
Raine, A., 112
Rains, S. A., 537
Ramasubramanian, S., 701, 706–709, 711, 713
Rapaczynski, W. S., 620
Rasinski, K. A., 383
Rawlings, E., 230
Ray, S., 541
Rayner, M., 596
Reading Rainbow, 649
Ready To Learn Television initiative, 755
Reagan, Ronald, 54, 321, 451, 540, 744
Real Time with Bill Maher, 494
Real World, 356
real-world contact, 307
cultural perspectives, 359–360
effects of consumption, 359–361
and health effects, 26
identification with personalities, 362–364
Reality TV World, 355
Reardon, M. E., 152
recognition
measuring, 213
technology, 9
Recording Industry Association of America, 756
recreation, 23
and psychological growth
in supportive environments, 175–176
recuperative behaviors, 571–572, 580
Reicher, S. D., 387
Reichert, B. P., 97
Reichert, T., 701, 706–709, 712
Reid, E., 683
Reid, S. A., 137
Reifler, J., 323
Reimers, T. M., 614
Reinard, J. C., 536
Reinhart, A. M., 579
Reis, H. T., 680
Reitman, Jason, 490
relaxation, 44, 151–152, 157–158, 160, 174
relevance
emotional, 49
personal, 49
social, 49
and uncertainty, 49
remediation, 3
Repetti, R. L., 182
reporter “embedding” in military units, 25
representational analysis, 7
Republicans, 446
Resnick, D. D., 470
resonance, 65
Reyes, M., 662
Rheingold, H., 470
Rhodes, J., 538
Ribak, R., 136
Ricciardelli, L. A., 340
Rice, R. E., 29, 527, 530, 537
Richards, J. W., 590
Richert, R. A., 638
Richeson, J. A., 390
Rickwood, D. J., 405
Riddle, K., 191
Rideout, V. J., 14–15, 250, 346, 425, 434–435, 587, 598, 612–614, 622, 627, 629, 631, 638, 641, 669, 679
Ridolfi, D. R., 706
Riffe, D., 16
Rimal, R. N., 537
Rimpela, A., 687
Rindfleisch, A., 588
risk, 26
perceptions
behavioral consequences of, 386–387
and media-influenced fear, 384–386
ratios, 64
Ritchie, L. D., 598
Ritt-Olson, A., 532
Rivadeneyra, R., 262, 306, 435
Rivers, C., 659
Robb, M. B., 638
Robelia, B., 507
Robert, D. F., 14
Roberto, E. L., 557
Roberto, N., 533
Roberts, A., 640
Roberts, D. E., 250
Roberts, D. F., 426, 434, 587, 612–613, 627, 629, 631, 679
Roberts, E. J., 427
Roberts, T.-A., 341
Robertson, J. W., 198
Robins, R. W., 17
Robinson, J. L., 181
Robinson, J. P., 232, 468, 507
Rochford, E. B., 96
Rockman, E., 649
Rockwell, S. C., 429
Rodeheffer, C. D., 405
Rogers, E., 527–528, 531–532, 537, 554
Rogers, R. W., 554
Rojas, T. H., 590
Rokeach, M., 489
Rolie Polie Olie, 664
Roloff, M. E., 69
Romer, D., 273–276, 278, 297, 470
Romney, Mitt, 446
Room by Room, 365
Roona, M. R., 711
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 321
Rosario, H. H., 172
Rosenberg, M., 684
Rosengren, K. E., 75, 149, 151, 155
Rosenkoetter, L., 658, 660, 662, 703, 712
Rosenkoetter, S., 703
Rosenthal, R., 454
Rosenwasser, S., 660
Roser, C., 554
Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., 299
Roskos-Ewoldsen, D., 299, 378, 589
Ross, G., 669
Ross, L., 122
Ross, S. A., 412
Ross, S. H., 230
Rosselli, F., 296
Rossiter, J. R., 554
Rossler, P., 55
Rossmann, R., 175
Rothbart, M. K., 637
Rothenberg, R., 709
Rothman, A. J., 568, 571–572, 574, 576, 578–579
Rotter, J. B., 129
Rouner, D., 386
Rousseau, D., 129
Routledge Handbook of Emotions and Mass Media, The (Doveling et al.), 17
Rovner, I. B., 454
Rozendaal, E., 597
Rubin, A. M., 149–160, 162, 163, 628
index of television-viewing motives, 151
Rubin, M., 572
Rubin, R. B., 153, 155, 158, 161
Rubin, Z., 680
Rubinstein, E. A., 660
Ruble, A. E., 337
Rucht, D., 102
Rueter, T., 447
Ruff, H., 637
Ruginyte, D., 358
Runco, M., 623
Russello, L., 559
Rust, L. W., 648
Ryan, R. M., 173, 175–177, 180
Sabido, M., 537
Sabra and Shatila massacre, Lebanon, 133
safe sex, 27, 425, 427, 429, 434, 436–439
Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat, 664
Sahin, V., 486
Saito, R., 538
Saleem, M., 120
Salmon, C., 527, 530–531, 534, 536, 539
Salop, S. C., 44
Salovey, P., 568, 571–572, 574, 578–579
Samuels, J., 662
San Salvador, 321
Sancho, C., 340
Sanders, A. K., 593
Sanders, J., 637
Sandman, C. A., 208
Sandvig, C., 5
Saper, C. B., 172
Sarin, R. K., 171
Saron, C., 237
Sarwer, D. B., 366
satirical news programs, 28
Saturday Night Live, 464
Saving Private Ryan (film), 415
Sawalani, G. M., 118
Sayeed, S., 528
Saylor, M. M., 640
Scalia, Justice, 751
Scanfeld, D., 538
Scanfeld, V., 538
Scharrer, E., 2, 8–9, 19, 258, 411–412, 416, 616, 624–625, 627–630, 701, 703–704, 706–709, 712
Schatz, A., 752
Scheier, M. F., 575
Schellenberg, J. R. M. A., 560
Schenk, M., 55
Scherer, K. 110, 375, 377, 383, 385, 392
Schermer, F., 704
Scheufele, B. T., 22, 91, 92, 93, 95
Scheufele, D. A., 22, 52, 53, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 384–385, 448, 466, 468, 568
Schiappa, E., 307, 363–364, 389
Schmidt, M. E., 617, 620–621, 630
Schmierbach, M., 512
Schmitt, K. L., 175, 639, 646, 648, 658, 680, 683–684, 744–746, 749
Schmitt, K. M., 133
Schneider, S. K., 559
Schneider, W., 208
Schoenbach, K., 51
scholastic achievement and media use, 611–631
achievement as function of viewing time, 619–620
creativity and imaginative thinking, 623–624
displacement hypothesis, 625–626
educational resources and achievement, 617
interference, 626
language and vocabulary, 621–623
media exposure in young people, 613
preeminence of television, 612–613
relationship between television and achievement, 613–617
path model, 628
pathways, 626
sixth grade achievement and television viewing habits, 615
Schooler, C., 553
Schooler, D., 428
curricula on making own media, 34
parental mediation in developing media literacy, 724–725
readiness, 31
role of media on performance in, 30
Schools and Libraries Universal Service Support Mechanism (aka E-Rate), 753
Schouten, F., 162, 446, 680, 682, 685, 688
Schramm, W., 229–230, 232, 611, 621, 623
Schroeder, A., 447
Schrott, P. R., 447
Schultz, D. A., 447
Schulz, W., 100
Schulze, L., 434
Schupak-Neuberg, E., 336
Schuster, D., 701
Schuurman, J., 596
Schwartz, D., 336
Schwartz, M. P., 590
Scott, W. R., 100
Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., 538
Scully, M. L., 592
Seals, B. F., 559
Seaman, W. R., 68
Sears, D. O., 286
Segrin, C., 73
selective exposure, 23, 149, 161, 286–287, 303, 381, 451, 512, 591
selective perception, 160, 451
selective retention, 451
self-concept, 32, 135, 304–305, 648
self-disclosure, 31, 160, 162, 364, 369, 679–682, 684, 687–688
self-efficacy, 156–157, 367, 386, 427, 432, 454, 532, 537, 539, 554
self-esteem, 32, 157, 306, 308, 334–339, 362, 646, 684–685, 688, 704–705, 711
self-presentation, 31–32, 507, 598, 679–685
self-regulation, 33, 175–176, 181, 755–757
Semetko, H., 51
Sender, K., 368
sensation seeking, 156, 158, 197, 201–202
Senulis, J., 237
September 11 (9/11), 9, 10n3, 92, 161, 277, 325, 381, 389
Sergeant Stryker's Daily Briefing, 325
Serrano, M., 533
Sesame Street, 622
Sesame Workshop, 648
Sessions, L. F., 507
Sestir, M. A., 113, 118, 406, 413
Severinsen, Doc, 324
sex
in media, influence on children, 26
context of media portrayal, 435–436
future research, 439
sexual socialization, 27, 425–427
theoretical perspectives, 427–429
variables of interest, 433–435
Sex Rehab with Dr. Drew, 367
sexual behavior, 20, 360, 367, 424–428, 430–439, 540
effects of media portrayals on, 431–433
sexual socialization, 27, 424–427, 429, 432–433, 435, 438
sexuality, 3, 4, 5, 26, 424, 426–431, 434, 436–439
Sfardini, A., 474
Shaffer, S. D., 467
Shah, C., 517
Shah, D. V., 28, 130, 132, 385, 468, 470, 472, 487, 508, 512, 514, 516, 517, 568
Shanahan, J., 52, 65, 69, 71, 72, 251, 261–262, 296, 299, 384–385
Shapiro, J. M., 618
Shapiro, L., 390
Shapiro, M. A., 68, 69, 74, 213, 323, 361
Sharma, R., 156
Shaw, E. F., 74
Sheatsley, P. B., 553
Sheets, P., 754
Shelton, D. E., 74
Shelton, J. N., 390
Shen, F., 454
Shenker, S., 680
Sherman, D. S., 568
Sherr-Pollard, S., 321–322, 326
Sherry, J. L., 179, 180, 199, 413
Shiffrin, R. M., 209
Shihadeh, E. S., 389
Shin, M., 214
Ship, The, 365
Shmueli, D., 175
Shoham, M. D., 137
Shrum, L. J., 18, 68, 69, 70–71, 283, 296, 299, 588, 592, 709
heuristic processing or accessibility
model, 70
Shugart, H. A., 359
Siegel, M., 711
Siegler, R. S., 591
Sigelman, L., 454
Signorella, M. L., 661
Signorielli, N., 24, 64, 65, 72, 73, 75, 191, 233, 250–254, 256, 261–263, 278, 283, 296, 299, 756
Sikand, J., 152
Silcock, B. W., 320
Silk, K., 539
Silva, S., 702
Silverman, L. T., 664
Silverstein, B., 336
Simon, A., 53
Simons, R. F., 208
Simple Life, A, 750
Sinclair, R. C., 572
Singer, D. G., 620, 623, 626, 703, 707, 710, 725, 729
Singer, J., 517, 620, 623, 626, 703, 725, 729
Singh, R., 365
Sipe, C., 538
Sitkin, S. B., 129
Skeggs, B., 360
sketch comedy, 28
skin conductance (SC), 215
skin response, 35
Skitka, L. J., 389
Skoric, M., 413
Slater, M. D., 194, 197, 198, 383, 386, 416, 528
Slovic, P., 72, 383–384, 386–387, 389, 392
Smahel, D., 681
Smallwood, A. M. K., 687
smartphones, 14
Smelser, N. J., 91
Smisson, C. P., 335
Smith, H., 559
Smith, R., 644
Smith, S. L., 72, 191, 251, 360, 414–415
smoking, 526–527, 532, 544, 553, 699, 711, 729
antismoking campaigns, 541–542, 706
and media literacy, 32, 701–702
see also tobacco
Smolak, L., 335, 337, 341, 704
Smothers Brothers, The, 324, 471
Smurfs, 255
Snow, R. P., 74
SNSs see social network sites
Snyder, D., 556
Snyder, R., 45
So, J., 26
soap operas, 152, 158, 160, 177, 262, 361, 429–431
Sobol, B. L., 669
sociability
and Internet, and politics, 506–509
social anxiety, 26, 598, 684, 689–690
social capital, 28, 465–466, 518n2
and sociability, 505–506, 508–509
social class, 24
social cognitive theory, 25, 27, 116, 189, 251, 300, 307, 341, 355, 362, 414, 435, 438, 528
and media violence, 200–201, 202
social development, 30, 32, 251
see also psychosocial development
social factors influencing interest in media violence, 198–200
social identity theory, 25, 303, 387
social information processing (SIP), 117, 687
social learning theory, 116, 251, 427–428
social marketing, 21, 29, 527, 533, 537, 540
communication and information campaigns, 552–553
review of previous studies, 559–560
social media, 7, 9, 16, 119–122, 159, 505, 516, 538–540, 542, 658
social network sites (SNSs), 507–508, 678–679, 681–682, 684, 687–688, 691
social networking, 21, 28, 163
websites, 35, 154, 162, 392, 470, 515, 518, 679, 753, 757
social relationships, 32, 150, 307, 363–364, 648
social structures, 7
social system, 24, 140, 206, 212, 528
social well-being, 25
socialization, 20
and scholastic achievement and media use, 626–627
and storytelling, 64
television fiction as vector of, 63–76
sociological approaches, 96–98
sociology, 73
of knowledge, 64
Soderman, A., 430
Sonenstein, F. L., 425
Sonnentag, S., 172, 173, 175, 176
Sopory, P., 527
Sorsoli, C. L., 428
South Asia, 8
South Korea
Internet usage, 15
Spain
Socialist Party, 102
television consumption, 15
Sparks, C. W., 412
Sparks, G. C., 412
Sparks, G. G., 72, 192, 195, 196, 377, 379, 381–382
specializability, 536
speed of technology, 16
Speers, T., 387
Spence, P. R., 379
Spencer, R., 538
Spencer, S. J., 390
Sperry, S., 366
Spiderman, 255
Spielberg, Steven, 592
spiral of silence theory, 96
Spirek, M. M., 381
sports, 42, 152, 156–158, 162, 180, 191–192, 197, 199, 264, 277, 297, 318, 356–357, 406, 543, 622, 751
media exposure and sports participation, 337–339
Spratt, M., 322
Square One TV, 649
Staelin, R., 44
Stamatakis, E., 596
Stanford-Binet (S-B), 622
Stanford University, 229
Starr, P., 744
Stassen, Harold, 446
statistical analyses, 16–17, 66
Stead, M., 554
Steckler, A., 529
Steele, C. M., 390
Steele, M. S., 427
Steen, F. F., 173
Stefano, G. B., 171
Stein, K. A., 449
Stein, R. I., 336
Steinfield, C., 508
Stephenson, Adlai, 446
Stephenson, M. T., 541
activation and application, 301–306
improving attitudes toward minorities, 306
minority group members' evaluations of self, 305–306
political decision-making, 304–305
priming real-world racial/ethnic evaluations, 301–303
influence of media exposure on racial/ethnic, 295–311
factors moderating effect of media on stereotyping, 306–309
mediated intergroup contact, 307–308
prior racial attitudes, 308–309
racial identification, 308
real-world contact, 307
typicality of media representations, 309
Stern, S. L., 257
Sterne, J., 1
Sternheimer, K., 679
Stevens, T., 621
Steward, O., 236
Stewart, Jon, 486
Stiff, J. B., 527
Stitt, C. R., 160, 356–358, 364
Stoddard, C., 704
Stohl, C., 98
Stohl, M., 98
Stoneman, Z., 593
storage, 210
storytelling and socialization, 64
Stout, P. A., 389
Strach, P., 446
Strandberg, K., 517
strangers, Internet communication with, 688–689
Strathmann, A. J., 588
Strecher, V., 237
Stromback, J., 46
Stroud, N. J., 450
Strouse, G. A., 640
structural equation modeling, 16, 432
Stuart, H., 390
Stucky, B. D., 118
Stuke, D., 378
Stunkard, A. J., 343
Subrahmanyam, K., 679, 681, 688
substance use, 538, 723, 725, 730–735
and media literacy, 33, 730–731
and parental communication, 32, 33–34, 731–733
and parental mediation, 728–729
Suchman, E., 149
sudden insight, 72
Sudweeks, F., 516
Sugawara, A. I., 338
Suhay, E., 389
Sullivan, J. L., 278, 386, 747
Sundar, S. S., 130
Sundquist, J., 336
Sundquist, K., 336
Super Bowl, 750
Super Why!, 647
Superfriends, 664
Supernanny, 365
Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, 231, 233, 234
Surkan, P. J., 532
surveillance, 149, 154, 157–158
survey research, 16, 45, 52, 278, 286, 669
surveys, 16, 22, 65, 229–230, 233, 261, 403, 413, 431, 473, 497, 529, 537, 540, 623, 629, 631, 690–691, 732, 748
Survivor, 356
Susman, E. J., 670
Susskind, J., 296
Sutton, S. K., 575
Swan, The, 365
Swanson, J., 115
Sweden, 336
Internet usage, 15
Swerdlow, J. L., 447
Sword in the Stone, The (film), 662–663
Syrjanen, A., 508
systematic persuasion processing, 588
Szczypka, G., 346
Tagg, S., 554
Tajfel, H., 100, 303, 308, 387
talk shows, TV, 28, 152, 158, 262, 356–357, 471–474, 485, 489, 537, 710
Talmud, I., 688,
Tamborini, R., 66, 73, 173, 177, 181, 378, 381, 408
Tancill, K., 66
Tangney, J. P., 618
Tannenbaum, P. H., 491
Tanner, L. R., 257
Tanski, S. E., 728
Tapscott, S., 640
target audiences, 528, 531, 535, 537, 540, 559, 706, 708–709, 730
Taris, T. W., 427
Tasker, Y., 5
Tassinary, L. G., 207
Taylor, C. B., 337
Taylor, D. S., 161
Taylor, J. R., 100
Taylor, P. M., 320
Taylor, S. L., 194
TDP media, 337
teachers, 21, 32–33, 250, 254, 412–413, 532, 645, 670, 691, 708, 714, 724, 729
television and media as, 108, 623, 648
“teachy-preachy” cartoons, 255
tearjerker movies, 171
technology, 6, 380, 470, 476, 492, 528, 690, 700, 703, 747, 749–750, 752–755
communication, 73
interactive, 536
MRI, 405
recognition, 9
speed of, 16
V-chip, 757
teen movies, 249, 256, 260, 263
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film), 255, 256
Telecommunications Act (1996), 33, 493, 744
television
advertising see political TV advertising and debates
affective impact of visual information, 56–57
attention to, 637
consumption internationally, 13–15, 35
drama, 63
and education see educational television; scholastic achievement and media use
fiction on, as socialization vector, 63–76
and gender-role socialization, 24, 249–250
higher-level comprehension of, 637–638
medium, 636
pathways from viewing to academic achievement in school-age children, 626
as prosocial force, 21, 31, 657–659
reality see reality television
research and social concerns on introduction of, 229–231
and school performance, 31
and sex see sex: on television
symbolic environment, 76
therapeutic effects of, 25
time shifting, 14
unaided viewing, 31
viewing among infants and toddlers, 638–639
and violence, 64
beginnings of brainmapping, 237–238
behavioral to neurological, connections, 235–236
correlational research, 232–233
exploring prefrontal cortex, 238–240
first experimental studies, 230–231
five principal US commissions, 231–232
special-case correlational research, 233–235
Television and Behavior Project, 231
Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties (Pearl, Bouthilet, & Lazar), 231
Television and the Child: An Empirical Study of the Effect of Television on the Young (Himmelweit et al.), 229
Television in the Lives of Our Children (Schramm et al.), 229
Temptation Island, 360
Ter Bogt, T. E. M., 159
terrorists and media attention, 98–99
Terry, D. J., 136
Terry-Human, E., 438
Tewfik, I., 336
Tewksbury, D., 46, 52, 91, 94, 98, 136, 510, 569
text messaging, 517, 538, 679, 752
Thank You for Smoking (film), 490
That's So Raven, 256
therapeutic effects of television viewing, 25
third-person effect hypothesis, 101, 103, 128
third-person perception (TPP), 136–137
Thomas, J., 367
Thompson, J. G., 661
Thompson, J. K., 705
Thompson, K., 366
Thornton, J. D., 380
“thoughtless vigilantes,” 227–240
Thrasher, F. M., 238
Three-Hour Rule (FCC processing guideline), 746
3-2-1 Contact, 649
Thurber, J. A., 447
Thurlow, R., 661
Tiggemann, M., 161, 335, 341–342
Timberlake, Justin, 750
Tincoff, R., 639
Tipper Sticker (Parental Advisory Label system), 756
Tisdale, Ashley, 342
Tisinger, R. A., 487, 492, 494
TNS Media Intelligence, 446
tobacco, 33, 365, 532, 541–542, 553, 559, 701–702, 727, 732, 734
see also smoking
Tobler, N. S., 711
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 467
Todorov, A., 52
Tolsa, A., 55
Tom and Jerry, 255
Tomarken, A. J., 237
Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The, 28, 324, 473, 485
Toohey, R. A., 260
top-down feedback, 92–93, 99, 101
Torres, M., 282
Toth, R. C., 132
Toupin, C., 662
Towner, T. L., 517
gender-neutral, 263
Tozzi, F., 713
Trace, S. E., 366
Trading Spaces, 356
traditional adventure cartoons, 255
traditional audiences, 2
traditional media forms, 16
traditional news media, effects of, 466–470
Internet, 470
Trail, G. T., 152
Trammell, K. D., 325
transnational alliances, 2
transnational ownership, 7
Trawalter, S., 302
Treno, A. J., 533
triangulation, 16
Troseth, G. L., 640
True Blood, 379
Truglio, R., 69, 622, 644, 646, 664–665, 726
Truman, Harry, 446
Tschannen-Moran, M., 129
Tsfati, Y., 22–23, 98, 99, 131, 132, 135, 136–141, 391, 473, 498
Tsioutsiouliklis, K., 511
Tsui, H. Y., 382
Tukachinsky, R., 24–25, 306, 309, 473, 498
Tulsky, J. A., 71
Tumblr, 1
Turkheimer, M., 517
Turkle, S., 679
Turner, H., 380
Tutzauer, F., 579
Tversky, A., 383, 569–571, 573, 578
availability heuristic, 70
two-step flows of information, 90
Tyler, T. R., 74
Tylka, T. L., 336
Tyner, K., 711
U2, 750
U&G see uses and gratifications
Uhlmann, E., 115
unaided television viewing, 31
reduction, 129, 161, 307, 365, 381
and relevance, 49
Undercover Boss, 365
Unger, J. B., 701
unintended negative media effects, 160–161
Internet usage, 15
television consumption, 15
United Nations (UN), 324
United States, 1, 8–9, 10n1, 13–14, 19, 90, 95, 130, 132, 191, 228–229, 231, 273, 276, 309, 318, 325, 335, 342, 345, 347, 355, 366, 387, 389, 402–403, 425, 434, 447–449, 456, 467, 496, 498, 516, 559, 602, 614, 657–661, 666, 670, 679, 714, 729, 742–744, 750, 754–755
Civil War, 317
Department of Defense (DoD) Principles for News Media Coverage of DoD Operations, 318
Department of Education, 755
presidential elections, 51
radio audience in, 14
Senate, 744
Supreme Court, 743
television viewership in, 14
trust in media in, 130
University of Indiana Medical School, 238
University of Pennsylvania, 233
Unsolved Mysteries, 359
Updegraff, J. A., 568
UPN networks, 253
user-generated media, 3
uses and gratifications (U&G), media, 148–163
audience-centered media-effects perspective, 148–149
background characteristics, 156–157
communication motives, 151–153
evolution of research, 150–151
media and content exposure, 155–156
origins and theoretical assumptions, 149–150
representative uses and gratifications studies, 157–163
intended and other positive media effects, 159–160
motives and media selection/use, 157–159
unintended negative media effects, 160–161
Uslaner, E. M., 516
Valentino, N. A., 278–280, 302, 304–305, 388
Valenzuela, S., 48, 49, 50, 51, 509
Valkenburg, P. M., 29–30, 31–32, 74, 162, 590–595, 597–601, 623, 679–690, 692n1, 725–728
Van Cleemput, K., 689
Van den Bergh, B., 75
Van den Broek, P., 661
Van den Bulck, J., 22, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 383, 385
van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., 685, 690
van der Voort, T. H. A., 626–627
van Dijk, J. A. G. M., 14
Vandebosch, H., 689
Vander Wal, J. S., 706
Vandewater, E. A., 617, 620, 622, 630, 641
Vanman, E., 410
Van Mierlo, J., 74
Van Poecke, L., 67
Van Reijmersdal, E. A., 594
van Schie, E. G. M., 413
Varnhagen, D., 662
Vaughan, K., 343
V-chip
programming screen, 750
technology, 757
VCRs, 14
Veerman, J. L., 596
Veerman, J. W., 114
Velicer, W., 528
VERB campaign (CDC), 539
verbal literacy, 31
Vibbert, M. M., 623
Vickerman, P. T., 560
victimization, 65, 233, 235, 381, 388, 403, 689
videogames, 35, 109, 121, 172, 179, 201, 297, 343, 416–417, 433, 539, 613, 711–712, 748
daily use, 14
violent, 16, 113–115, 118, 121, 180, 190, 194, 196, 198–199, 227–229, 238, 404–411, 413, 416
exposure to, and aggression, 110
Vidmar, N., 489
Viehoff, R., 376
Vietnam War, 317, 322–324, 755
achievement as function of, 619–620
Villegas, J., 389
Vince, P., 229
Vincent, C., 377
violence in media, 16, 19, 23–24
and brain activation patterns in young viewers, 227–240
desensitization hypothesis, 113
effects of repeated viewing, 112
excitation and affect-based approaches, 192–195
exposure to
and aggression, 110
bidirectionally linked factors predicting, 202
functional approaches, 195–196
influence on children, 26
moral disengagement, 196
physiological outcomes, 404–408
prevention, and media literacy, 32, 703–704
selective exposure to, 189–202
social factors influencing interest in, 198–200
understanding interest in, 200–202
videogames see videogames: violent
what is media violence?, 191–192
who is most susceptible?, 415–417
see also general aggression model
visual information, affective impact of, 51, 56–57
Vita, P., 559
vocabulary, 31, 616–617, 621–623, 643, 646
Vollink, T., 689
Voltaire, 471
von Hippel, C., 390
von Scheve, C., 17
Vorderer, P., 170, 171, 173, 196, 228, 376, 378
voting, 21, 25, 27, 46, 57, 98, 141, 304, 369, 450, 452, 454–455, 464–468, 470, 474, 476, 485, 491, 508, 516–518
voyeurism, 156, 160, 355, 357–358, 369
Vraga, E. K., 28, 470, 513–516
Vygotsky, L. S., 636
Wackman, D. B., 568, 590, 594, 705
Wade, T. D., 700–701, 704–705, 708
Wahl, O. F., 389
Wainright, D. K., 647
Wakker, P. P., 171
Wakshlag, J., 66
Walberg, H. J., 618
Walgrave, S., 97
Walker, D. K., 618, 622, 624, 638
Walker, E., 264
Walker, K. B., 232
Wallenius, M., 687
Wallensten, K., 513
Walma van der Molen, J. H., 726
Walsh, D. A., 409
Walsh, K. M., 706
Wang, A., 579
Wang, B. M., 514
Wänke, M., 306
Wann, D. L., 156
war, 327, 389, 415, 486, 490, 755
movies, 193
representation in news, 19, 20, 25
Ward, L. M., 262, 264, 306, 429–430, 434–435, 439
Ward, S., 66, 590, 593–594, 705
Warnick, E., 560
Warren, R., 727
Wartella, E., 228, 232, 435, 590, 622, 638, 641, 705, 758
Waszak, C. S., 427
Watts, C. H., 560
Watts, M. D., 130
WB network, 253
Weaver, D. H., 43, 46, 49, 53, 56, 163, 468
Weaver, J., 66, 157, 174, 178, 195, 197
Webb, J., 554
Webb, T. L., 538
Weber, R., 17
Webster, J. G., 540
Wechsler, H., 346
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), 618, 622
Wedding Story, A, 357
Wehner, E. A., 680
Weib, R. H., 118
Weideman, R., 325
Weidman, L., 8
Weigel, M., 709
Weil, F. D., 389
Weiner, B., 111
Weinstock, H., 425
Weis, D. S., 136
Weisberg, H. E., 465
Weisbuch, M., 304
Weiss, A. J., 381
Welch, D., 620
Welch, N., 376
Wellman, H., 661
Wells, W. T., 447
Wen, W.-C., 447
Wenmouth, W., Jr., 323
Wenner, L. A., 157
Wenter, D., 533
West, D. M., 447
West, M., 218
West Wing, The, 490
Westen, D., 50
Westerman, D., 379
Wetherell, M., 387
What Not to Wear, 356
Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?, 255
White, C. S., 516
White, I. R., 559
White, R. W., 172–173, 176, 177, 180, 182
White, V. M., 592
Whites, 253, 281–283, 285, 288, 296–297
portrayal in news programming, 276–278
Whitlock, J. L., 688
Who Do You Think You Are?, 356
Who's the Boss?, 660
Wicclair, M. R., 74
Wickens, C. D., 210
Wicklund, R. A., 579
Wide Range Achievement Test in Arithmetic (WRAT-A), 618
Wide Range Achievement Test in Reading (WRAT-R), 618
Wilcox, B. L., 705
Wilcox, D., 517
Wilde, M. L., 703
Wilkins, K. G., 468
Will & Grace, 308
Williams, B., 280, 301, 309, 490, 492–494, 643
Williams, R. A., 428
Williams, R. B., 199
Williams, Raymond, 9
Williams, T. M., 229, 622, 623, 625
Willnat, L., 54
Wilson, B. D., 217
Wilson, B. J., 19, 72, 381, 414–415, 669, 746, 755
Wilson, E. J., 15
Wilson, P., 172
Wilson, T., 67
Wiman, A. R., 727
Winzelberg, A., 688
wireless technology, 2
WISC see Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Wiseman, C. V., 336
withdrawal hypothesis, 66
Witte, K., 376, 386, 527, 554, 561
Wittenberg, M. T., 680
Wlaschin, J., 572
Wober, J. M., 67
Wohl, R. R., 149, 176, 363, 554
Wolak, J., 689
Wolf, M. A., 643
Wolfe, K. M., 149
Wolfsfeld, G., 97
women, 13–14, 24, 65, 158, 161, 175, 249–250, 252–265, 335–337, 339, 341–342, 348, 360, 365–366, 385, 390, 408–409, 429–431, 434–438, 487, 537, 542, 570
cultural representations of, 4
and videogames, 14
Wong, K., 15
Wong, P., 277
Wood, D., 669
Wood, R., 341
Woodard, E. H., 199, 647, 658, 746, 749
Woodruff, K., 532
Woods, A., 336
Woodside, D. B., 336
Woolley, M. E., 559
Wootan, M. G., 559
Worden, J. K., 711
Worden, S. K., 94
World War II, 321
WRAT-A see Wide Range Achievement Test in Arithmetic
WRAT-R see Wide Range Achievement Test in Reading
Wright, C. R., 149
Wright, J. C., 69, 622, 637, 646, 658, 667–668
Wright, N. D., 595
Wright, P., 756
Wyatt, E., 752
Wylie, K. R., 171
Xenos, M. A., 27–28, 324–325, 470, 473, 476, 488, 492
Yamamiya, Y., 335
Yanovitsky, J., 358
Yardley, L., 538
Ye, J., 378
Yngvar, K., 359
Yoon, S., 470
Young, D. G., 28, 324, 473, 485–488, 492, 494–495
Young, V., 538
young people, 7, 17, 32–34, 262, 342–343, 366, 369, 403, 416, 424–430, 433–439, 476, 488, 507–508, 533, 538, 540–541, 543, 586–587, 611, 624, 627, 648, 680, 700, 702, 711–712, 727, 730, 732, 733–734, 752, 757
daily radio audience, 14
media violence and brain activation patterns in, 227–240
Yousman, B., 706
Yu, T.-H., 447
Yue, S. K., 365
Yukawa, S., 120
Zajonc, R. B., 178
Zechmeister, E. B., 213
Zettl, H., 710
Zhu, J.-H., 54
Zill, N., 646
Zillmann, D., 66, 116, 170, 172, 174–176, 178, 179, 190, 193, 195, 208, 236, 237, 378, 384, 405, 643
Zimmerman, F. J., 596, 620–621, 641
Zuckerman, D. M., 703
Zurbriggen, E. L., 365
Zwei, A., 561