Index
Page references to figures or tables are in italics; references to notes have the letter “n” following the page number.
Abbate, J., 514
ABC network, 432
Abel, R., 371
abolitionist movement, 128
About to Die: How News Images Move the Public (Zelizer), 364–365
Abrams, E., 487
absolute exploitation, 60
acoustic sense, 40, 44, 46, 210
Adachie, J., 130
Adams, H., 311
Adams, K., 159
Adams, T., 182n
Addams, J., 560
Add-a-Unit projector, 378, 379
Addison, J., 220–221, 222, 226
Adichie, J., 134
Adler, K., 569
administrative research, 31
Adorno, T. W., 30, 31, 391, 641
culture industries, 424, 425, 427, 435, 437
Enlightenment and public sphere, 218, 219
Frankfurt School, 610, 610–620, 625, 626, 628
Advanced Research Projects Agency, US Department of Defense, 514
Adventures of Amos “n” Andy, The (Ely), 138
advertising, 51, 162, 442–462, 671
in British North American papers, 246, 247, 254
consumer resistance from 1960s, 455–457
contextual, on mobile devices, 525, 532
early consumer reactions, 447–448
in early London newspapers, 229
federal regulation of, in 1930s, 448–450
as percentage of GDP, 444
advertising agencies, 31
Advertising Council, 452
advocacy and activist media, 157–159
African American Newspapers, 1827–1998 (Danky), 129
African Americans, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134, 137, 156
Agamben, G., 88, 90, 100, 106–112, 116
apparatus concept see apparatus concept (Agamben)
Agüera y Arcas, B., 178
Ahvenainen, J., 336
Aiting, Chen, 299
Aitken, G. J., 325
Akerlof, G. A., 671
Alasuutari, P., 174
Albion, R. G., 312
Alexander, J., 250
Alexander, M., 634
Alexander, V. F., 375
Allen, C., 504
Allen, R., 370
Allen, R. J., 225
Allington, D., 180
Allon, F., 531
Allport, G. W., 597
alphabet systems/scripts, 197, 204, 208, 209, 281
alphabetic literacy, 40, 43–48
pre-literate aural experience compared to post-literate world, 46
pristine orality, 47
alternative social movements, eighteenth-century, 158
Altman, R., 371, 386, 387, 389, 397, 398
America Online (AOL), 432
American Antiquarian Society (AAS), Worcester, 173, 174, 175
American Dream, 414
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 250
American Sociological Society, Johns Hopkins University, 543
American Telegraph Company 341
Amory, H., 182n
Ampuja, M., 491
Amusing Ourselves to Death (Postman), 55
Anatomy of Exchange Alley, The (Defoe), 227
ancient Greeks, 200, 204, 205, 208–209
Anderson, C., 438
Anderson, S. P., 671
Anderson, T. J., 396
Andrejevic, M., 26, 421, 521–535
Andrew, D., 373
Andrews, A., 263
Andrews, E. G., 513
Anesko, M., 178
Angoff, C., 586
Ansolabehere, S., 257
Antebellum Black Newspapers (Jacobs), 129
Appadurai, A., 127
apparatus concept (Agamben), 88, 90, 106–112, 116
brute facticity of media discourse network, 115
Citizens Band (CB) radio, 108–112
competing and resistant forces and knowledge claims, 113–114
determinators, 113
“free-floating” legitimators, 113
instrumentality conditions/attendant epistemological stakes, 114–115
media technologies, 114
organization of apparatus as governance technology 115
range of apparatuses, 107
subjectification processes, 114
Arato, A., 611
Archaeology of Knowledge, The (Foucault), 89, 100
architecture, 90
archives, digital, 129
Areopagitica (Milton), 228
Armitage, J., 527
Armstrong, A. H., 464
Armstrong, C., 328n
Arndt, J., 646
Arnold, J., 174
Arrighi, G., 220
Associated Press (AP), 248, 346, 675n
telegraph and wire services (1846–1893), 334, 337, 338–339, 344, 346
Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), 171–172
AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company), 71, 321, 515
The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Production (Sterne), 100
audience labor, 62
audiences
penny press, North America, 238
and post-Fordist labor practices, 435–437
terminology, 105
Augst, T., 179
Augustine, 464
Aumente, J., 275
Authentic™: The Politics of Ambivalence in a Brand Culture (Banet-Weiser), 421n
authorship, 101
Auw, A. V., 323
Ayres, E., 448
Babe, R., 69
Backus, J., 506
Baehr, Jr., H., 244
Bailie, M., 492
Bailyn, B., 237
Baker, C., 246
Bakewell, J., 664
Baldasty, G., 242, 244, 247, 445
ballistic missile defenses, 81
Balzac, H. de, 268
Bandy, M. A., 389
Banet-Weiser, S., 5, 7, 9, 418, 421n
Banks, M. J., 8
Banks, T., 6
Barber, B. R., 444
Barker, N., 182n
Barnard, M., 169
Barnett, M. P., 507
Barney, D., 531
journalism history, 242, 262, 263, 264
professionalism, in communication, 463–476
Barnum, P. T., 355
Barrera, C., 263
Barrett, E. W., 65
Barrett, T., 530
Barthes, R., 373
Basbanes, N., 169
Basse, D., 337
Batchen, G., 352
Bator, F. M., 675n
battles, media accounts, 140–141
Baughman, J., 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 412, 458n
Bauman, Z., 706
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 71
Beal, G. M., 645
Beasley, M., 155
beat reporting, 473
Beauvoir, S. de, 152
Beck, J. C., 436
Becker, H., 692
Beckert, S., 326n
Beijing News, 307
Bell, A. G., 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 328n
Bell, B., 174
Belton, J., 370
Beltran, M., 136
Bend It Like Beckham (film), 701
Beniger, J., 522–523, 525, 528, 529, 532
Benjamin, W., 240, 425, 685, 686, 703
and Frankfurt School, 610, 613–614, 616, 628
Benkler, Y., 672
Bennett, G., 341
Benton, M., 180
Berelson, B., 22, 31, 550, 567, 569, 570, 640, 643
Berg, E. A., 342
Berger, J., 98
Bergin, T., 511
Berkhofer, R. F., 133
Berlin, I., 308
Berlusconi, S., 434
Berners-Lee, T., 514
Bernstein, B., 174
Betamax, 436
Better Living through Reality TV: Television and Post-Welfare Citizenship (Ouellette & Hay), 418
Bettig, R., 673
Beyond a Boundary (C. L. R. James), 692
Beyond Primetime: Television Programming in the Post-Network Era (Lotz), 421–422n
Bhuiyan, A. J. M. S. A., 67
Bias of Communication, The (Innis), 50, 54
Bignell, J., 274
Billy Elliot (film), 698, 699, 700–701, 706
Bin, Li, 297
Bird, S. E., 140
Birmingham School, 125
Birth of Biopolitics, The (lecture series), 117n
Birth of the Museum, The (Bennett), 102
Bishop, C., 690
Bissell, K., 12
Black Americans, 126, 127, 130
Black Arts Movement, Michigan, 128
Black Atlantic, The (Gilroy), 126
Black Entertainers in African American Newspaper Articles (Register), 129
Black Entertainment Television (BET), 417
Black Feminist Thought (P. H. Collins), 125
Black Film/White Money (Rhines), 133
Black Journalists in Paradox (Wilson), 132
Black Press in America: Soldiers Without Swords (Nelson), 128
Black Press in the Middle West, The (Suggs), 127
Black Scholar, 142
Black Women as Cultural Readers (Bobo), 125
Blair, A., 180
Blake, W., 171
Blaker, P., 486
Blassingame, J., 183n
Bleakley, A., 100
Bledstein, B. J., 472
Bligh, J., 100
Bliven, B., 675n
Bloch, E., 627
Bloch, M., 175
Blockbuster, 432
telegraph and wire services (1846–1893), 334, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344
Blue Pencils and Hidden Hands (Harris & Garvey), 155
Blumer, H., 563, 567, 568, 571, 596
Blumer, J., 647
Bobo, J., 125
Boddy, W., 458n
Boettinger, H. M., 323
Bohlen, J. M., 645
Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 271
Bonaparte, N., 268
Bondebjerg, L., 669
Bonnell, V., 174
book, history of see history of the book (HOB)
book clubs, 180
Boorstin, D., 183n
Booth, G., 252
Born, G., 419
Bornstein, G., 169
Bost, S., 136
Bostdorff, D., 142
Bostian, L. R., 647
Boston News-Letter, 237
Botein, S., 238
Boudon, R., 640
Bourdieu, P., 411
Bourdon, J., 274
Bourne, R., 603n
Boyce, G., 263
Boyd, M., 128
Boyes, W., 525
Bradley, P., 155
Brady, R. A., 664
Brainard, B., 156
Braithwaite, J., 674
Brandes, R., 169
Breed, W., 645
Briggs, A., 23
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 71, 433
British Museum, 102
Britt, A., 244
Broadcasting Freedom (Savage), 137
Brobeck, S., 456
Brockus, S., 7
Brokaw, C., 168
Brome, A., 501
Bronner, S. E., 611
Brown, J. E., 314
Brown, M. K., 142
Brown, R., 179
Brown, R. L., 646
Brown is the New Green (Rodriguez), 134
Browne, J., 228
Brownlow, K., 603n
Bruns, G., 94
Bryan, W. J., 249
Buchanan, J. M., 65
Buchmann, A., 11
Buescher, D., 136
Buhler, K. and C., 640
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 660
Bulmer, M., 557, 558, 559, 564
Burawoy, M., 692
Burchell, G., 117n
Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University, 31
Bureau of Fire Prevention of the City of New York, 381n
Burgess, M., 155
Burguière, A., 175
Burkowski, F. J., 517
Burnham, W. D., 249
Burrows, E., 240
Burt, R., 648
Burton, A., 21
Bush, G. W., 81
Business Kodascope, 377
Butler, J., 152
Buxton, W. J., 44, 564, 597, 600, 605n, 643
Byers, J., 417
cable television, 78, 79, 416, 417
Cairncross, F., 80
Caldwell, J., 420
Caldwell, M. T., 8
Calt, S., 388
Camerer, C. F., 671
Campbell, H., 394
Canada
telephone in, 323
USA compared, 328n
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), 71
Canadian Medium Theory School, 92
Canadian “structuralist” School of media studies see structuralist School of media studies, Canadian
Cantor, M., 646
Cantril, H., 597, 598, 600, 640
capitalism, 61, 63, 529, 551, 670, 671
flexible, 706
Cardoza, K., 11
Carey, H., 471
Carey, J. W., 22, 43, 430, 647, 667
bridging political economy/culture divide, 74, 75
and Chicago School, 556, 561, 571–572
communications networks, USA, 311, 313, 326–327n
“A Cultural Approach to Communication,” 55, 94–95
media history, Foucauldian approach, 91, 94–95, 99, 109
mobility and media, 522, 523–524, 525, 526, 527
propaganda studies, US interwar years, 581, 588–589, 603n
“Technology and Ideology,” 99
telegraph and wire services (1846–1893), 334, 336
Carlsson, U., 493
Carlyle, T., 65
Carnegie, A., 412
Carolus, J., 265
Carradine, D., 140
Carr-Saunders, A. M., 466
Cary, F. C., 603n
Case, D. O., 648
Catlin, G. E. G., 600
Cato (Thomas Gordon), 237
cave paintings, 205
Caves, R., 251
Cawley, L., 141
CBS network, 432
Censer, J. R., 267
Ceramic Uncles and Celluloid Mammies (Turner), 134
CERN, 514
Césaire, A., 705
Cha, J.-Y., 291
Chadha, G., 701
Chadwick, J., 456
Chafe, W. H., 453
Chafee, Z., 585
Chaffee, S. H., 564, 566, 591, 634–635, 636, 648
Chalaby, J., 25, 241, 263, 270
Chalmers, A., 501
Chambers, D., 230
Champollion, J.-F., 207
Chandler, A., 246
Chandler, Jr., A. D., 317, 320, 327n
Chandler, N., 254
Chapman, J., 248
Chappe, C., 312
Charters, W. W., 595
Chartier, R., 23, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176
Charvat, W., 176
Chavez, L., 124
Cheap Amusements (Peiss), 162
Chekhov, A., 428
Chen Tu-hsiu, 302
Chesney-Lind, M., 10
Chess, S., 10
Chester, J., 671
Chiang Kai-shek, 303
Chicago School, 539, 550, 551, 554–577, 692
Committee on Communication (1947–1960), 568–571
disciplinary narratives, 564
evaluation, 573
mass communication research, 564
multimethod approach, 564
China, 24
nineteenth-century rise of modern press in, 297–300
closed-door policy, 298
Dibao (newspapers), 297
Great Leap Forward (1958), 305, 307
Marco Polo Bridge incident (1937), 304
Northern Warlords, 302
partisanship and commercialism, post-1978, 306–308
prehistory of journalism, ancient China, 297
press freedom, 301
revolution, journalism for (1900–1949), 300–304
Song dynasty, 297
transnational firms, 68
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 296, 303, 306
journalism as mouthpiece of, 304–305
Chinese Monthly Magazine (1815–1821), 298
Chobo (Korean newspaper), 280
Choe, S. Y., 635
Chomsky N., 430, 506, 663, 664, 668
Chosun Ilbo (Korean newspaper), 288, 290, 291
Chow, R., 694
Christians, C. G., 6
Chu, D.-H., 285
Chung, I.-S., 285
Chung, K.-G., 285
Churcher, K., 104
Cinerama, 370
circuit of meaning problem, media history, 23
The Citizen Machine: Governing by Television in 1950s America (McCarthy), 411
Citizens Band (CB) radio, 108–112
“conditions of instrumentality,” 111–112
civil rights and antiwar movements, United States, 32, 132
Clanchy, M. T., 54
Clark, J. C. D., 220
Clark, T. N., 645
Clarke, B., 228
cinematic and literary production, new frames of reference and affiliation in, 699–703
demystification, deconstructing, 693–696
narrating class and tradition in literary imagination, 703–706
operationalization of category, 696–699
Clear Channel, 433
Coase, R., 65
Coate, S., 671
coffeehouses, London, 219–225, 227
Coffey, M. K., 102
Cohen, D., 178
Cohen, E., 415
Cohn, D. L., 51
Colbert, S., 13
Cole, M., 48
Coleman, J. S., 645
Collier, D., 659
Collier, R. B., 659
Collins, P. H., 125
Colombo Summit (NAM) (1976), 480
Colon, A., 126
Color Adjustment (Riggs), 408, 409
Coltrane, J., 98
Columbia Records, 432
Columbia University, Bureau of Applied Social Research, 31
commercialization of press, history
Committee on Public Information (CPI), US, 583, 584, 585
communication
Committee on Communication (1947–1960), 568–571
communication work, as professional, 468–472
and democracy see democracy, and communication
digital, 52
“5w” model of communication processes, 31
with God, 45
and Marxism, 62
mass communication research, 564
and political economy, 69–72, 657–683
and power, 108
see also communications networks, USA
Communications Act (1934), 431
communications networks, USA, 310–332
buy-out clause, National Telegraph Act, 318–319
Canada compared, 328n
government administration and corporate management, 325–326
National Telegraph Act (1866), 317, 318
Post Office Act (1792), 311, 313
Western Union, takeover by Gould (1881), 319
see also telegraph; telephone
Companion to Media Studies (Valdivia), 3, 20
computerization
digital layout and distribution, 512–514
digital sublime, culture of, 79–82
effect on newspaper industry, 500–520
electronic distribution, first attempts, 511
Internet media, Korea, 290–291
transformed newspaper, 516–517
translating information, 503–505
and writing, 202
see also digitization; electronic media; Internet media; World Wide Web
Comstock, G., 12
Comte, A., 545
Conkin, P., 175
Conniff, M., 514
Conrad, J., 688
consciousness, writing as necessary to development of, 47
Consultative Club of International and Regional Organizations of Journalists, 488
consumer culture, and advertising, 442–462
consumer resistance from 1960s, 455–457
rise of national advertising, 443–447
Consumer Reports, 454
Consumers' Club Commodity List, 448
A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (Cohen), 415
Consumers Research (CR), 448, 451
Consumers Union (CU), 451
contextual advertising, 525, 532
Controlling Representations (Adams, Keene, & McKay), 159
Convergence Culture (Jenkins), 108
Cook, J., 174
Cook, W. B., 382n
Cooley, C. H., 557
Cooper, J., 130
Cooper, J. F., 134
Cooper, K., 334
Copeland, A., 172
corporate liberalism, 411
Corporation for Public Broadcast (PBS), 104
corporations, media
in British North America, 254–255
political economy, 68
corresponding journalism, concept, 265
corruption, 545
Cortés, H., 198
Costanza-Chock, S., 66
Cott, N., 183n
Couldry, N., 669
Coulmas, E., 207
Covering the Body (Zelizer), 139
Cowan, R. S., 154
Cox, J., 504
Craft, E. D., 327n
Craig, R., 361
Craigslist, 515
Crain, P., 313
The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communication (Starr), 150–151
creative destruction, 60
Crenshaw, K., 160
Cressy, D., 169
Crick, J., 169
critical junctures, 659, 662, 668, 673
critical memory, 123
Cronin, M., 470
Crossing the Line (Wald), 137
Cruise, T., 140
Crystal, D., 208
Crystallizing Public Opinion (Bernays), 604n
Cull, N. J., 603n
“A Cultural Approach to Communication,” (Carey), 55, 94–95
Cultural Citizenship: Cosmopolitanism, Consumerism and Television in a Neoliberal Age (Miller), 421
cultural front, 70
cultural memory, 52
cultural poetics, 183n
cultural studies
bridging political economy/culture divide, 81, 82
British tradition, 628, 686, 687–690
media governmentality, 102–106
neo-Marxist, 688
popular, 138
culture
bridging divide with political economy, 59, 60, 82–83
expansion of cultural approach, 73–79
high and low culture dichotomy, 627
theoretical aspects, 102
Culture and Governance (Hunter), 102–103
active audience, and post-Fordist labor practices, 435–437
Audience Revolution, 427
democratic diversity and industrial formations, 429–430
deregulation and neoliberalism, 433–437
globalization and media conglomerates, 430–433
revolutionary paradigm shift, 426–429
Technological Revolution, 427
theory, 626
Curl, D., 251
Curran, J., 20, 648, 664–665, 669
Curtice, J., 648
Curtin, M., 410
Czitrom, D., 74, 336, 338, 558, 561, 596, 597, 601
Daguerre, L., 350
daguerreotypes, 353, 354, 355, 361
Daily Universal Register, 267
Da-Lite Screen Company, 378
Dana, C. A., 468
Dancing in the Distraction Factory: Music, Television and Popular Culture (Goodwin), 416
Dandridge, D., 133
Danky J., 129
D'Arcy, J., 481
Darius, King, 204
Darling-Wolf, F., 14n
as head of American Historical Association, 175
history of the book, 168, 170–171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 183n
Davidson, C., 180
Davis, N. Z., 169
Day, T., 387
de Cauter, L., 27
de Chardin, P. T., 79
de Moraes Rego, C., 201
de Peuter, G., 437
De Renzi, S., 179
De Saussure, C., 221, 222, 229
de Tartas, A. R., 382n
De Vivo, F., 230
Deacon, D., 669
Defoe, B. N., 229
Defoe, D., 217, 220, 221, 223–229
Dei, B., 264
Delap, L., 157
Delia, J., 596
DeLombard, J., 241
Deloria, P. J., 136
Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project website, 131
Derrida, J., 117n, 201–202, 204, 205, 207, 210
Dervin, B., 556
Descartes, René, 611
Desmoulins, C., 267
Desperately Seeking Women Readers (Harp), 162–163
determinism, 25, 40, 49, 93, 154, 177, 428
Detroit Evening News, 245
Deutsch, P., 508
Deuze, M., 274
and Chicago School, 557, 561, 562, 563
communication and democracy, 546, 549, 550, 551
and propaganda studies, US interwar years, 589, 598, 603n
Public and its Problems, 562
dialectic, Hegel's concept of, 61
Dialectic of Enlightenment (Horkheimer & Adorno), 218, 614, 616, 618, 619
Diamond Sutra, The, 169
Diderot, D., 175
digital communication, 52
digital divide, 130
digital playback devices, 370
digital sublime, culture of, 79–82
“Digitalizing Democracy” (Born), 419
Dinerman, H., 642
Diringer, D., 169
Dirty Dozen, The (film), 141
disciplined mobility, 110, 111
discourse networks, 199
Discourse Networks 1800/1900 (Kittler), 94
Disney, W., 432
Dodd, S., 645
do-it-yourself production and distribution 429
Dolby, N. E., 707
Dong-a Ilbo (Korean newspaper), 288, 290, 291
Dongnip Shinmun (The Independent), 281
Doob, L. W., 594
Dooley, B., 265
Dorrs, P. S., 648
Douglas, S., 75, 76, 77, 163, 256, 325, 389, 642, 670
Downey, G. J., 327n
Downie, J. A., 219, 220, 221, 222, 225, 228
Doyle, P., 398
Drahos, P., 674
drawing, 205
Du Boff, R. B., 327n, 337, 338, 340
Dublin, T., 183n
Duggan, L., 161
Dumas, A., 268
Duncan, S. J., 155
Dunlap, O. E., 79
Duster, A. M., 132
Dutacq, A., 269
Dworkin, D., 695
ears, 211
Easterling, P., 168
Eastern Western Monthly Magazine (1833–1838), 298
ebrary, Inc., 502
Edison, T., 135
Editor and Publisher, 470, 514, 515
Educating Rita (film), 702
Education of Henry Adams, The (Adams), 311
Edwards, V., 599
Eek, H., 485
effects, media see media effects
Effects of Mass Communication, The (Klapper), 637, 645–646
Egyptian writing, 200, 207, 209
Ehrlich, T., 642
Eisenstein, E.
history of the book, 168, 171, 172, 175, 177
The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, 26, 177
Elbaum, M., 170
electric telegraph, 312, 314, 326–327n
Electrical World, 76
electricity, historical research, 75, 77
see also computerization; Internet media; World Wide Web
Eliade, M., 73
Eliot, T. S., 689
Ellis, E., 598
Ellis, M., 223
Ellul, J., 675n
Ely, M. P., 138
Ely, R. T., 320
Emery, E., 150
Empire and Communications (Innis), 50
empire problem, media history, 23
Enenkel, K., 182n
Engel, M., 269
Engelbart, D., 436
Engels, F., 439n
English language, 210
periodical press, early, 220, 222
see also Defoe, D.; Habermas, J.; public sphere
Entrepreneurs of Profit and Pride (Newman), 130
epistemic virtues, 101
Erickson, P., 183n
Erlanger, E., 341
Eros, B., 382n
Eros and Civilization (Marcuse), 621
Esser, F., 272
Ethnic Newswatch: Historical database, 129
Ethnic Notions (Riggs), 134
Eulau, H., 648
Europe
journalism history see Europe, journalism history
Europe, journalism history, 24, 262–278
cultural variety of Europe, 263
Europe as cradle of journalism, 262–263
languages, 263
opinion journalism, development, 266–268
political parties, 267
prehistory of journalism, 264
professionalization of journalism, 270
UK newspapers vs. Continental, 267, 272
European Union (EU), 275
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 692
Ewen, S., 446, 453, 580, 581, 586–587, 665, 674n
expertise, 465
exploitation, Marxist theory, 60
eyes, 211
Ezell, M., 178
Fabian, B., 179
Fabre, G., 139
faits divers (miscellaneous news), 269
Fallows, D., 209
Fan Changjiang, 303
Farber, D. J., 508
fascism, and media system, 30
Fausto-Sterling, A., 152
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), US, 108–109, 110, 112, 133, 431
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), 448
Wheeler–Lea Amendment, 449–450
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 448, 450
Feener, R., 182
Fehr, E., 671
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 159
feminism, second-wave, 152
feminist media, 157
Feminist Media History: Suffrage, Periodicals and the Public Sphere (DiCenzo, Delap, & Ryan), 157
feminist press, 157
Fenby, J., 344
Feng, P. X., 132
Ferguson, M., 669
Fickers, A., 274
fidelity, sound media, 395–400
Filler, L., 445
film
feminist and queer theory, 151–152
Hollywood film industry, 124–125, 133, 136, 139–140
race/ethnicity issues, 124–125, 132–133
film criticism, 128
projectors, portable, 368–369, 374–381
“small screen” movement, 376
Fine, G. A., 571
Fine, M., 702
Finlay, R., 230
Fiore, Q., 667
Fire (film), 701
Fischer, C., 76
Fischer, C. S., 322, 328n, 390, 394
Fisher, D., 481
Fisher, E., 81
Fiske, M., 638
Fleming, P., 174
flexible capitalism, 706
Flint, K., 162
Fojas, C., 136
Folkerts, J., 243
Fones-Wolf, C. T., 70
Fontane, T., 268
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 449
Ford, F., 561
Forman, H. J., 596
Foscarini, M., 230
Foster, D., 80
Foucault (Deleuze), 90
Foucault, M., 22, 27, 202, 356, 474, 533
The Archaeology of Knowledge, 89, 100
Collège de France lectures, 94
concepts, Foucauldian, 89
“conditions of possibility/conditions of instrumentality,” 100, 111
governmentality concept, 90
historiographic methods, 89
and Kittler (Friedrich), 94–97
on knowledge production, 99–100
not a media historian, 88, 92, 93
periodization issues, 93
poststructural analysis, 94, 95
Society Must be Defended (lecture series), 97
on technology concept, 91
toolbox approach, 89
The Use of Pleasure, 116n
The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Burchell, Gordon, & Miller), 117n
Fowler, M., 416
Fox, A., 168
Fox, S. (1997), 445
Fox Broadcasting, 432
Fox News Channel (FNC), 434
Fox-Genovese, E., 176
Fraenkel, B., 202
framing effects, 32
Frana, P., 514
Frank, D., 457n
Frank, T., 455
Frankel, O., 169
critique and contemporary relevance, 625–629
culture industry and debates over mass culture, 612–619
definitions, 611
Habermas and public sphere, 622–625
high and low culture dichotomy, 627
metatheory, 629
post-World War II period, 619–622
and race/ethnicity, 125
Franklin, B., 237
Franklin, J., 237
free market, 670
freedom of the press, Korea, 293–294
Freedom's Journal. Voices of a Black Nation (Vincent), 129
Freire, P., 702
French (Annales) School, 167, 172, 175–176
French Revolution, 267
Friedan, B., 159
Friedberg, A., 380
Friedman, G., 219
Friedman, M., 457n
Frith, K. T., 456
From Hanoi to Hollywood (Dittmar & Michaud), 140
Front-Page Girls: Women Journalists in American Culture and Fiction, 1880–1930 (Lute), 156
Fu, L., 181
Fuchs, E., 685
Fukuyama, F., 80
Full Monty, The (film), 689, 698, 701
Fuller, M., 155
Fuller, W. E., 314
Fuller-Seely, K., 370
Gabel, D., 328n
Gabel, R., 328n
Gaedeke, R. M., 448
Galambos, L., 323
Galliher, J. F., 560
Galton, F., 356
Gandy, O. H., 659, 665, 674–675n
Ganlin, Ding, 306
Gao, Z., 456
Garfield, J. A., 361
Garnett, B., 505
Garnham, N., 32, 66, 67, 661, 664, 669
Garofalo, R., 130
Garvey, E., 168
Gary, B., 581, 585, 588, 591, 597, 600, 601–602, 605n
Gaskell, P., 172
Gaudet, H., 637
Gebhardt, E., 611
Gee, D., 134
Gelb, I. J., 201, 204, 205, 208, 209
gender
advocacy and activist media, 157–159
definitions, 153
female journalists, 154, 155, 156
gendered audience and consumer, 162–163
male bias in media industries and writing, 155
and media work, 28
reportorial forms, feminized, 156
as synonym for women, 153
women as media producers, 154–157
General Electric Company (GE), 77, 432
General Markup Language, 514
Genovese, E., 176
geography, relevance of, 523–525
George, H., 543
George, L. M., 671
George III, King, 235
George of Trebizond, 230
Geradin, D., 674
Gerbner, G., 489, 490, 491, 661
Federal Republic of, 272
formative ideas from, 540
Nazi period, 153, 271, 406, 626
newspaper development, 265
press, 541
reunification, 274
Weimar Republic, 153
Geschke, C., 513
Ghent, Treaty of (1815), 311
Gibbons, S., 155
Giffard, C. A., 264
Gilbert, E., 5
Gilbert, F., 175
Gilmore, M., 176
Gilmore-Lehne, W., 168, 173, 175
Gilroy, P., 126
Giradin, E. de, 269
Gitlin, T., 257, 633, 634, 635, 636, 643, 646, 647, 691
Gladwell, M., 640
Glasser, T. L., 474
Glenn, W. M., 470
Glick Schiller, N., 334
Glickman, L. B., 457n
globalization
and capitalism, 670
and media conglomerates, 430–433
God, communication with, 45
Godfried, N., 70
Goebbels, J., 271
Goldfarb, C., 509
Golding, P., 66, 492, 665, 669
Goldsmith, J., 672
Goldzwig, S., 142
Gombrich, E. H., 205
Gomery, D., 369, 370, 371, 389
Gone With the Wind, 139
González Sánchez, C., 179
Goodwin, A., 416
Goodwyn, L., 243
Gorbachev, M., 81
Gordon, R. J., 671
Gordon, T., 237
Gouldner, A. W., 636
governance, role of television in, 104
governing souls, 103
governmentality
media, and cultural studies, 102–106
Grabner, W., 453
Gracyk, T., 398
Graham, S., 328n
grammatology, 201
Gramophone, Film, Typewriter (Kittler), 94
Gramsci, A., 617
Grant, P. S., 674
graphism, 205
Grattan, C. H., 586
Graves, H. F., 228
Gray, H., 408
Gray, W., 247
Great Black Migration, 136, 140
Great Depression, US, 50–51, 408
Great Divide hypothesis, structuralism, 43, 48–49
Great War see World War I
Greeley, H., 469
Green, D., 356
Green, H., 256
Green, J., 642
Green, N., 320
Green, V., 71
Greenberg, B. S., 646
Greenblatt, S., 183n
Greene, R., 368
Greenwald, B., 671
Greetham, D., 172
Gregory, T., 585
Greibach, S. A., 506
Griffiths, A., 368
Griss, W. S., 511
Grodinsky, J., 327n
Gronbeck, B., 648
Gross, R., 172
Grossberg, L., 109
Group Leader's Guide to Propaganda Analysis (Edwards), 599
Gruber, C. S., 603n
Gruening, E., 604n
Grünberg, C., 611
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (film), 137, 138
Gunning, T., 26, 355, 356, 364
Gunster, S., 628
Gusfeld, J., 565
Gutenberg, J., 169, 177–178, 264
Gutenberg Galaxy (McLuhan), 26, 177–178, 200
Guthrie, W., 198
Haber, S., 250
Habermas, J., 94, 157, 158, 159, 610, 620, 665, 666–667
Enlightenment and public sphere, 20, 157, 217–220, 223, 226, 229, 622–625
Hackenberg, M., 178
Hackett, R., 67
Hadlaw, J., 7
Hagen, L., 675n
Hainhofer, P., 264
Haldeman Julius, E., 51
Hall, D., 173, 174, 175, 240, 241
Hall, J. L., 673
Hall, R., 355
Hall, R. E., 142
Hall, S., 23, 32, 94, 125, 552, 572, 695
encoding/decoding model, 125
and Frankfurt School, 627, 628
limited effects model, 636, 647, 648
Halper, D. L., 156
Halsey, K., 181
Halttunen, K., 241
Hamamoto, D., 134
Hamelink, C., 480, 485, 490–491
Hamilton, J. C., 533
Hamilton, J. T., 671
Hamilton, M., 388
Hamlin, C. H., 586
Haney, D. P., 41
Hankyoieh (Korean newspaper), 288, 289
Hanqi, Fang, 305
Hanseong Sunbo (Korean newspaper), 281
Haraway, D., 62
Harboard, J. G., 76
Hardt, H., 29, 351, 468, 539–553, 569, 570
Harms, L. S., 481
Harris, N., 362
Harris, R., 202
Harris, S., 168
Harrison, H. H., 505
Hartman, S. M., 453
Hatton, E., 223
Hauser, P., 563
Havas, C., 336, 337, 341, 342, 344
Havelock, E. A., 43, 201, 202, 208, 209, 214
Hay, J., 1, 5, 7, 104, 108, 416, 418, 419, 422n
Headrick, D. R., 312, 325, 335, 336, 340, 341
hearing, sense of, 40, 44, 46, 210
Hearne, J., 136
Hebdige, D., 686, 688, 694, 697, 699
Hébert, J. R., 267
Hebrew language and writing, 208, 214
Heckman, S., 94
Heckscher, A., 410
Hediger, V., 368
Heine, H., 268
Heinze, A. R., 446
Henderson, J. W., 585
Henkin, D. M., 315
Hennock, F., 156
Herbst, J., 541
Herman, E. S., 327n, 430, 663–664, 668
Heroes, Lovers and Others (Rodriguez), 130
Herrman, R. O., 456
Herzog, H., 597, 639, 640, 642, 647
Heyer, P., 465
Hicks, D., 103
hieroglyphs, 207
Hill, R. J., 645
Hillesund, T., 183n
historical research, 21
Histories of Scientific Observation (Daston & Lunbeck), 101
history, media see media history
history of journalism see journalism history
history of the American book (HOAB), 167, 173, 174, 175, 176
history of the book (HOB), 20, 167–193
American academic politics and founding motives, 174–175
authorship studies, 178
Boston Statement, 171, 172–173, 174
consumption approaches, 179–181
demystification of reading, 180–181
dissemination, 179
distribution approaches, 178–179
vs. earlier print culture, 169
as exercise in liberal cultural poetics, 170
French (Annales) School, 167, 172, 175–176
interdisciplinary formations, 182n
Mott–Tebbel tradition, 176–177
problematical definitions, 169–171, 182n
production approaches, 177–178
scope of study, 170
HOB see history of the book (HOB) Hochfelder, D., 325
Hochheimer, J. L., 591, 635, 648
Hochschild, A. R., 437
Hoeflich, M., 182
Hofmeyr, I., 182
Hoggart, R., 22, 174, 647, 694, 695, 699, 702
Hohendahl, P. U., 218
Holbert, R. L., 648
Hollywood film industry, 124–125, 133, 136, 139–140
Holmes, O. W., 314
Holmevik, J. R., 507
Holzmann, G. J., 312
home video, 370
Homer, 211
Honig, D., 133
Honneth, A., 218
Hoover, H., 76
Hoover, J. E., 131
Hopkins, P., 155
culture industries, 424, 425, 427, 435, 437
Enlightenment and public sphere, 218, 219
and Frankfurt School, 610, 611, 612, 614, 616–620, 625, 626, 628
Hornik, R., 648
Hortiguera, H., 706
Horwitz, R. B., 328n
Hosley, D., 156
hot metal typesetters, 509
House, E., 583
Hovland, C., 31
Howard, J., 170
Howard, P., 27
Howe, D. W., 312
Howsam, L., 179
Hu Zhengzhi, 302
Huang Yuansheng, 302
Huberman, L., 666
Hudson, A. P., 314
Hugo, V., 268
Hunt, L., 174
Hutchins, R. M., 567
Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press, 472
Hutton, F., 132
Huws, U., 65
HWCUs (historically White colleges and universities), 126
Hyman, A., 465
Hymes, D., 400
Ibsen, H., 428
ideograms, Chinese, 209
Igarza, R., 439n
Ignatiev, N., 123
Iliad, 43
The Immigrant Press and Its Control (Park), 135, 550
imprints, 183n
Imus, D., 138
In the Heat of the Night (film), 137
independence of press, British North America, 248–250
indexing, 32
India, transnational firms, 68
Industrial Revolution, 529
Infelise, M., 264
Ingrassia, C., 178
Innis, H. A., 39, 44, 314, 346, 391, 522, 665, 667
The Bias of Communication, 50, 54
Empire and Communications, 50
Foucauldian approach to, 91, 92
mobility and media, 526, 528, 529
inscription, alphabetic, 40, 42
Institute of Communications Research (ICR), Illinois University, 4
Institute of Propaganda Analysis (IPA), 599
instrumentality
and philosophy of science, 98–102
scientific instruments, 98, 99, 100, 199
intelligences (private correspondence), 236
Intergovernmental Conference on Communication Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean, Costa Rica (1976), 482
International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR), 67
International Encyclopedia of Communication, The (Donsbach), 492
International Index to Black Periodicals, 129
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 68
international order, 496n
International Typographical Workers Union (ITU), 71
see also computerization; electronic media; World Wide Web
Introduction to the Science of Sociology (Park & Burgess), 550
Invention of Communication, The (Mattelart), 89
Invisible Stars: A Social History of Women in Broadcasting (Halper), 156
Irwin, K., 10
Irwin, W., 586
Iser, W., 180
Ito, M., 391
Iyengar, S., 648
Jackman, A., 75
Jackson Lears, T. J., 410, 454
Jacobs, D., 129
Jacobs, L., 595
Jacobs, M., 457n
Jacoby, R., 170
Jaffe, E., 314
Jakobson, R., 183n
James, C. L. R., 692
James, H., 178
Janes, J., 513
Janowitz, M., 550, 551, 567, 569, 570
Jansen, S. C., 574n, 588, 603n
Janus, N., 665
Jauss, H. R., 180
Jay, M., 611
Jefferson, T., 572
Jencks, C., 699
Jenisch, J., 172
Jenkins, F. C., 381n
Jevons, W. S., 65
Jhally, S., 125, 444, 665, 675n
Jim Crow racial policies, US, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142, 143, 160
Jin, D. Y., 67
John, R. R., 24, 26, 28, 238, 310–332
Johns, A., 23, 26, 55, 169, 177
Johnson, C., 674n
Johnson, L. B., 412
Johnson, N., 663
Johnson, P., 158
Johnston, E., 457n
Johnston, W. J., 595
joint operating agreements (JOAs), North America, 252
Jones, J., 370
Jones, S., 255
Joong-ang Ilbo (Korean newspaper), 288, 290, 291
Joseon dynasty (1392–1897), Korea, 280
Joseph, R., 6
Joshi, P., 180
Journal of Canadian Studies, 49
Journal of Communication, 661, 669
Journal of Library History, 179
Journal of Negro History, 142
journalism
as an articulation of the “social,” 241
big city, 247
history see journalism history
industrial, 474
job title of “journalist,” 263
professionalization of, 270, 275
public service mission of, 472
training in see journalism studies
journalism history, 24
17th century, 265
19th century, 25, 241, 268–270, 297–300, 445
Anglo-American model, 269, 271
British North America, 24, 235–261
corresponding journalism, concept, 265
definitions, 263
and media history, 24
prehistory of journalism, 264, 297
technological innovations, impact, 273
US and British vs. European, 19th century, 241
Journalism Quarterly, 470
journalism studies, 41, 42, 291–293
The Journalist, 470
journalistic autonomy principle, 272
see also specific journals
Jowett, G. S., 563, 564, 595, 596
Joyce, J., 211
Joyce, W., 173
Kaestle, C., 239, 240, 253–254
Kalleberg, A., 509
Kaltenborn, H. V., 256
Kamalipour, Y., 67
Kanellos, N., 132
Kant, I., 218
Kaplan, R., 24, 28, 235–261, 471
Kapp, K. W., 675n
Karlekar, K. D., 294
Kastan, D. S., 168
Chicago School, 564, 566, 568, 570, 571
limited effects model, 635, 637, 640, 642, 643, 645, 647, 648, 649
Katz, N. D., 454
Kavanaugh, A. L., 675n
Kay, A., 507
Kazan, E., 137
Keene, M., 159
Keesing, R., 180
Keith, M., 158
Kelley, D. R., 183n
Kelly, J., 707
Kennedy, R., 388
Kern, S., 474
Keynes, J. M., 666
Khare, R., 514
Khrushchev, N., 454
Kids Rule: Nickelodeon and Consumer Citizenship (Banet-Weiser), 418
Kielbowicz, R. B., 313
Kihss, P., 511
Kilpatrick, J., 133
Kim, D.-J., 284, 285, 286, 288
Kim, N.-S., 284
Kim, S.-J., 287
Kim, Y.-S., 284, 285, 289, 293, 294n
King, M. L., 142
Kisselof, J., 78
media history, Foucauldian approach, 88, 90, 94–97, 98, 100, 108, 117n
Klapper, J., 634, 635, 637, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647
Klein, M., 327n
Klein, N., 456, 687, 699, 706, 708
Klinenberg, E., 433
Klinger, B., 370
KMT (Kuomintang), National Party (China), 296, 303, 304
Knies, K. G. A., 541, 542, 546, 547, 551, 558
Knights, P. R., 337, 338, 340, 343
Knopf, A. A., 51
knowledge, professional organization of, 466–468
Köcher, R., 272
Koenig rotary cylindrical presses, 242
Koontz, S., 454
Kopytoff, I., 170
Chobo (daily newspaper), 280
commercialization of journalism, 287–288
constitutions of Korean Republic, 282–283
decline of newspaper readership, 289–290
genealogy of Korean journalism, 280
Joseon dynasty (1392–1897), 280
journalism studies, 291–292, 293
journalist changes, 286
journalists running for office, 289
June Uprisings (1987), 292
Kim Young-Sam, media policy of, 285–286
labor union movement, 288
media policies following democratization, 284–285
modern newspaper, origins, 281
National Security Law (1948), 283
Newspaper Act (2005), 286
Newspaper Act (2009), 290
political history of Korean Republic, 282
Revitalizing Reform (1972), 283–284
Special Act on Supporting the Local Press (2004), 286
state intervention in journalism, 281–284
Korean Communications Committee (KCC), 291
Korean Journal of Journalism Studies, 291
Korean Society for Journalism Studies (KSKS), 291
Kornicki, P. F., 168
Kors, A. C., 218
Korshin, P. J., 218
Korten, D., 456
Korzybski, A., 598
Kotcher, J. E., 648
Kothari, U., 703
Kracauer, S., 425
Krämer, S., 96, 204, 211, 213, 214
Kuhn, T., 100
Kung Fu, 140
Kunzel, R., 180
Kurtz, H., 257
Kurzweil, R., 80
Kutsch, A., 270
La Presse, 269
labor
international division of, 68
labor practices, post-Fordist, 435–437
labor unions, Korea, 288
Lalvani, S., 355
Lamoreaux, N., 444
Lampson, B., 508
Lang, G. E., 641, 643, 646–647
language
Chomsky on, 506
European languages, 263
Lanza, J., 386
Larsen, O. N., 645
Larson, M. S., 467
Laski, H., 666
and propaganda studies, US interwar years, 591, 592–594, 595, 598, 600, 601, 602, 604n, 605n
Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 134, 140
Last Samurai, The (film), 140
Lastra, J., 371, 389, 395, 396, 398
Latino/a Americans, 6, 126, 130, 132, 134
Lauk, E., 271
Lawson, V., 245
Lazarsfeld, P., 31, 256, 566, 596, 597, 600, 602, 604n, 664
limited effects model, 632–646, 649
Le Petit Journal, 269
Leach, E., 587
Lear, N., 415
Learning to Labor (Willis), 686, 697
Leavis, Q. D., 51
Lee, E. B., 599
Lee, I., 604n
Lee, K.-R., 285
Lee, L., 604n
Lee, R. E., 469
Lee, R. G., 132
Lee, S.-S., 291
Lee Chin-Chuan, 308
Lefèbvre, H., 530
legal evidence, photography, 358–360
Lehmann Haupt, H., 176
Leiss, W., 675n
Lemisch, J., 174
Lentz, R., 142
Lerner, D., 644
Leroi-Gourhan, A., 205
Lester, P., 368
Levine, P., 157
Levy, D. M., 198
Lewis, R., 130
Lhamon, W. T., 138
Li Dazhao, 302
Licensing Act, lapse of in England (1695), 222, 267
Licklider, J. C. R., 436
Liebling, A. J., 241
Limbaugh, R., 138
limited effects model
concepts/definitions, 633
consolidation and challenge (1960s), 645–647
and media content, 31
Lindenfeld, L., 10
Lindner, R., 559
Lindsay, V., 595
Ling, R., 391
linguistic turn, 175
Lipietz, A., 65
The Phantom Public, 589
and propaganda studies, US interwar years, 583, 587–588, 589, 590, 598, 603n
Listening In (Douglas), 389
Liu, C., 67
Liu Shao-chi, 305
Liu Shaoshao, 302
Locke, J., 231
Lofland, L. H., 556
logography (word-writing), 197, 206, 207
London
Grub Street, 228
London, J., 154
London Gazette, 265
London Stock Exchange, 224, 225
Lonely Londoners (Selvon), 689
Long, E., 168
long eighteenth century, 220
Lord, A. B., 43
Los Angeles Sentinel, 129
Lott, E., 138
Love, H., 169
Love and Theft (Lott), 138
Lovejoy, A. O., 170
Lowenthal, L., 30, 613, 615, 619, 620
limited effects model, 639, 641, 644
Lu Xun, 303
Luff, D., 674
Lumley, F. E., 593
Lunbeck, E., 101
Lusitania, sinking of, 586
Lutz, M., 94
Lynd, R. and H., 30, 245, 250, 641
Lyons, M., 174
Lyotard, J.-F., 170
Macaulay, T. B., 223
MacBride, S., 482, 483, 489, 490, 492, 496n
MacBride Round Table on Communication, 491
Macfadden, B., 642
MacGill Hughes, H., 346n
Machar, A. M., 155
Machine in the Garden (Leo Marx), 72–73
Madland, H., 268
Madnick, S., 508
magazines, women's, 153
magic, 694
Magnet, S., 12
Mah, H., 171
Mahon, M., 130
Mahoney, E., 665
Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America (Spigel), 407
Malinowski, B., 692
Maltby, R., 370
Malthus, T., 64
Mance, O., 341
Mancini, P., 273
Mankekar, D. R., 481
Mankiw, N. G., 671
Mann, G., 541
Manovich, L., 213
Manufacturing Consent (Herman & Chomsky), 668
manuscript production system, 169
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), 305
Marat, J.-P., 267
Marchand, R., 328n, 446, 447, 458n, 531
Marchant, W., 504
Marconi, G., 323
Marcus, M., 510
Marcuse, H., 610, 611, 615, 616, 619, 620, 621, 622
Margherio, L., 517
Marks, B. A., 581–582, 586, 603n
Markus, R. A., 464
Marshall, A., 65
Martin, H.-J., 172, 174, 175, 176
Marvin, C., 7, 22, 75, 76, 327n
When Old Technologies Were New, 154
Marvin, S., 328n
Marx, Karl/Marxism, 182, 640, 666
communication and democracy, 546
compared to Leo Marx, 59, 60, 72, 82–83
culture industries, 424, 425, 439n
Enlightenment and public sphere, 219, 221
and Frankfurt School, 611
and Hegel, 61
mobility and media, 527
and race/ethnicity, 125
Marx, Leo, 23, 60, 74, 77, 79, 81
compared to Karl Marx, 59, 60, 72, 82–83
masculinity, in journalism, 154
Maslen, K., 174
Masmoudi, M., 485
Mass Communication Theory (McQuail), 3, 4, 5
mass media
Black cultural presence, 139
representation trends in, 133–135
technology, 98
Mass Media Declaration, 481, 482, 483
Matheson, D., 469
Mathews, M. V., 508
Matsuda, M. K., 364
Matsushita, 432
Mattelart, A., 66, 72, 89, 669
Mattelart, M., 669
Matthews, F. A., 546
Matthews, F. H., 558, 560, 562
May, Just and Indian (film), 136
May, W. F., 469
Mayer, V., 8
Mayor, F., 489
Mazepa, P., 71
M'Bow, Amadou-Mahtar, 482, 489, 490
McCall, C. W., 115
McCarthy, A., 411
McCarthy, N., 134
McCarthy, T., 691
McChesney, R. W., 24, 28, 66, 69, 70, 456, 629, 657–683
McClung, N., 155
McClure, A. K., 468
McCormack, T., 643
McCourt, T., 394
McCracken, A., 389
McDaniel, H., 133
McDougall, R. D., 328n
McGilligan, P., 133
McGovern, C. F., 446
McGuire, W., 648
McHenry, E., 181
McKay, M., 159
McKenzie, D. F., 170
McKeon, R., 464
McKim, A., 228
McKinley, W., 361
McKissack, F., 142
McLaughlin, L., 159
McLeod, K., 673
McLuhan, E., 667
McLuhan, M., 154, 391, 428, 665, 667
Gutenberg Galaxy, 26, 177–178, 200
history of the book, 171, 175, 177
media history, 22, 25, 26, 32–33
Foucauldian approach to, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98
structuralism, 39, 40, 42–43, 56
at University of Toronto, 42–43
writing, 200–201, 211, 212–213, 214
McMurria, J., 416
McMurtrie, D., 176
McNabb, J. H., 377
McNeill, J. R., 335
McNeill, W. H., 335
McPhail, T., 493
McReynolds, J. C., 325
McRobbie, A., 695
and Chicago School, 557, 558, 572–573
Meade, M., 692
“Meaning of Memory: Family, Class and Ethnicity in Early Network Television Programs” (Lipsitz), 408
Means of Social Control (Lumley), 593
Meddaugh, P. M., 13
“media,” definition, 20
Media and New Capitalism in the Digital Age (Fisher), 81
Media and Power (Curran), 20
media corporations see corporations, media
media effects
framing, 32
limited effects model see limited effects model
power, 108
priming, 32
structuralist school, 56
media governmentality, and cultural studies, 102–106
media history
Canadian “structuralist” School of media studies, 39–58
description of approaches, 21–23
distinguished from other historical studies, 21–22
Foucauldian approach to, 88–121
gender and sexuality in, 150–166
interdiscipline of, 21
narratives, multiplicity of, 20
problems, 23
and theoretical work, 23
media influence, “middle-range” theories, 125
media power, 32
media studies
history, in US, 540
interdiscipline of present and future, 1–18
media tolerance, race/ethnicity, 137–138
media work, 28
media/institution, 92
Mees, C. E. K., 377
Mehaffy, M. M., 162
Mehta, D., 701
Melbin, M., 524
Melnick, R., 372
Melvin, M., 525
Mendelsohn, H., 646
Mendelssohn, F., 206
Menzel, H., 646
Merriam, C., 591
Merskin, D., 140
Merton, R. K., 31, 604n, 640–641, 644, 645, 649, 693
metanarratives, 20
Mexico, museums in, 102
Meyer, R., 661
Meyrowitz, J., 55
Middleton, S., 665
Millard, A., 386, 387, 392, 396
Miller, C., 599
Miller, D., 453
Miller, M. C., 590
Mills, C. W., 31, 452, 455, 626, 642, 665, 666–667
Milne, W., 298
Milton, J., 231
Mindich, D., 471
Miner, H., 694
Ministerial Meeting in New Delhi (NAM) (1976), 479–480
Miramax, 432
Mishan, E. J., 675n
Mitcham, W. J., 82
Mitchell, A., 161
Mitchell, W., 80
Miyao, D., 130
mobile privatization, 27, 109, 110, 406, 428
control, 526
geography, relevance of, 523–525
Mobilium, 532
Modey, C., 237
Molina, O., 170
Molnar, A., 458n
Mompart, J. L. G., 263
monolinguism, 52
Moore, W. E., 467
moral philosophy, and political economy, 64, 65
More Work for Mother (Cowan), 154
Morley, D., 6, 125, 533, 669, 695
Morris, M., 364
Morris, N., 673
Morrison, D. E., 596, 604n, 641, 643
Morrison, R., 298
Morse, R. L. D., 448
Morse, S. F. B., 75, 314–315, 316
Morton, Jr., D. L., 387
bridging political economy/culture divide, 59–87
Moulton, A., 508
Moureau, F., 264
movie theaters, US, 370–374, 379, 380
“movie-only theaters,” 370–371
Moylan, M., 182n
MTM: Quality Television (Feuer), 414–415
muckraking, 154
Mukherjee, R., 5
multiculturalism, and national identities, 135–138
multinational corporations, 68
Mulvey, L., 151
Munroe, R., 247
Munsey, F., 251
Munson, E. S., 571
Münsterberg, H., 595
Murdock, G., 66, 67, 69, 409, 413, 532, 665, 669, 674n
museums, 102
music, and mass culture, 615
Musser, C., 375
My Beautiful Laundrette (film), 702
MySpace, 428
Nacirema, mouth rites, 694
Nadel, M. V., 447
Naipaul, V. S., 695
Nakashima, C. L., 136
NAM see Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Nandy, A., 704
National Academy of Engineering, 530
National Consumers' League (NCL), 447
National Electric Light Association, 604n
National Museum of the American Indian, 102
National Telegraph Act (1866), US, 317, 318
Nationwide (Morley), 125
Native American representations, 136, 140
naturalism, 61
Nazi Germany, 153, 271, 406, 626
Nealon, J., 91
Negra, D., 5
Neiva, E. M., 506
Nelles, H. V., 328n
Nelson, R., 172
Nelson, S., 128
Nelson, W., 245
neoconservative political economy, 65
neoosphere, 79
history of the book, 181, 182n
journalism history, 238, 242, 248, 262, 264
Foucauldian approach to, 89–90, 91, 92–93, 96, 106
professional communicator, rise of, 467, 469
telegraph and wire services (1846–1893), 334
Neuber, W., 182n
Neumann, F., 611
Neumann, J. von, 501, 507, 611, 619
Nevitt, M., 268
New Cultural History, 174, 175, 177
New International Economic Order (NIEO), 478
New Orleans, Battle of (1815), 311
New Social History (NSH), 167, 174, 175, 183n
new world information and communication order (NWICO), 32, 477–499
freeze in globalization and civil society, 490–493
New York Associated Press (NYAP), 248, 311
agreement with Reuters, 343–344
telegraph and wire services (1846–1893), 334, 337, 338, 339, 340, 343, 344
New York Daily News, 510
New York Sun, 238
New York Tribune, 361
New Youth (Xin Qingnian), Chinese magazine, 302
Newbury, M., 178
Newhouse, S., 252
Newkirk, P., 132
Newman, M., 130
Newmark, C., 515
news
“inverted pyramid” form, 272
television, 156
news agencies, European, 342–343
News Corporation, 428, 431, 432, 433, 434
news frames, 125
news services, 25
Atlantic cable and news, 340–342
early pre-wire and wire, 336–337
European news cartel and US wire services, 343–345
inland telegraph and wire services, 338–339
newspapers
and books, 51
collapse of advertising in Great Depression, 51
colonial, 236
computerization, effect on industry, 500–520
decline of readership, 289–290, 504
early development, in Europe, 265
response to computerization, 515
see also journalism history; journals; periodicals; press; press freedom
Nicholas I., 271
Nichols, J., 24
Nickelodeons, 370
Nisbet, M. C., 648
Nixon, R., 454
No Sense of Place (Meyrowitz), 55
Noelle-Neumann, E., 633, 636, 638, 647
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 32, 477, 478
Intergovernmental Council for the Coordination of Information, 487–488
origins, 495n
Nora, P., 139
Nord, D. P., 179, 180, 240, 242, 244, 249
Norris, J. D., 244
Norris, P., 648
North America (British), journalism history, 24, 235–261
Cato letters, 237
England, first papers modeled on press in, 236
group ownership, 252
independence of press, declarations of, 248–250
joint operating agreements, 252
labor press, 238
paper closures, 253
political parties, 242, 243, 249, 255–257, 257
press freedom, 238
Progressive Era (1904–1919), 249
republicanism, 238
notation systems, 199
Notes on the Underground (Williams), 73
Nowak, M., 453
NWICO see new world information and communication order (NWICO)
Objectivity (Daston & Galison), 99
Obomsawin, A., 130
O'Boyle, L., 268
Obraczka, K., 514
O'Connor, R., 251
October Club, Westminster, 225
O'Donnell, R., 138
Of Grammatology (Derrida), 201
O'Farrell, C., 117n
Office of Price Administration (OPA), 450
Office of Radio Research (ORR), 637
Ohmac, K., 80
Ollman, B., 219
Olney, M. L., 445
Olsson, J., 420
O'Meally, R., 139
Ondaatje, M., 386
One-Dimensional Man (Marcuse), 622
Ong, A., 709
Ong, W. J., 22, 39, 43–48, 54, 198, 201, 203, 528
Onslow, B., 155
opinion journalism, Europe, 266–268
opinion leaders, 639
Optical Media (Kittler), 94, 96
oral-formulaic singing techniques, 43
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 478
Orgeron, D., 368
Orientalism (Said), 125
Origins of Sociology (Small), 547
Orr, M., 170
Orton, W., 319
Orwell, G., 686, 687, 692, 693, 703–705, 706
Osiel, M. J., 472
Osolnik, B., 485
Ostler, N., 204
Otto, E. M., 263
Otto, L., 268
Ouellette, L., 26, 104, 404–423
Owen, R., 65
Owens, J., 263
Oxford Gazette, 265
Paglia, C., 94
“Paki-bashing,” 695
Palmer, M. B., 269
Palumbo-Liu, D., 124
panel technique, 638
Papathanassopoulos, S., 274
Paramount film studios, 432
Park, D. W., 556
Park, J. S. W., 124
Park, R. E., 135, 468, 546, 549–550, 551, 587, 692
Chicago School, 557, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563
Parkinson, J. C., 341
Parks, D. J., 672
Parks, L., 99
Parry, M., 43
particularism, 691
partisan press, British North America, 242–244, 249
Pasley, J. L., 468
Patterson, T., 272
Pauly, J., 556
Pavlic, B., 480
pay per view (PPV), 438
payment methods, culture industries, 437–438
Payne Fund Studies, 30, 563–564, 596
Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 450
Pearson, G., 695
Peet, C., 595
Pehrson, B., 312
Peirce, C. S., 211
Pells, R. H., 453
pencil, history of, 204
penny press, British North America, 239–242
People's Choice, The (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, & Gaudet), 635, 637, 637–642
People's Republic of China (PRC), 296, 304
first Constitution (1954), 307
Pepper, S., 104
Perez-Torres, R., 124
periodical press, early, 220, 222
women-produced, 157
see also journals
Perlman, M., 396
Perry, J. W., 505
Perry, T., 513
The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television and the Modern Event (Sobchak), 143
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), 428
Personal Influence (Katz & Lazarsfeld), 635–636, 637, 642–645
perspicuity, 116
Peters, J., 364
and Chicago School, 557, 560, 561
Foucauldian approach to, 89, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 117n
sound histories, 386, 387, 399
Peterson, L., 142
Peterson, S., 225
Petroski, H., 204
Pezzulo, P. C., 13
Pfaff, D. W., 252, 253, 254, 255
Phantom Public, The (Lippmann), 589
Phelps, G., 665
Phillips, D., 363
philosophy of science
Stanford School, 88, 90, 98, 116
phonemes, 209
phonetic practices, 197, 207, 209
photographic realism, 352
and Black press, 128
Chinese Exclusion Act, 357
iconic accuracy, 356
indexicality, 356
as “mirror with a memory,” 352
newspaper illustrations, 361–362
“realist ethos” association, 361, 362
Photon optical typesetting machine, 506–507
phototypesetters, 509
physics, authorship in, 101
physiognomy, 354, 355, 356, 361
Pickard, V., 661
Pickering, J., 313
Picturing the Past (Brennan & Hardt), 351
Pimpin Ain't Easy: Selling Black Entertainment Television (Smith-Shomade), 417
Pinter, A., 561
Pirenne, H., 220
Plaisance, P. L., 470
Planet of the Arabs (film), 134
Plato, 198, 215, 229, 230, 231, 464
Platt, J., 564
Ploman, E., 485
Pohlmann, K. C., 386
Polan, D., 376
polinalists, 289
Polish Peasant in Europe and America, The (Thomas & Znaniecki), 560
Political Communication (Chaffee), 634, 636
political economy
bridging divide with culture, 59, 60, 82–83
and capitalism, 63
characteristics, 63
communication history in, 69–72
control and survival, 63
electronic media, 69
international research, 67
neoconservative, 65
print journalism, 71
radio broadcasting, 70
and social praxis, 64
social relations, as study of, 62–63
see also culture; Marx, Karl/Marxism; Marx, Leo
Political Economy of Communication, The (Mosco), 665
Polletta, F., 142
Ponsonby, A., 586
Pontius Pilate, 204
Pool, I. de S., 27, 323, 388, 390
Pooley J., 556, 559, 564, 565, 566, 643
Popkin, J. D., 267
portable projectors, 368–369, 374–381
Add-a-Unit projector, 378, 379
Porter, J. A., 468
Porter, R., 220
portraits, photographic, 353–355
Post Office Act (1792), US, 311, 313, 327n
Post Office Department, US, 314–315, 327n
Amusing Ourselves to Death, 55
media ecology program, New York University, 43
PostScript language, 513
Potter, D. M., 455
Pöttker, H., 269
Potts, M., 516
Potts, N., 63
Poulantzas, N., 94
Powell, B. B., 198, 201, 204, 205, 208, 209
power
in British North America, 237–238
and communication, 108
God's knowledge as, 465
media, 32
Power Elite, The (Wright Mills), 31, 666
Powers, S., 667
Poynter, N., 515
praxis, social, 64
Pred, A. R., 311
prehistory of journalism, 264, 297
Prendergast, C., 170
Presence of the Word, The (Ong), 45
press
British North America, 235–261
commercial interests, 542
critique, 30
German, 541
media history, 30
see also journalism history; newspapers; press freedom; printing/printing press
Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media (Emery, Emery, & Roberts), 150
press freedom
in British North America, 238, 241
in China, 301
World Press Freedom Committee (WPFC), 481, 482
Preston, P., 275
Price, L., 168
Price, M. E., 673
Pride, A., 127
priming effects, 32
print media
history, 26
newspapers see newspapers; press
Printing Press as an Agent of Change, The (Eisenstein), 26, 177
printing/printing press, 26, 52, 200, 501, 516, 528
Priuli, G., 231
privatization, mobile, 27, 109, 110, 406, 428
Production Culture: Industrial Reflexivity and Critical Practice in Film and Television (Caldwell), 420
professional integrity, 228–229
professionalism, in communication, 463–476
communication work as professional, 468–472
consequences of professionalism, 472–474
establishing early professions, 464–466
ethical codes, 471
expertise, 465
founding associations, 470
new professions, 466
professional organization of knowledge, 466–468
Program for the History of the Book in American Culture (AAS), 173
Progressive Era (1904–1919), 249, 659–660
progressivism, 580
Projansky, S., 5
projectors, portable, 368–369, 374–381
Add-a-Unit projector, 378, 379
Propaganda: Its Psychology and Technique (Doob), 594
propaganda model, 663
propaganda prophylaxis, 601
propaganda studies, US interwar years, 578–609
Committee on Public Information, 583, 584, 585
devices identified, 605n
implications of terminology, 579, 594
media effects and propaganda, 594–597
Progessive movement, 580
publicity, 580
social science and behavioral approach, 591–594
Propaganda Technique in the World War (Lasswell), 591
ProQuest Historical Newspapers, database, 129
Protestant Ethic, The (Weber), 223
“protestant ethnic,” 694
Pruitt, S., 530
psychological warfare research, 41
public
communication and democracy, 544–545
problem of, 23
Public and its Problems, The (Dewey), 562
Public Broadcasting Act (1967), 413
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 412, 413, 414
public memory, and race/ethnicity, 139–143
appropriation, acts of, 140
forgetting, 140
“progress,” commemorating, 141–143
public opinion, 219, 220, 229–231, 621
research, 638
Public Opinion (Lippmann), 30, 588
public sphere
“bourgeois,” 220, 225–227, 623, 624
Habermas, 20, 157, 217–220, 223, 226, 229, 622–625
in London coffeehouses, 219–225
Royal Court (Korea), 280
Pulitzer, J., III, 244, 252, 254, 469, 470, 471
Pullan, B. S., 230
Puritan Revolution, England, 268
Pyle, R., 339
Qingyi bao (Chinese newspaper), 300
Qiu, J., 67
Queer Airwaves: The Story of Gay and Lesbian Broadcasting (Johnson & Keith), 158
Question of Sedition: The Black Press During World War II (Washburn), 131
Quetelet, A., 641
Quevedo, F. de, 211
QWERTY keyboard, 199
Raabe, P., 172
Rabinow, P., 90
Raboy, M., 69
Race Against Empire (P. von Eschen), 128
race/ethnicity
cross-racial romance, 136
de jure or de facto exclusion, 143
economics of in media production, 131–133
film representation, 124–125, 132–133
Great Black Migration, 136, 140
historical enquiry, 126
identity boundaries, reinforcing, 135–137
Jim Crow policies, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142, 143, 160
multiculturalism, and national identities, 135–138
others, historical narratives, 135–137
“Paki-bashing,” 695
Pocahontas–John Smith legend, 136, 140
racial formation, 123
records, preserving/maintaining, 128–129
representation trends in mass media, 133–135
as social constructions, 123
stereotypes, 130, 133, 134, 135, 141
theoretical inspirations, 124–127
Racial Formation in the United States (Omi & Winant), 125
Racial Order of Things, The (Mukherjee), 5
Radaway, J. A., 125
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 692
radio broadcasting, 70–71, 76, 77, 78
in-car radios, 111
Citizens Band (CB) radio, 108–112
and computerization, 504
and gender, 153
history, 389
and television, 274
transistor radio, 111
Radio Voices: American Broadcasting 1922–1952 (Hilmes), 409
Raising Cain (Lhamon), 138
Rakow, L. F., 390
Ramism, 46
Ramus: Method and the Decay of Dialogue (Ong), 45–46
Randall, D., 128
Rare Books and Manuscripts Section (RBMS) of Association of College and Research Libraries, Boston preconference and Statement (1980), 171, 172–173, 174, 177
Raskin, A. H., 510
Ratzenhofer, G., 546
Reader in Public Opinion and Communication (Janowitz & Berelson), 550, 569
reading, 211
Reading National Geographic (Lutz & Collins), 138, 160
Reading the Romance (Radaway), 125
Reagan, R., 81, 142, 416, 434, 486, 487, 489, 490, 512
Reality TV: The Work of Being Watched (Andrejevic), 421
rebus, 206
reception studies, German, 180
Redeeming the Wasteland: Television Documentary and Cold War Politics (Curtin), 409
Reese, S. D., 675n
Regester, C. B., 129
Reinhardt, J. E., 482
relative exploitation, 60
Renaissance period, 52, 217, 229–231
Renaudot, T., 265
representation problem, media history, 23
republicanism, 238
Requate, J., 270
resistance, in telecommunications and computer industries, 71
Retis-Rivas, J., 13
Reuter, H., 344
Reuter, J., 336–337, 341, 342–343, 344
reverse-engineering, bibliography licensed, 172, 177
revisionist historiography, 158
Reyes, P., 130
Reynolds, D., 178
Rhines, J. A., 133
Rhodes, J., 128
Rhodes, M., 170
Rhyu, S., 286
Rialto square, Venice, 230
Richard, I. A., 598
Richardson, J., 567
Riggins, S., 117n
Right to Communicate, The (D'Arcy), 481
Right to Rock (Mahon), 130
Ripley C. P., 132
Rivero, Y., 137
Roa, H., 445
Roach, C., 491
Robb, A., 505
Roberts, C., 169
Roberts, D. F., 647
Roberts, N., 150
Robertson, C., 7, 21, 26, 350–366, 356, 357, 667
Robertson, J. S., 211
Robinson, E. S., 594
Robles, A. C., 65
Rocha, C., 706
Rock, M., 156
Rockefeller Foundation funding, 30
Rockin' Out (Garofalo), 130
Rodger, N., 169
Rodriguez, C., 130
Rodriguez, P., 134
Roediger, D., 123
Rogers, E. M., 604n, 605n, 645
Rogers, E. N., 557, 561, 564, 566
Roh, M.-H., 284, 286, 289, 290, 293, 294
Roh, T.-W., 282, 284, 285, 294n
Rohrbach, P. T., 314
romance novels, 180
Roosevelt, F. D., 50, 154, 256, 257, 447, 449, 615, 626
Roper, E., 637
Rose, J., 180
Rose, N., 103
Rosenzweig, R., 426
Rosewater, E., 471
Rosewater, V., 335, 336, 340, 343, 344
Ross, A., 170
Ross, S. H., 585
Rothafel, S. L., 376
Rothenbuhler, E. W., 26, 385–403
Rothschild, M. L., 650n
Rubie, L., 130
Rubin, G., 152
Rubin, R. L., 244
Rupke, N., 181
Rushdie, S., 689
Russell, D. O., 434
Ryan, L., 157
Ryan, M. P., 158
Ryans, Jr., J. K., 456
Saad-Filho, A., 63
Sacks, K. B., 123
Salloum, J., 134
Salton, G., 504
Samiee, S., 456
Sammy and Rosie Get Laid (film), 701–702, 706
Samuel, L. R., 453
San Marco square, Venice, 230
Sane Society, The (Fromm), 621
Sanudo, M., 230
Sarikakis, K., 493
Sarnoff, D., 78
Sassen, S., 65
satellite imaging technology, 99
Satellite Sex, The (Freeman), 159–160
Schäffle, A., 543–545, 546, 547, 548, 551, 558
Scherer, W., 264
Schiller, D., 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 241, 325, 362, 664, 665, 674n, 706
Schiller, H. I., 22, 32, 65, 66, 67, 69, 481, 492
political economy of communication, 661, 662, 663, 664, 669, 674n, 675n
Schiller, H. L., 648
Schlesinger, Jr., A., 175
Schlink, F. J., 448
Schmandt-Besserat, D., 212
Schmidt, H., 182n
Schmolke, M., 264
Schneirov, M., 445
Schor, D. J. B., 671
Schramm, W., 31, 254, 566, 602, 634, 647
Schucking, L. L., 51
Schudson, M., 236, 239, 241, 326n, 386
Schultz, J., 472
Schurman, L., 179
Schwantes, B. S. M., 327n
Schwarzlose, R. A., 311, 327n, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 343
science
age of, 466
experimental, 100
history of, 98
philosophy of see philosophy of science
scientific instruments, 98, 99, 100, 199
social science, behavioral approach, 591–594
Scitovsky, T., 675n
Scott, J., 704
Scott, J. C., 55
Scott, W., 247
scrapbooks, women's, 162
scribbling, 199
Scribner, S., 48
Scripps, C., 439n
Seaton, J., 669
Sebastiàn, J. F., 272
sedition, 131
Seitz, D., 247
self-actualization, television as technology for, 104
Sellers, C. G., 25
Selvon, S., 689
Sennett, R., 706
sensationalism, 156
and writing, 210
Serrin, W., 472
servers, 514
sexuality
biological sex, 152
“intersexed” people, 152
LGBTQ weeklies, magazines, and radio programs, 158
Victorian female body, 153
see also gender
Seymour-Ure, C., 251
Shadd Cary, M. A., 128
Shaffer, D. W., 675n
Shaheen, J., 124–125, 133, 134
Shapin, S., 465
Shapiro, C., 671
Shared Pleasures (Gomery), 369
Sharpe, K., 181
Shaw, D., 636
Shelley, M., 688
Shen Bao (Chinese newspaper), 303
Sherman, J., 317
Shi Liangcai, 303
Short, W., 595
Siebert, F. S., 266, 471, 675n
Siegert, B., 212
Siepmann, C. A., 412
sight, sense of, 44, 46, 210, 211
signs and signifiers, 108, 117n
in writing, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212, 214
Silber, N. I., 448
silent cinema, 371
Sills, A., 665
Simonson, P., 557, 560, 638, 640, 642, 644
Simpson, R., 504
Singer, B., 370
“Sitcoms and Suburbs” (Haralovich), 407
Sivulka, J., 445
Skeat, T., 169
Sklar, K. K., 448
Slanted Screen, The (Adichie), 134
Slaying the Dragon (Gee), 134
Sloan, W. D., 177
Slotkin, R., 244
Small, A. W., 540, 546, 547, 548, 551, 557, 558, 559, 560
Smith, A., 63, 64, 65, 263, 670
Smith, B., 21
Smith, B. L., 604n
Smith, E. A., 180
Smith, G. D., 323
Smith, H., 171
Smith, J. S., 641
Smith, R. L., 79
Smith-Shomade, B., 417
Smoodin, E., 368
“Blindspot” essay, 27
bridging political economy/culture divide, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69
communication, political economy, 661–663, 664, 669
SNOBOL (computer language), 508
Snyder, E. E., 510
Snyder, M., 513
sob sister journalism, 156
Sobchack, V., 143
social constructionism, 26–27, 397, 407
Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 230
social determinism, 25
social integration, 561
social relations, capitalism, 61
social science, behavioral approach, 591–594
social theory, 54
Society for Motion Picture Engineers (SMPE), 375, 376, 381n
Society for the History of Authorship, Reading, and Publishing, 182n
Socolow, M., 661
Solomon, M., 157
Solomon, W., 253
Song, K.-H., 283
sound effects, 210
analytic terms for socio-technical systems, 393–395
blues music, 388
contingent effects, 388
domestic practice, 398
empires of sound, 392
periodization issues, 392
recording technologies, 387–388
social shaping of sound, 385, 393, 394
Sousa, H., 67
Southerland, H. D., Jr., 314
Southwell, B. G., 648
Soviet Union
dissolution of, 274
journalism in, 271
Spadina Avenue, Toronto, 708
Spadoni, C., 172
Speaking Into the Air (Peters), 89
Spectator, The, 222
speech
as sound, 389
and writing, 44–45, 47, 198, 201, 202, 203, 208–209
Spencer, H., 559
Spigel, I., 394
Spigel, L., 114, 154, 407, 415, 420, 458n
Spitzer, S. P., 646
Splichal, S., 675n
Sproule, J. M., 579, 580, 591, 600, 604n, 638
Squire, J., 255
St. Louis Post Dispatch, 254
Stabile, C. A., 161
Stallybrass, P., 213
Stamp, S., 370
Stanford School of Philosophy of Science, 88, 90, 98, 116
Stange, M., 128
Starck, K., 472
Starr, P., 23, 151, 237, 248, 256, 313, 326n
Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America (Packard), 409
Steinberg, M. J., 130
Steinberg, T., 74
Steindl, J., 666
Steinert, H., 628
Stephens, M., 675n
stereotypes, racial, 130, 133, 134, 135, 141
Sterne, J., 1, 100, 387, 390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400
Stigler, G. J., 65
Stiglitz, J., 671
Stiles, L., 182n
Stöber, R., 263
Stole, I. L., 28, 442–462, 671
Stone, M., 344
Strauss, G., 55
Strawn, J., 386
Streeter, T., 411
Streible, D., 381n
Streitmatter, R., 158
Stringer, H., 431
structural transformation, 219
Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The (Habermas), 218, 622
structuralist school of media studies, Canadian, 39–58
alphabetic literacy (Ong), 40, 43–48
appeal/contributions of, 41–42, 55–57
cognitive tasks, study of, 48–49
forms of media/forms of life relationship, 43
Great Divide hypothesis, 43, 48–49
Laocoön (mannerist) phase (Innis), 49–55
Stuart, C., 586
Studies in Public Communication, 570
Study of Writing, A (Gelb), 201
stunt reporting, 156
sublimity
digital sublime, culture of, 79–82
electrical, 74
television, 78
Sudhaker, A., 472
suffrage press, 157
Suggs, H. L., 127
Sumeria, writing system, 200, 212
Sumida, S. H., 127
Summers, J. H., 642
Summers, L. H., 671
surveillance, 105
Susman, W., 454
Sussman, G., 675n
Sussman, L., 645
Swan, J., 180
Sweezy, P. M., 444, 665–666, 675n
Swift, J., 228
switch-side debating, 103
Symposium on Information in Tunis (NAM) (1976), 479
Tagg, J., 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 363
Taking Their Place: A Documentary History of Women and Journalism (Beasley & Gibbons), 155
Talbot, W. H. F., 351
Talbotype, 351
talk see speech
Tang, S., 183n
Tanselle, G. T., 172, 173, 183n
tape recording, 202
Tarde, G., 641
Tasker, Y., 5
Taubman, W., 695
Tay, J., 420
Taylor, F., 439n
Tebbel, J., 176
technological determinism, 25, 40, 49, 93, 154, 177, 428
technology
concept, 91
mass media, 98
and subjectification, 101
television as, 104
National Telegraph Act (1866), US, 317, 318
vs. telephone, 321
as Victorian Internet, 75, 76, 315–316
telegraph and wire services (1846–1893), 25, 333–349
Atlantic cable and news, 340–342
early pre-wire and wire news services, 336–337
European news agencies, 342–343
European news cartel and US wire services, 343–345
inland telegraph and wire services, 338–339
international and national, 335
monopolies in technology and news, 339–340
big-city exchanges, 322
business calls, 397
history, 393
network expansion, 323
telephone “texting,” 199
transcontinental telephony, 323, 324
teletext, 511
and apparatus, 111
centralized distribution, 406
commercialism as defining feature in US, 661
function following form in, 42
and gender, 153
and media structuralism, 40, 42
national broadcasting systems, 406
role in governance, 104
social formations, 405
Television, Technology and Cultural Form (Williams), 405
Television After TV: Essays on a Medium in Transition (Spigel & Olsson), 420
Television Will be Revolutionized, The (Lotz), 420
Tenner, E., 311
text processing programs, 508
Text/360 (IBM program), 508
Textual Poachers (Jenkins), 125
Thatcher, M., 477, 489, 490, 700
Thernstrom, S., 174
Theweleit, K., 706
Thierry, A., 698
This is England (Meadows), 700
Thomas, A., 178
Thomas, I., 176
Thompson, E. P., 32, 171, 425–426
Thompson, R. L., 317, 327n, 336, 337, 339
Thorne-Murphy, L., 178
Thornton, E., 75
Thought News, 561
Tierney, S., 140
time and motion studies, 439n
Times Higher Education, The, 91
Tingjun, Wu, 301
Tinkle, T., 169
Tobin, J., 671
Tocqueville, A. de, 29
Todd, E., 180
Tofflers, A., 80
Tofflers, H., 80
tolerance, racial/ethnic, 137–138
Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies & Bucks (Bogle), 124–125
Toronto “structuralist” School of media studies see structuralist School of media studies, Canadian
totalitarian regimes, 271
Trachtenberg, A., 353, 354, 355
Tracy, J. F., 71
trade publications, 470
trade unions see labor unions
transcontinental telephony, 323, 324
transistor radio, 111
translation of information, 503–505
Trenchard, J., 237
Triennial Act (1694), 225
Trimble, G., 510
Troldahl, V., 646
Truman, H., 141
Tryon, C., 438
Tuning Out Blackness (Rivero), 137
Turner, G., 420
Turner, P., 134
Turner, R., 142
Turner Broadcasting, 432
Turnock, J., 7
TV Arab, The (Shaheen), 124–125
Twain, M., 270
Twentieth Century Fox, 432
Twyman, M., 170
typographical fixity, 26
typography, in Gutenberg's Bible, 177–178
UNESCO
General Conference in Belgrade (1980), 483–484
General Conference in Paris (1983), 488
General Conference in Nairobi (1976), 481, 482, 483
UN–UNESCO Round Table on NWICO, 488–489, 491
Union for Democratic Communication, 68
United Nations (UN), Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, 478
United States (US)
advertising, federal regulation in 1930s, 448–450
Atlantic cable and news, 340–342
civil rights and antiwar movements, 32, 132
communications networks in, 310–332
Constitution, 501
First Amendment, 429, 453, 672
educational disparities, 47
Federal Communications Commission, 108–109, 110, 112, 133
federal Constitution, adoption (1788), 311
icons, 74
journalism history, in British North America see North America (British), journalism history
origins of history of book in, 171–174
propaganda studies, interwar years, 578–609
radio, battle for control over, 70–71
University of Chicago, 567, 570
Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 455
Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America (Streitmatter), 158
Unthinking Eurocentrism (Shohat & Stam), 125
Use of Pleasure, The (Foucault), 116n
Uses of Literacy, The (Hoggart), 695
Utopian Socialists, 65
Vaidhyanathan, S., 673
Van Dam, R., 646
van den Ban, A. W., 646
VanAntwerpen, J., 647
Varian, H. R., 671
Vaughn, S., 582, 583, 585, 603n
Veltmeyer, H., 65
Venice, Renaissance, 217, 229–231
Veronis Suhler Stevenson, 428, 437
Victor 40
projector (Add-a-Unit), 378, 379
Victor Animatograph Company, 378
Victorian Internet, telegraph as, 75, 76, 315–316
video recorders, 370
Vietor, R. H. K., 326
Viewers Like You? How Public Television Failed the People (Ouellette), 411
Vincent, R., 491
Vincent, T. G., 129
Virtual Window, The (Friedberg), 380
visual sense, 44, 46, 210, 211
Vogel, T., 128
Voice Over (Barlow), 130
Voltaire (F.-M. Arouet), 201, 208, 220
Vonderau, P., 368
Wade, L., 142
Wade, M., 436
Wahl-Jorgensen, K., 29, 554–577, 602
Walcott, D., 703
Wald, G., 137
Waldfogel, J., 671
Waller, G., 370
Wallerstein, I., 65
Wallis, C., 391
Walsh, J. J., 465
Walsham, A., 169
The Walt Disney Company, 432, 434
Walter, C., 155
Waltzer, M., 94
Wang, 25
Wang Jingwei, 303
Waples, D., 567, 568, 569, 605n, 640
War Advertising Council, 450–451
War Propaganda and the United States (Lavine & Wechsler), 600
Ward, C. R., 127
Ward, E. (1703, 1720), 222, 224, 226
Ward, F., 161
Ward, N. (1698), 228
Wardlow, G. D., 388
Warner Communications, 432
Warnock, J., 513
Warren, C. A., 571
Washburn, P., 131
Washington Post, 516
Wasko, J., 66, 67, 431, 665, 675n
Wasser, F., 26, 28, 370, 424–441
Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for Blackness (Gray), 408
Watson, A. J., 49
Watterson, H., 243
Watts, D. J., 648
Watts, J., 133
Ways of Seeing (Berger), 98
WCFL (Chicago Federation of Labor), 70
Weaver, P., 247
Webb, W., 515
Webster, F., 531
Weedon, A., 178
Weekly Review of the Affairs of France, 222
Weidman, L., 12
Weiman, D. F., 321
Weimann, G., 638, 640, 644, 648
Weimar Germany, 153
Weingartner, C., 667
Weingast, D. E., 603n
Weis, L., 702
Wekhrlin, W. L., 267
Welcome to the Dreamhouse: Popular Media and Postwar Suburbs (Spigel), 415
Wells, I. B., 132, 156, 157, 160
Wertheim, M., 80
Western Associated Press (WAP), 339, 343, 344
Western Union, 318, 319, 320, 327n, 341
Whalen, T., 169
What is an Apparatus (Agamben), 106
What is Enlightenment? (Kant), 218
Wheatland, T., 641
When Old Technologies Were New (Marvin), 154
Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media (Douglas), 163
White, G. D., 386
White, W., 246
White Americans, 124, 127, 140
White Victims, Black Villains: Gender, Race and Crime News in US Culture (Stabile), 161
Whitfeld, S. J., 453
Wiebe, R. H., 580
Wiegand, W., 179
Wiener, J., 174
Wiener, N., 523
Wieten, J., 669
Wigelsworth, J., 168
Wiggershaus, R., 611, 620, 625
Wiggins, D., 128
Wilensky, H. L., 467
Wilentz, S., 238
Wiley, H. W., 447
Wilkie, W., 638
William of Ockham, 465
William Reese Company, 174
Williams, F., 343
Williams, K., 274
Williams, M., 503
Williams, N. D., 130
advertising and consumer culture, 428, 439n
bridging political economy/culture divide, 61, 66, 74
Foucauldian approach to, 108, 110–111
television, 391, 394, 405–406, 409, 421
Williams, Rosalind, 73
Williams, S., 180
Williams, S. L., 471
Willinsky, B., 370
Willis, P., 687, 688, 694, 695, 698, 699, 700, 707
Willis, S., 139
Wilson, D. G., 635
Wilson, E., 637
Wilson, P. A., 466
Wimmer, A., 334
Winans, R., 175
Winfrey, O., 417
Wingspread Conference (1977), 175
Winkler, H., 201, 203, 212, 214
Winner, L., 320
Winship, M., 176
Winston, B., 69, 315, 439n, 457
Winthrop-Young, G., 94
wire services see telegraph and wire services (1846–1893)
Wired Nation – Cable TV (R. L. Smith), 79
wireless telegraphy, 323
Wirth, L., 550, 551, 567, 568, 569, 571
Withers, C., 168
Wolf, E., 179
Wolfe, A. R., 448
Wolff, B. B., 336–337, 342–343, 344
Wolseley, R. E., 127
The Woman's Page: Journalism and Rhetoric in Early Canada (Fiamengo), 155–156
women
gender as synonym for, 153
see also gender; sexuality
Women and the Press: The Struggle for Equality (Bradley), 155
women's liberation, 155
women's magazines, 153, 157, 445
Wood, C., 674
Wood, F., 169
Wood, G. S., 326n
Woolf, V., 74
work, media, 28
world order, 496n
World Press Freedom Committee (WPFC), 481, 482
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 66–67, 69
World Trade Organization (WTO), 68
and US communications, 325–326
World War II
and media history, 31
and North American journalism, 256
psychological warfare research, 41
World Wide Web, 130, 131, 255, 514, 515, 516
see also Internet media
Wright, F., 155
writing/writing systems, 26, 197–216
in 19th century 199
in ancient civilizations, 200, 212
audiovisual media, implications for, 200–201
vs. drawing, 205
erasing of records, 204
fertility of writing, 201
forms of writing, 197
introduction of medium of writing, 198
non-linear nature of, 214
in Norman England, 54
notation systems, 199
phonetic practices, 197, 207, 209
and reading, 211
signs and signifiers in, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212, 214
and speech, 44–45, 47, 198, 201, 202, 203, 208–209
Wu, J., 302
Wu, T., 672
Wurtzler, S. J., 372, 378, 391–392, 394–395, 398
Xinmin Congbao (Chinese newspaper), 300
X-ray machine, 98
Xunhuan Ribao (Chinese newspaper), 299
Yamada, G., 156
Yanfu, 299
Yeats, W. B., 80
Yellen, J. L., 671
Yeo, R., 466
Young, C. J., 313
Your Money's Worth: A Study in the Waste of the Consumer's Dollars (Chase & Schlink), 448
Yu Youren, 301
Yungong, Y., 297
Yzer, M. C., 648
Zaller, J., 648
Zelizer, B., 24, 92, 139, 352, 364–365
Zemon Davis, N., 23
Zenger, J. P., 237
Zhang Volz, Y., 300
Zhongdang, Pan, 308
Zhou, He, 308
Ziegler, J. C., 508
Ziegler, R., 457n
Zingrone, F., 667
Zinn, H., 585
Zou Taofen, 303