NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1 Dale Maharidge, “A Photographic Chronicle of America’s Working Poor,” Smithsonian Magazine, December 2016.

2 “From John Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, 16 April 1776,” Founders Online, National Archives, January 18, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-04-02-0044.

3 Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 217–18.

4 Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Random House, 1991), 8.

5 Michelle Alexander, “We Are Not the Resistance,” New York Times, September 23, 2018.

6 “From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 19 December 1813,” Founders Online, National Archives, January 18, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-6212.

7 Larry Elliott, “World’s 26 Richest People Own as Much as Poorest 50%, Says Oxfam,” The Guardian, January 20, 2019.

8 Chuck Collins and Josh Hoxie, Billionaire Bonanza: The Forbes 400 and the Rest of Us, (Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies, November 2017), 2.

9 Data from Berkeley economics professor Immanuel Saez, cited by Josh Baro, “95% of Income Gains Since 2009 Went to the Top 1%—Here’s What That Really Means,” Business Insider, September 12, 2013, https://www.businessinsider.com/95-of-income-gains-since-2009-went-to-the-top-1-heres-what-that-really-means-2013-9.

10 Federal Reserve, “Executive Summary” from Report on the Economic Well Being of U.S. Households in 2017 (Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, May 2018), 2.

11 Humanity is currently using nature 1.7 times faster than our planet’s ecosystems can regenerate. World Wildlife Fund, Living Planet Report—2018: Aiming Higher, M. Grooten and R. E. A. Almond, Eds., (Glands, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund, 2018).

12 Mathew Lawrence, Laurie Laybourn-Langton, and Carys Roberts, “The Road to Ruin: Making Sense of the Anthropocene,” Institute for Progressive Policy Research 24, no. 3 (2017).

13 World Wildlife Fund, Living Planet Report—Risk and Resilience in a New Era (Glands, Switzerland: WWF International, 2016).

14 Joseph Stiglitz, “Of the 1%, By the 1%, For the 1%,” Vanity Fair, May 2011.

15 GAO, Contingent Workforce: Size, Characteristics, Earnings, and Benefits (Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office, April 20, 2015), https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/669766.pdf.

16 Eillie Anzilotti, “Elizabeth Warren’s Bold New Plan to Give Corporate Wealth Back to Workers,” Fast Company, August 22, 2018.

17 Peter Gowan, remarks at Rutgers University (Mid-Year Fellows Workshop on employee ownership, New Brunswick, NJ, January 13, 2019).

18 Jimmy Tobias, “What If People Owned the Banks, Instead of Wall Street?” The Nation, May 22, 2017.

19 Jonathan Lear, Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 7, 94–5, 103, 113, 117–18.

20 Donella Meadows, Thinking in Systems: A Primer (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008). Quote is from Donella Meadows, “Places to Intervene in a System,” Whole Earth, Winter 1997.

21 Elena Kadvany, “Feeding Families,” Palo Alto Weekly, July 24, 2015.

22 New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 US 262(1932).

23 Heather Long, “71% of Americans Believe Economy Is ‘rigged,’” CNN Business, June 28, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/28/news/economy/americans-believe-economy-is-rigged/index.html.

24 George Eaton, “How Preston—the UK’s ‘Most Improved City’—Became a Success Story for Corbynomics,” New Statesman, November 1, 2018.

25 Steve Dubb, “Historic Federal Law Gives Employee-Owned Businesses Access to SBA Loans,” Nonprofit Quarterly, August 14, 2018.

26 Rochdale Stronger Together, accessed February 26, 2019, http://rochdalestrongertogether.org.uk/.

27 Michael Haederle, “Healthy Neighborhoods Albuquerque Aims to Create Main Street Jobs,” University of New Mexico Health Sciences Newsroom, September 27, 2016, http://hscnews.unm.edu/news/healthy-neighborhoods-albuquerque-ams-to-create-main-street-jobs.

28 Chris Brown, email to Sarah Stranahan, December 10, 2018.

29 James E. Causey, “In Cleveland, Co-op Model Finds Hope in Employers Rooted in the City,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, April 27, 2017. Other details from John McMicken, interview with Ted Howard, January 3, 2019, and email from John McMicken, January 5, 2019.

30 Maharidge, “Photographic Chronicle of Working Poor.”

CHAPTER 1

1 See https://bealocalist.org/first-immersion-balle-rsf-community-foundation-circle. Also see “Aligning Money with Mission,” Local Economy Foundation Circle, https://bealocalist.org/local-foundation-circle/.

2 Tech Dump, https://www.techdump.org/who-we-are/; Impact Recyclers, https://impactrecyclers.com/our-members/; Social Enterprise Alliance, https://socialenterprise.us/.

3 “Rush System for Health: Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018, Audited,” https://www.rush.edu/sites/default/files/fy2018-annual-report-0618.pdf.

4 Rush University Medical Center, “The Anchor Mission Playbook,” The Democracy Collaborative, September 19, 2017, https://democracycollaborative.org/content/anchor-mission-playbook.

5 Marjorie Kelly and Sarah McKinley, Cities Building Community Wealth (Washington, DC: The Democracy Collaborative, November 2015), https://democracycollaborative.org/cities.

6 Michelle Stearn, “Green Taxi Cooperative: Building an Alternative to the Corporate ‘Sharing Economy,’” The Democracy Collaborative, May 19, 2016, https://democracycollaborative.org/content/green-taxi-cooperative-building-alternative-corporate-sharing-economy.

7 NCEO, “New Data on Number of ESPOs and Participants,” Employee Ownership Report, March–April 2019.

8 Sarah Stranahan, “Eileen Fisher: Designing for Change,” Fifty by Fifty, August 15, 2018, https://medium.com/fifty-by-fifty/eileen-fisher-designing-for-change-f6877b4130f1; Sarah Stranahan, “Employee-Owned B Corp Makes a Great Brew,” Fifty by Fifty, December 5, 2018, https://medium.com/fifty-by-fifty/employee-owned-b-corp-makes-a-great-brew-6cb21df7b56d.

9 John Lewis Partnership, “Now and the Future,” John Lewis Partnership, PLC, Annual Report and Accounts 2018, https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/content/dam/cws/pdfs/financials/annual-reports/jlp-annual-report-and-accounts-2018.pdf.

10 Unofficial estimate by B Lab as of June 19, 2018; https://bcorporation.net/about-b-lab.

11 Mondragon worker count and revenue from “About Mondragon,” Mondragon S Coop, accessed January 5, 2019, https://www.mondragon-corporation.com/en/about-us/economic-and-financial-indicators/corporate-profile/.

12 Michael Toye, “Participate Now in the Social Innovation and Social Finance Strategy Consultations,” Canadian CED Network, November 23, 2017, https://ccednet-rcdec.ca/en/blog/2017/11/23/participate-now-social-innovation-and-social-finance. “Quebec Budget: $100 Million for the Social Economy Despite Some Disappointments,” Canadian CED Network, April 6, 2015, https://ccednet-rcdec.ca/en/new-in-ced/2015/04/06/quebec-budget-100-million-social-economy-despite-some.

13 “Remunicipalization,” Municipal Services Project: Exploring Alternatives to Privatization, accessed February 11, 2019, https://www.municipalservicesproject.org/remunicipalization.

14 Thomas M. Hanna, Our Common Wealth: The Return of Public Ownership in the United States (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2018), 3, 9.

15 Hanna, Our Common Wealth, 11.

16 The CDFI Fund website lists 1,112 certified CDFIs as of September 30, 2018; United States Department of the Treasury, “Investing for the Future,” Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, https://www.cdfifund.gov/Pages/default.aspx.

17 Amit Bouri, “Impact Investing: The Next Big Movement,” Medium, May 9, 2018, https://medium.com/@AmitKBouri/impact-investing-the-next-big-movement-b782de8a32d5.

18 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Dewey’s Political Philosophy,” Stanford Center for the Study of Language and Information, July 26, 2018, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dewey-political/.

19 Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).

20 This definition of capital bias—which is original to The Making of a Democratic Economy—draws on the definition of racial bias given by Robin J. DiAngelo, “Whiteness in Racial Dialogue: A Discourse Analysis” (PhS diss. University of Washington, 2004), 2, https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/7867.

21 Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, Jr., For the Common Good (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989), 5–8, 86–7.

22 BEA, “Gross Domestic Product by Industry: Second Quarter 2018,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, November 1, 2018, 10–11, https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2018-10/gdpind218_1.pdf.

23 Kelly and McKinley, Cities Building Community Wealth, 21.

24 Ted DeHaven, “Corporate Welfare in the Federal Budget,” Cato Institute, Policy Analysis, July 25, 2012.

25 Edward N. Wolff, “Household Wealth Trends in the United States, 1962–2016,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 24085, November 2017.

26 Martha Nussbaum, Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).

27 Abraham Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 3, 1861, House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, http://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/40507.

28 Marjorie Kelly, “The Divine Right of Capital,” Fifty by Fifty, January 17, 2018, https://medium.com/fifty-by-fifty/the-divine-right-of-capital-d6e8cd57f8c7.

29 Carina Millstone, Frugal Value: Designing Business for a Crowded Planet (New York: Routledge, 2017).

30 Marjorie Kelly, The Divine Right of Capital (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2001).

31 “Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future,” UN, 1987, http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf.

32 George Lakoff, interview with Marjorie Kelly, August 24, 2006.

CHAPTER 2

1 Visit to Pine Ridge, May 28–29, 2015. For information on the Learning/Action Lab of The Democracy Collaborative, see https://lab.community-wealth.org/.

2 Quoted in Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 95.

3 Richard White, “Born Modern: An Overview of the West,” History Now: Journal of the Gilder Lehrman Institute, Fall 2006, http://ap.gilderlehrman.org/essays/born-modern-overview-west?period=6.

4 John G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1932), 7–8.

5 Jay Walljasper, “Healthy Snack Invented on Indian Reservation Now Faces Stiff Corporate Competition,” Common Dreams, August 10, 2016.

6 Cynthia E. Smith, Curator of Socially Responsible Design, “By the People: Designing a Better America,” on display September 30, 2016–February 26, 2017 at the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum in Manhattan.

7 Sarah Sunshine Manning, “A Community Self-Empowerment Model for Indian Country: Thunder Valley CDC, Part I,” Indian Country Today, January 15, 2016.

8 Manning, “Community Self-Empowerment Model.”

9 “Sustainable Housing Ownership Project,” Thunder Valley Community Development Corporation, accessed on February 11, 2019, https://thundervalley.org/program-guide/sustainable-home-ownership-project.

10 Nick Tilsen on many occasions has publicly told the story of the message received from the elders. This quote is taken from remarks by Nick in a video entitled, “Ecosystem of Opportunity: Thunder Valley CDC Documentary,” produced by Thunder Valley CDC, aired May 8, 2015, on YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6aBQ09SjNI.

11 Annie Lowrey, “Pain on the Reservation,” New York Times, July 12, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/13/business/economy/us-budget-cuts-fall-heavily-on-american-indians.html.

12 Megan Huynh, “Creating an ecosystem of opportunity on Pine Ridge,” The Democracy Collaborative, June 6, 2018, https://community-wealth.org/content/creating-ecosystem-opportunity-pine-ridge.

13 These comments are drawn from multiple sources, including comments made by Nick Tilsen to the Learning/Action Lab in the Regenerative Community Progress Report, November 2014, and in the “Ecosystem of Opportunity: Thunder Valley CDC Documentary,” mentioned previously.

14 Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 151.

15 Bernie Rasmussen, email to Ted Howard and others, February. 28, 2014.

16 Nick Tilsen, interview with Ted Howard, April 17, 2018. Nick Tilsen, “Transition to Amplify Innovation,” video, Thunder Valley CDC, aired Feb. 1, 2018 on Vimeo, https://vimeo.com/253837212.

17 Bryan Lowry and Katy Bergen, “Sharice Davids Makes History: Kansas’ First Gay Rep, 1st Native American Woman in Congress,” Kansas City Star, November 6, 2018.

18 Stephanie Gutierrez, An Indigenous Approach to Community Wealth Building: A Lakota Translation (The Democracy Collaborative, November 2018), 30, https://democracycollaborative.org/community-wealth-building-a-lakota-translation.

19 Gutierrez, An Indigenous Approach, 27.

20 Daly and Cobb, For the Common Good, 5, 8, 161.

21 Winona LaDuke, “Voices from White Earth,” in People, Land, and Community: collected E. F. Schumacher Lectures, ed. Hildegaard Hannum (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 22–25.

22 Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks.

CHAPTER 3

1 Quotes as told to Laura Bliss, “A Portland Startup Is Smashing Barriers to Affordable Housing,” City Lab, January 27, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2017/01/a-portland-start-up-is-smashing-barriers-to-affordable-housing/514202/.

2 Tyrone Poole, interview with Marjorie Kelly and Erin Kesler, May 9, 2017.

3 Alana Samuels, “The Racist History of Portland, the Whitest City in America,” Atlantic, July 22, 2016.

4 Nikole Hannah-Jones, “Portland Housing Audit Finds Discrimination in 64 Percent of Tests; City Has Yet to Act Against Landlords,” Oregonian, May 9, 2011, https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/05/a_portland_housing_audit_finds.html.

5 Poole, interview with Kelly and Kesler.

6 Kimberly Branam, interview with Marjorie Kelly, January 22, 2015.

7 Anne Mangan, “Sweet News: PDC Launches Startup PDX: Challenge,” Oregon Entrepreneurs Network, February 14, 2013, https://www.oen.org/2013/02/14/sweet-news-pdc-launches-startup-pdxchallenge/. Portland Development Commission, “PDC Opens 2014 Startup PDX Challenge, Focused on Women and Minorities,” PR News Wire, May 21, 2014, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pdc-opens-2014-startup-pdx-challenge-focused-on-women--minorities-260094581.html. The contest ran three years, 2013–2015. Prosper Portland Staff, phone conversation with Sarah Stranahan, December 19, 2018.

8 Prosper Portland, accessed February 14, 2018, https://prosperportland.us/.

9 Poole, interview with Kelly and Kesler.

10 Katherine Krajnak, interview with Marjorie Kelly and Erin Kesler, May 10, 2017.

11 Krajnak, interview with Kelly and Kesler.

12 Mark Treskon, “Less Segregated Cities Aren’t Only More Inclusive. They’re More Prosperous,” Urban Wire: Race and Ethnicity, Urban Institute, March 28, 2017, https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/less-segregated-communities-arent-only-more-inclusive-theyre-more-prosperous.

13 Brandon M. Terry, “MLK Now,” essay in “Fifty Years Since MLK,” Boston Review, 2017, 15.

14 Martin Luther King, Jr., “The Three Evils of Society” speech, Aug. 31, 1967, https://www.scribd.com/doc/134362247/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-The-Three-Evils-of-Society-1967.

15 Lisa K. Bates, Ann Curry-Stevens, and Coalition of Communities of Color, The African-American Community in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile (Portland, OR: Coalition of Communities of Color and Portland State University, 2014), http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5501f6d4e4b0ee23fb3097ff/t/556d3996e4b09da5e9a521df/1433221526152/African-American-report-FINAL-January-2014.pdf.

16 Alana Samuels, “The Racist History of Portland, the Whitest City in America,” Atlantic, July 22, 2016.

17 Samuels, “Racist History of Portland.”

18 Nigel Jaquiss, “Critics Blast a Portland Plan to Divert Money Earmarked for the Black Community to Help a Health Care Giant,” Willamette Week, August 16, 2017, https://www.wweek.com/news/2017/08/16/critics-blast-a-portland-plan-to-divert-money-earmarked-for-the-black-community-to-help-a-health-care-giant/.

19 Eliot Neighborhood, “The Hill Block Project Update,” February 4, 2018, https://eliotneighborhood.org/2018/02/04/the-hill-block-project-update/.

20 Walter Johnson, “To Remake the World: Slavery, Racial Capitalism, and Justice,” essay in “Race, Capitalism, Justice,” Boston Review, Forum 1, 2017, 26–7.

21 Caitlin Rosenthal, “Abolition as Market Regulation,” essay in “Race, Capitalism, Justice,” Boston Review, Forum 1, 2017, 40.

22 “Inclusive Business Resource Network,” Prosper Portland, accessed January 6, 2019, https://prosperportland.us/portfolio-items/inclusive-business-resource-network/.

23 Local and Regional Government Alliance on Race and Equity, accessed February 11, 2019, https://www.racialequityalliance.org/.

24 “Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike,” The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, accessed February 11, 2019, https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/memphis-sanitation-workers-strike.

25 Autodidact 17, “Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: ‘I fear I am integrating my people into a burning house,’” New York Amsterdam News, January 12, 2017, http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2017/jan/12/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-i-fear-i-am-integrating-m/.

26 “Portland Housing Startup Snags $2M from Angels,” Portland Business Journal, December 7, 2018.

CHAPTER 4

1 Daniel, interview with Marjorie Kelly, October 8, 2017. Step Up requested his last name be withheld.

2 Walter Wright, Kathryn W. Hexter, and Nick Downer, “Cleveland’s Greater University Circle Initiative: An Anchor-Based Strategy for Change,” The Democracy Collaborative, May 2016, 11, https://democracycollaborative.org/greater-university-circle-initiative.

3 “2017 Annual Report,” Publications, University Hospitals, accessed on February 12, 2019, https://www.uhhospitals.org/about-uh/publications/corporate-publications/annual-report.

4 Cleveland Clinic 2017 operating revenue $8.4 billion; Meg Bryant, “Cleveland Clinic 2017 Operating Income, Revenue Bounce Back,” Health Care Drive, March 1, 2018, https://www.healthcaredive.com/news/cleveland-clinic-2017-operating-income-revenue-bounce-back/518134/. University Hospitals 2017 revenue $3.9 billion; “2017 Annual Report,” University Hospitals. Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) 2017 revenue $1 billion; “2016/2017 Annual Report,” CWRU, https://case.edu/behindthestory/images/CWRU-Annual-Report-2017.pdf.

5 Alexander Kent and Thomas Frolich of 24/7 Wall St., “The 9 Most Segregated Cities in America,” Huffington Post, Aug. 27, 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-9-most-segregated-cities-in-america_us_55df53e9e4b0e7117ba92d7f.

6 J. Mark Souther, “Acropolis of the Middle-West: Decay, Renewal, and Boosterism in Cleveland’s University Circle,” Journal of Planning History, 10(1), January 11, 2011, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1538513210391892.

7 Wright, Hexter, and Downer, “Cleveland’s Greater University Circle Initiative,” 11.

8 Wright, Hexter, and Downer, “Cleveland’s Greater University Circle Initiative,” 12.

9 Brandon Terry, “A Revolution in Values,” essay in “Fifty Years Since MLK,” Boston Review, 2017, 62.

10 Cleveland’s Greater University Circle Initiative: Building a 21st Century City through the Power of Anchor Institution Collaboration, (Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Foundation, 2013), 39, http://www.clevelandfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/.

11 Walter Wright, “Greater University Circle Major Accomplishments, 2011–2014,” handout, Cleveland State University. Also see Wright, Hexter, and Downer, “Cleveland’s Greater University Circle Initiative,” 12.

12 John McMicken, email to Ted Howard, January 7, 2019.

13 John McMicken, email to Ted Howard, January 5, 2019.

14 McMicken, email to Howard, January 5, 2019.

15 Healthcare Anchor Network website, Oct. 15, 2018, https://www.healthcareanchor.network.

16 “Anchor Collaborative Network,” The Democracy Collaborative, accessed February 12, 2019, http://www.anchorcollabs.org/. “High Education Anchor Mission Initiative,” The Democracy Collaborative, accessed March 17, 2019, http://anchors.democracycollaborative.org.

17 Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960; originally published 1944).

18 See for example, Randy Oostra, “Embracing an Anchor Mission: ProMedica’s All-In Strategy,” The Democracy Collaborative, May 21, 2018, https://democracycollaborative.org/content/embracing-anchor-mission-promedica-s-all-strategy.

19 Tyler Norris and Ted Howard, Can Hospitals Heal America’s Communities? (Washington, DC: The Democracy Collaborative, December 2015), 12, https://democracycollaborative.org/content/can-hospitals-heal-americas-communities-0. “Gross Domestic Product by Industry: Second Quarter 2018,” Bureau of Economic Analysis, November 1, 2018, 10–11, https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2018-10/gdpind218_1.pdf. Spending by nonprofit hospitals, colleges, and universities at 8.7 percent of GDP is measured by value added.

20 Kim Shelnik and Staci Wampler, interview with Marjorie Kelly, October 8, 2017.

21 Marjorie Kelly, visit to Step Up class, October 9, 2017.

22 Shelnik and Wampler, interview with Kelly. Kim Shelnik, email to Marjorie Kelly, December 20, 2018.

23 Staci Wampler, email to Marjorie Kelly, December 20, 2018.

24 These financial facts are drawn from the annual financial statements of the publicly traded company in question. We have chosen not to reveal the name of this company, which is a prominent employer in the small city of Cleveland.

25 Alex Berenson, The Number: How the Drive for Quarterly Earnings Corrupted Wall Street and Corporate America (New York: Random House, 2003), xxviii.

CHAPTER 5

1 Data on home care aide workforce composition from Jay Cassano, “Inside America’s Largest Worker-Run Business,” Fast Company, September 8, 2015.

2 Octaviea Martin quotes from Corinne H. Rieder, Clara Miller, and Jodi M. Sturgeon, “Too Few Good Jobs? Make Bad Jobs Better,” Huffington Post, Dec. 9, 2012, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/corinne-h-rieder/make-bad-jobs-better_b_1953051.html. Octaviea no longer works at CHCA; after taking medical leave, she chose not to return, according to CHCA President Adria Powell, in an interview with Marjorie Kelly, January 2, 2019.

3 CHCA turnover rate of 20–25 percent cited in Marjorie Kelly interview with Michael Elsas, May 25, 2017. Data on industry turnover rate of 66 percent cited in Carlo Calma, “The Big-Picture Strategy to Combatting Caregiver Turnover,” Home Health Care News, July 30, 2017, https://homehealthcarenews.com/2017/07/the-big-picture-strategy-to-combatting-caregiver-turnover/.

4 CHCA, “B Impact Report: Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA),” [Best for Overall 2017, Best for Workers 2017, Best for Community 2017, Best for Change-makers 2017], Cooperative Home Care Associates, Certified B Corporation, https://bcorporation.net/directory/cooperative-home-care-associates-chca.

5 Ruth Glasser and Jeremy Brecher, We Are the Roots: The Organizational Culture of a Home Care Cooperative (Davis, CA: Center for Cooperatives, University of California, 2002), ix.

6 Jack Ewing, “Wages Are Rising in Europe. But Economists are Puzzled,” New York Times, July 27, 2018.

7 Ewing, “Wages Rising in Europe.”

8 Michael Elsas, interview with Marjorie Kelly, May 25, 2017.

9 Caroline Lewis, “The Nation’s Largest Worker-Owned Business Is No Longer Just an Experiment in Social Justice,” Crain’s New York Business, January 31, 2017.

10 Adria Powell quote from Lewis, “No Longer Experiment in Social Justice.” Quote by Elsas from interview with Kelly, May 25, 2017. CEO pay multiple from Lawrence Mishel and Jessica Schieder, “CEO Pay Remains High Relative to the Pay of Typical Workers and High-Wage Earners,” Economic Policy Institute, July 20, 2017, https://www.epi.org/publication/ceo-pay-remains-high-relative-to-the-pay-of-typical-workers-and-high-wage-earners/.

11 Elsas, interview with Kelly.

12 Glasser and Brecher, We Are the Roots, 4. Elsas, interview with Kelly.

13 Anne Inserra, Maureen Conway, and John Rodat, “The Cooperative Home Care Associates, Sectoral Employment Development Learning Project,” Aspen Institute Economic Opportunities Program, Washington, DC, February 2002, 18–19.

14 Adria Powell, interview with Marjorie Kelly, January 2, 2019.

15 Glasser and Brecher, We Are the Roots, 9.

16 Glasser and Brecher, We Are the Roots, 84.

17 Inserra, Conway, and Rodat, “Cooperative Home Care Associates,” 38.

18 Inserra, Conway, and Rodat,” Cooperative Home Care Associates,” 23.

19 Charlie Sabatino and Caroleigh Newman, “The New Status of Home Care Workers Under the Fair Labor Standards Act,” Bifocal: A Journal of the Commission on Law and Aging, American Bar Association 36, 6 ( July–August 2015), https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/bifocal/BIFOCALJuly-August2015.pdf.

20 Powell, interview with Kelly. Rick Surpin, emails to Marjorie Kelly, December 20, 2018, January 28, 2019, January 29, 2019.

21 Chris Farrell, “Could This Idea Help Fix America’s Shortage of Home Care Workers?” Forbes, August 15, 2017.

22 David Hammer of ICA Group, interview with Marjorie Kelly, July 8, 2017. Amy Baxter, “AARP Foundation Funds Project to Explore Home Care Cooperative Sustainability,” Home Health Care News, March 22, 2017. Home Care Cooperative Initiative, website of Cooperative Development Foundation, accessed February 12, 2019, http://seniors.coop/.

23 Eduardo Porter, “Home Health Care: Shouldn’t It Be Work Worth Doing?” New York Times, August 29, 2017. Hammer, interview with Kelly.

24 “Investor Relations: Financing America’s Electric Cooperatives,” National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation, accessed February 12, 2019, https://www.nrucfc.coop/content/nrucfc/en/investor-relations.html.

25 Tim McMahon, “Current U-6 Unemployment Rate,” UnemploymentData.com, January 4, 2019, https://unemploymentdata.com/current-u6-unemployment-rate/. Charles Jeszeck, “Contingent Workforce: Size, Characteristics, Earnings, and Benefits,” US Government Accountability Office, May 2015.

26 GAO, “Contingent Workforce: Size, Characteristics, Earnings, and Benefits,” US Government Accountability Office, April 20, 2015, https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/669766.pdf.

27 Research by economists Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman, reported by Patricia Cohen, “A Bigger Economic Pie, but a Smaller Slice for Half of the U.S.,” New York Times, December 6, 2016.

28 Nick Hanauer, “Stock Buybacks Are Killing the American Economy,” Atlantic, February 5, 2015.

29 Data source US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis combined charts (Gross Domestic Product; Gross Domestic Income: Compensation of Employees, Paid: Wages and Salaries; Corporate Profits after Tax [without IVA and CCAdj]), retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, February 25, 2019, https://myf.red/g/n0s9. Recreating and updating chart done by Derek Thompson, “Corporate Profits Are Eating the Economy,” Atlantic, March 4, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/03/corporate-profits-are-eating-the-economy/273687/.

30 Derek Thompson, “A World Without Work,” Atlantic, July/August 2015.

31 Thomas Paine, “The Rights of Man,” in Paine: Collected Writings (New York: Library of America, 1995), 465.

32 E. F. Schumacher, “Buddhist Economics,” in Small Is Beautiful: Economics as If People Mattered (Vancouver, BC: Hartley and Marks Publishers, 1999 [copyright 1973]), 38.

33 Schumacher, “Buddhist Economics,”38–39.

34 Glasser and Brecher, We Are the Roots, 98–99.

35 Glasser and Brecher, We Are the Roots, 102.

36 Ronnie Galvin, “Confronting Our Common Enemy: Elite White Male Supremacy,” Medium, February 4, 2017, https://medium.com/@ronniegalvin/confronting-our-common-enemy-6f923f74cb3b.

37 Powell, interview with Kelly.

38 Powell, interview with Kelly.

39 Powell, interview with Kelly.

40 Powell, interview with Kelly.

CHAPTER 6

1 Robert Heilbroner, The Limits of American Capitalism (New York: Harper and Row, 1965).

2 Mike Chanov, interview with Marjorie Kelly and Erin Kesler, March 2, 2017.

3 Jay Apperson, “Power Company to Pay $1 Million Penalty, Perform $1 Million in Environmental Projects, Upgrade Water Pollution-Prevention Technology,” Department of the Environment, Maryland.gov, https://news.maryland.gov/mde/2016/08/29/power-company-to-pay-1-million-penalty-perform-1-million-in-environmental-projects-upgrade-water-pollution-prevention-technology/.

4 Loren Jensen, interview with Marjorie Kelly, April 25, 2017.

5 William Rue, interview with Marjorie Kelly, March 2, 2017.

6 Ian MacFarlane and Peter Ney, interview with Marjorie Kelly, December 2, 2016.

7 “Peter Ney Recognized as a Top Chief Financial Officer by Baltimore Business Journal,” press release, EA in the News, EA Engineering, April 21, 2015, https://eaest.com/articles_news/2015_04_21_Ney_Top_CFO.php.

8 MacFarlane and Ney, December 2, 2016.

9 David Kiron, Nina Kruschwitz, Holger Rubel, Martin Reeves, and Sonja-Katrin Fuisz-Kehrbach, “Sustainability’s Next Frontier: Walking the Talk on the Sustainability Issues That Matter the Most,” The MIT Sloan Management Review, December 16, 2013, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/projects/sustainabilitys-next-frontier/.

10 Carina Millstone, Frugal Value (New York: Routledge, 2017), 135–145, 147–162.

11 Bill Rue, email to Marjorie Kelly, September 18, 2018.

12 Dan Fagin, Toms River (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2013), 13, 131–132, 138.

13 Fagin, Toms River, 145, 154, 155, 189.

14 Fagin, Toms River, 223.

15 Franklin Roosevelt, campaign address at Chicago, October 14, 1936.

16 “The Servant as Leader,” Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, website, accessed October 2, 2018, https://www.greenleaf.org/what-is-servant-leadership/.

17 “Laws, Mandates, and Ordinances Requiring LEED,” Everblue, April 5, 2018, www. everbluetraining.com/blog/laws-mandates-and-ordinances-requiring-leed.

18 Joseph Blasi and Douglas Kruse, “Small Business Owners Are Getting a New Incentive to Sell to Their Employees,” The Conversation, August 15, 2018, https://theconversation.com/small-business-owners-are-getting-a-new-incentive-to-sell-to-their-employees-101515.

19 NCEO, Employee Ownership and Economic Well-Being (Oakland, CA: National Center for Employee Ownership, May 15, 2017), https://www.ownershipeconomy.org/.

20 “Small Business Closure Crisis,” Project Equity, accessed October 6, 2018, https://www.project-equity.org/communities/small-business-closure-crisis/.

21 Fifty by Fifty, accessed February 16, 2019, https://www.fiftybyfifty.org/.

22 Ian MacFarlane, interview with Marjorie Kelly, September 27, 2018.

CHAPTER 7

1 Winona LaDuke, All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 1999), 199. Proposed amendment to US Constitution by Walt Bresette et al., “Seventh Generation Amendment,” Anishinaabe Niijii flyer, Bayfield, WI, March 1996.

2 Carla Santos Skandier, interview with Marjorie Kelly, October 8, 2018.

3 Climate Breakthrough Project, “Big Strategies. Talented Leaders. Global Impact,” accessed February 16, 2019, https://www.climatebreakthroughproject.org/.

4 David Roberts, “This Graphic Explains Why 2 Degrees of Global Warming Will Be Way Worse than 1.5,” Vox, October 7, 2018, https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/1/19/16908402/global-warming-2-degrees-climate-change.

5 Reed Landberg, Chisaki Watanabe, and Heesu Lee, “Climate Crisis Spurs UN Call for $2.4 Trillion Fossil Fuel Shift,” Bloomberg, October 7, 2018. Chris Mooney and Brady Dennis, “The World Has Just Over a Decade to Get Climate Change Under Control, U.N. Scientists Say,” Washington Post, October 7, 2018.

6 Landberg et al., “Climate Crisis Spurs Call.”

7 “Despite the Paris Agreement, Governments Still Give Billions in Fossil Fuel Finance Each Year,” Oil Change International, November 2017, https://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2017/11/SFF_COP23_infographic.pdf.

8 Andrew Bary, “Exxon Mobil Is a Bet on the Future of Oil,” Barron’s, May 5, 2018, https://www.barrons.com/articles/exxon-mobil-is-a-bet-on-the-future-of-oil-1525482562.

9 Bill McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” Rolling Stone, July 19, 2012.

10 Kate Aranoff, “With a Green New Deal, Here’s What the World Could Look Like for the Next Generation,” The Intercept, December 5, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/12/05/green-new-deal-proposal-impacts/.

11 Editorial Board, “Wake Up World Leaders. The Alarm Is Deafening,” Opinion, New York Times, October 9, 2018.

12 Suzanne Goldenberg, “Tea Party Climate Change Deniers Funded by BP and Other Major Polluters,” The Guardian, October 24, 2010. John Cushman Jr., “Harvard Study Finds Exxon Misled Public about Climate Change,” Inside Climate News, August 22, 2017, https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082017/study-confirms-exxon-misled-public-about-climate-change-authors-say; “Koch Industries: Secretly Funding the Climate Denial Machine,” Greenpeace, accessed October 14, 2018, https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/global-warming/climate-deniers/koch-industries/.

13 Bill McKibben, “Up Against Big Oil in the Midterms,” New York Times, November 7, 2018.

14 McKibben, “Up Against Big Oil.”

15 Gar Alperovitz, Joe Guinan, and Thomas M. Hanna, “The Policy Weapon Climate Activists Need,” The Nation, April 26, 2017. Jeff Cox, “$12 Trillion of QE and the Lowest Rates in 5,000 Years … for This?” CNBC Finance, June 13, 2016.

16 Alexander Barkawi, “Why Monetary Policy Should Be Green,” Financial Times, May 18, 2017. Jack Ewing, “Europeans Fear a Global Slump,” New York Times, March 8, 2019.

17 Marc Labonte, Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Current Policy and Conditions (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Jan. 28, 2016).

18 Ben Bernanke, interview with CBS News, December 2010, quoted in Ann Pettifor, Just Money: How Society Can Break the Despotic Power of Finance (London: Commonwealth, 2014).

19 Pierre Monin and Alexander Barkawi, “Monetary Policy and Green Financing: Exploring the Links,” chapter 7 in Greening China’s Financial System (Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2015), https://www.iisd.org/library/greening-chinas-financial-system. Richard Murphy and Colin Hines, Green Quantitative Easing: Paying for the Economy We Need (Norfolk, UK: Finance for the Future, 2010), https://www.financeforthefuture.com/GreenQuEasing.pdf.

20 Barkawi, “Monetary Policy Should Go Green.”

21 Market value, “The World’s Largest Public Companies,” Forbes, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/.

22 Alperovitz, Guinan, and Hanna, “Policy Weapon Activists Need.”

23 Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), x.

24 Leopold, Sand County Almanac, 219–220.

25 Leopold, Sand County Almanac, 230.

26 Julian Brave NoiseCat, “The Western Idea of Private Property Is Flawed. Indigenous Peoples Have It Right,” The Guardian, March 27, 2017.

27 BBC News, “India’s Ganges and Yumana Rivers Are ‘Not Living Entities,’ BBC News, July 7, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40537701.

28 SeventhFireBlog, “Unto the Seventh Generation,” People of the Seventh Fire, accessed January 3, 2019, https://seventhfireblog.wordpress.com/2017/03/05/unto-the-seventh-generation/.

29 Alperovitz, Guinan, and Hanna, “Policy Weapon Activists Need.”

30 Mark Carney, governor of the Bank of England, chairman of the Financial Stability Board, “Breaking the Tragedy of the Horizon—Climate Change and Financial Stability,” speech to Lloyd’s of London, September 29, 2015, https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/Breaking-the-Tragedy-of-the-Horizon-%E2%80%93-climate-change-and-financial-stability.pdf.

31 Adam Vaughn, “Global Demand for Fossil Fuels Will Peak in 2023, Says Thinktank,” Guardian, September 11, 2018.

32 Dominique Mosbergen, “One of America’s Oldest Coal Companies Just Filed for Bankruptcy,” Huffington Post, October 10, 2018.

33 “Energy” sector performance, Fidelity, accessed January 3, 2019, https://eresearch.fidelity.com/eresearch/markets_sectors/sectors/sectors_in_market.jhtml?tab=learn&sector=10. “S&P 500 Historical Annual Returns,” Macrotrends, https://www.macro-trends.net/2526/sp-500-historical-annual-returns.

34 Pilita Clark, “Mark Carney Warns Investors Face ‘Huge’ Climate Change Losses,” Financial Times, September 29, 2015.

35 Gar Alperovitz, interview with Marjorie Kelly, September 13, 2018.

36 “Time to Buy Out Fossil Fuel Corporations—Gar Alperovitz on Reality Asserts Itself,” Gar Alperovitz, interview with Real News Network, April 28, 2017, https://therealnews.com/stories/galperovitz0421rai.

CHAPTER 8

1 Matthew Brown, interview with Marjorie Kelly, October 22, 2018. Aditya Chakrabortty, “In 2011 Preston Hit Rock Bottom. Then It Took Back Control,” Guardian, January 31, 2018.

2 Brown, interview with Kelly.

3 Clifford Singer, “The Preston Model,” The Next System Project (Washington, DC: The Democracy Collaborative, September 9, 2016).

4 Matthew Brown, PowerPoint presentation to The Democracy Collaborative, October 22, 2018.

5 George Eaton, “How Preston—the UK’s ‘Most Improved City’—Became a Success Story for Corbynomics,” New Statesman, November 1, 2018.

6 “Building the Democratic Economy, from Preston to Cleveland,” Laura Flanders Show, June 24, 2018, https://therealnews.com/stories/laura-flanders-show-building-the-democratic-economy-from-preston-to-cleveland%E2%80%8B.

7 “Preston, Jeremy Corbyn’s Model Town: How One City Became an Unlikely Laboratory for Corbynomics,” Economist, October 19, 2017.

8 Labour Party, “For the Many Not the Few,” Labour Party Manifesto 2017, https://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/labour-manifesto-2017.pdf.

9 Kate Aranoff, “Is Nationalization an Answer to Climate Change?” Intercept, September 8, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/09/08/jeremy-corbyn-labour-climate-change/. Eaton, “How Preston Became Success Story.”

10 Peter Walker and Jessica Elgot, “Corbyn Defies Doubters as Labour Gains Seats,” Guardian, June 9, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/09/jeremy-corbyn-labour-defies-doubters-gain-seats-election-2017.

11 Christine Berry, Towards a People’s Banking System: New Thinking for the British Economy (Commonwealth Publishing, 2018), http://commonwealth-publishing.com/shop/new-thinking-for-the-british-economy/. Natalya Naqvi, “Labour’s Investment Bank Plan Could Help Fix Our Damaging Financial System,” New Statesman, May 17, 2017.

12 Laura Flanders, “In the Age of Disaster Capitalism, Is ‘Survival Socialism’ the Solution?” Nation, July 19, 2018. Hazel Sheffield, “The Preston Model: UK Takes Lessons in Recovery from Rust-Belt Cleveland,” Guardian, April 11, 2017.

13 Lawrence White and Andrew MacAskill, “British Banks Set to Close Record 762 Branches This Year,” Reuters, August 23, 2017, https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-banks-branches-idUKKCN1B31AY.

14 Brown, interview with Kelly. “Sparkassen Savings Banks in Germany,” Centre for Public Impact, March 27, 2017, https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/sparkassen-savings-banks-germany/.

15 Tony Greenham, “Everyone a Banker? Welcome to the New Co-operative Banking Movement,” RSA, June 30, 2017.

16 Jules Peck, “Building a Bank That Puts People before Profit,” Business West, February 20, 2018, https://www.businesswest.co.uk/blog/building-bank-puts-people-profit.

17 Natalya Naqvi, “Labour’s Investment Bank Plan Could Help Fix Our Damaging Financial System,” New Statesman, May 17, 2017.

18 Legislative initiatives, Public Banking Institute, accessed November 6, 2018, https://www.publicbankinginstitute.org/legislative.

19 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961), 4.

20 Jane Jacobs, The Nature of Economies (New York: Random House, 2000).

21 Kevin Phillips, American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century (New York: Viking Penguin, 2006), 265–268.

22 Phillips, American Theocracy, 265–268.

23 Analysis by Howard Reed, Director Landman Economics, UK, for The Democracy Collaborative. Data source: UK Office for National Statistics, “United Kingdom National Accounts: The Blue Book 2018.”

24 Marjorie Kelly, “Overload,” chap. 4 in Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012) 65–83.

25 Howard Reed, emails to Joe Guinan and Marjorie Kelly, January 7, 2019. Data source: Office for National Statistics, UK Statistics Authority (2018).

26 Analysis Reed for The Democracy Collaborative.

27 Jon Craig, “Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell Targets Government’s North-South Funding Gap,” Sky News, February 4, 2017, https://news.sky.com/story/shadow-chancellor-john-mcdonnell-targets-governments-north-south-funding-gap-10755206.

28 Richard Partington, “IMF Warns Storm Clouds Are Gathering for Next Financial Crisis,” Guardian, December 11, 2018. Alex Williams, “Are You Ready for the Financial Crisis of 2019?” New York Times, December 10, 2018.

29 Thomas M. Hanna, The Crisis Next Time: Planning for Public Ownership as an Alternative to Corporate Bank Bailouts (Washington, DC: The Democracy Collaborative, 2018). Berry, “Toward People’s Banking System.

30 Impact Entrepreneur Network, https://impactalchemist.com/?ss_source=sscampaigns&ss_campaign_id=5c33592d6d86dd0001f41537&ss_email_id=5c336567fbd67200016db664&ss_campaign_name=Live+Webinars+on+Opportunity+Zones+and+The+Clean+Money+Revolution%21&ss_campaign_sent_date=2019-01-07T14%3A42%3A47Z.

31 Jade Hemeon, “Millennials, Women Drive Trend Toward Responsible Investing,” Investment Executive, June 6, 2016, https://www.investmentexecutive.com/news/industry-news/millennials-women-drive-trend-toward-responsible-investing/.

32 Eilee Anzilotti, “This New Fund Will Help Retiring Baby Boomers Turn Their Businesses into Worker Co-ops,” Fast Company, November 13, 2018.

33 Richard May, Robert Hockett, and Christopher Mackin, “Encouraging Inclusive Growth: The Employee Equity Loan Act,” unpublished paper, presented at Beyster Symposium, Rutgers University, June 2018.

34 Brown, interview with Kelly.

CONCLUSION

1 Donella Meadows, Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System (Hartland, VT: The Sustainability Institute, 1999), https://www.donellameadows.org/wp-content/userfiles/Leverage_Points.pdf.

2 Meadows, Leverage Points.

3 George Lakoff, interview with Marjorie Kelly, August 24, 2006.

4 John Schwartz, “Rockefellers, Heirs to an Oil Fortune, Will Divest Charity of Fossil Fuels,” New York Times, September 21, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/heirs-to-an-oil-fortune-join-the-divestment-drive.html.

5 Damian Carrington, “Ireland Becomes World’s First Country to Divest from Fossil Fuels,” Guardian, July 12, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/12/ireland-becomes-worlds-first-country-to-divest-from-fossil-fuels. Bill McKibben, “A Future without Fossil Fuels,” New York Review of Books, April 4, 2019.

6 AmalgamatedBank, “Move Your Money,” https://www.moveyourmoney.com/.

7 Edgar Villanueva, Decolonizing Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2018), http://decolonizingwealth.com/.

8 Marjorie Kelly and Sarah Stranahan, “Next Generation Enterprise Design,” Democracy Collaborative, November 7, 2018, https://medium.com/fifty-by-fifty/next-generation-enterprise-design-the-employee-owned-benefit-corporation-7b5001f8f1a8. A convening was also held April 29, 2019, bringing together employee-owned benefit corporations and B Corporations.

9 Dana Brown, “Before Big Pharma Kills Us, Maybe Public Pharma Can Save Us,” The American Prospect, Aug. 27, 2018, https://prospect.org/article/big-pharma-kills-us-maybe-public-pharma-can-save-us.

10 Gar Alperovitz, “Technological Inheritance and the Case for a Basic Income,” Economic Security Project, December 16, 2016, https://medium.com/economicsecproj/technological-inheritance-and-the-case-for-a-basic-income-ded373a69c8e, Gar Alperovitz and Lew Daly, Unjust Desserts: How the Rich are Taking Our Common Inheritance and Why We Should Take It Back (New York: New Press, 2008), https://www.garalperovitz.com/unjust-deserts/.

11 Meadows, Leverage Points.