Index
Numbers in italics refer to pages with figures. Numbers with ‘n’ refer to specific source notes. Numbers with ‘nn’ refer to multiple source notes on the same page.
Adams, Henry, 108
Adams, John, 18–19, 94, 126–127
advertising
ballot initiative campaign using, 210n11
as channel in politics industry, 28, 29, 30
direct political spending in 2016 on, 39, 41, 184n17, 187n42
affiliation. See political party affiliation
Affordable Care Act (ACA), 53–55, 85–86, 194–195n1, 198n37
AFL-CIO, 74
African Americans
democratic gains after the Civil War by, 101
Reconstruction limits on, 101, 102
restriction of voting rights of, 205n65
agency gaps, 182
agriculture, and industrialization, 111, 199n6
Alabama, ballot access rules in, 49
Allen, Michael, 150
Amazon, 34
American Association of Retired Persons, 149
American Association of University Women, 213n65
American Bankers Association, 163, 213n65
American Bar Association, 163, 213n65
American Century, 115, 208m87
American Civil Liberties Union, 39
American Legislators’ Association, 213n65
American Political Science Association (APSA), 139, 140–141, 213n65
Americans for Prosperity, 39
Anderson, John, 42
antitrust regulation, 6–7, 24, 35
Arnesen, Eric, 201n46, 201–202n48
Articles of Confederation, 179
Australian ballot, 111, 204n61, 204n63, 205nn54, 65, 67, 206n74
Authority and Rules of Senate Committees, 136
average voters, as customers in politics industry, 22, 27
ballot system
Australian ballot in, 111, 204nn61, 63, 205nn64, 65, 67, 206n74
ballot access rules in, 204n63
direct democracy in, 112, 145, 174
direct election of senators in, 112–113
Final-Five Voting and, 145–146
flaws in reform of, 204n63
four-constituency coalition for supporting reform of, 159–160
initiatives in, 112, 145–146, 206nn71, 72
personal agency supporting innovation in, 174
political parties’ printing of ballots in, 106, 204n63
Progressive Era reforms of, 98, 111, 121, 143–144, 204n63, 205n67, 209n4
referenda in, 112, 145, 206nn71, 72
secret ballots in, 111, 144, 206n74, 207n85, 214n68
barriers to entry
Final-Five Voting’s lowering of, 130
partisan legislative machinery and, 35
party primaries and, 35
plurality voting and, 35
politics industry and, 34–37, 104–105
presidential debate rules as, 43
three structures in, 35
Trump’s 2016 campaign’s and, 36–37
Barroso, John, 184n18
Baughman, James L., 200n29
Biden, Joe, 46
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 176
bill process
Affordable Care Act changes and shutdown example of, 53–55
committees in control of, 56
discharge petitions in, 193–194n65
Gilded Age and, 106
ideological divide in, 3
overview of path of bill in, 60–63
partisan captured committee battles in, 60–61
partisan conference committees in, 62
partisan takeover of the House and, 56, 58, 59, 193–194n65
party-controlled floor in, 61
political messaging in, 194–195n1, 198n36
single party control for passage in, 66–67
urgent crises and deficit financing in, 67–69
Bipartisan Policy Center, 215n79
bipartisanship
California primary reform and, 150
Cannon Revolt to decentralize power of committees and, 113, 121, 163
Congress’s institutionalization of partisanship and, 60
declining legislative support from, 66, 67
Hastert Rule and bills and, 54–55
immigration reform and, 73, 196–196n15
legislative machinery against, 63
Nebraska’s legislative reform with, 164–165
problem solving requiring, 66–67
Social Security Act passage and, 84
Bismarck, Otto von, 134
black Americans. See African Americans
blanket primaries, 146, 148, 210nn7, 8
blogosphere, 29
Bloomberg, Michael, 36
Boatright, Robert, 181n5
Boehner, John, 53–54, 189n25, 197n22
bosses, party, 46, 104, 106, 111, 112, 202–203n55, 203n57, 205nn66, 69
Boston Central Labor Union, 204n61
Bowles, Erskine, 87
Brandeis, Louis, 143
brand recognition, of candidates, 34, 36
Breyer, Donald, 209n2
Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party), 34, 186n34
Bush, George H. W., 43
Bush, George W., 47, 48, 73, 74, 196n14, 196n15, 197n22
businesses
contributions to campaigns by, 113–114
parties’ seeking contributions from, 103, 200n28
regulation of, 114
Business for America, 174
business leaders, and political innovation, 177
buyers
Five Forces framework on, 20
politics industry and, 8
See also channels; customers
Calhoun, Charles, 201n45
California
decline in polarization in, 150, 211n29
Proposition 13 in, 146
top-two primaries in, 123–124, 146, 147–151, 208n4, 211nn26, 27
campaign contributions
amount raised in 2018 in, 187n45
banning of corporate, 114
business reporting of, 98
corruption in elections and, 112
duopoly-created fundraising rules on, 35, 121
Progressive reforms of, 98, 113–114, 143–144
special interests and, 103, 200n28
See also donors
campaigns
challenges to incumbents in, 32
four-constituency coalition for supporting reform of, 159–160
innovation in (see electoral innovation)
parties’ division of voters in, during Gilded Age, 106–107
political affiliation of staff in, 32
presidential debate rules and, 41–43
ranked-choice voting benefits for, 128
voter-data shops and, 32
candidates
African American, after the Civil War, 101
biased ballot access rules and, 49, 204n63
direct political spending in 2016 by, 38
Final-Five Voting advantages for, 130
Gilded Age conventions for selection of, 105–106
idea suppliers and, 32
independent (see independent candidates)
need to listen to voters by, in Final-Five Voting, 131
nonparty, in elections, 31, 34
political parties’ support for, 31
presidential debate rules and, 41–43
running as a supposed “outsider” within a party by, 36–37
as suppliers in politics industry, 31
third-party, 34, 51, 123, 186n34
Cannon, Joseph, 113
Cantor, Eric, 49, 181n6, 189n25
Carlson, Eric H., 214n72
Carlson, W. Bernard, 199n6
Carnegie, Andrew, 99
Carter, Jimmy, 42
caucus system
legislative party, 56, 110, 213–214n66, 214n68
primaries and, 183n10, 205n67, 207n85
CBS, 41
Center for American Progress, 39
Center for Responsive Politics, 187n40
Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, 42
Chamberlain Project, 152
Chamber of Commerce, California, 149, 150–151
channels
action seen as threat to, 85
barriers to new competition and access to, 35
direct voter contact and, 28–29
disruptive new media and, 29–30
duopoly control and, 23
Five Forces framework and, 20
healthy competition and, 21
intersection of rather than separation of, 39
key channels in, 28
loss of confidence in, 30
need for reestablishment of national conversation using, 30–31
paid advertising and, 29
political-industrial complex and, 28
political parties’ co-opting of, 103–104
traditional independent media and, 29
Cherny, Robert, 200n24
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 100
Churchill, Winston, 141
citizens
ballot measures used by, 98
Constitution on role of, in self-government, 95
duopoly’s power in politics industry and, 103
lack of customer power of, 102
need for reform carried out by, 96
party affiliation and identity of, 107
Progressive Era political innovators and, 97–98
political industry and, 95
top-two primaries passed and defended by, 147
citizenship, anti-immigration sentiment against, 100
Civil War, 101–102, 103, 107, 108, 199n12
Cleveland, Grover, 104
Clinton, Hillary, 51
closed primaries, 10, 25, 46, 146–147, 149, 183n10
CNN, 39
coalitions
four constituencies in, 159–160
immigration legislation and, 196n14
joining and organizing, 174–175
Colorado, redistricting referenda in, 158, 160
Comcast, 184n17
Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), 42–43, 188n13
Committee for Economic Security (CES), 84
Committee for Ranked Choice Voting, 152
Committee on Committees, Nebraska, 164
Committee on Congress, American Political Science Association (APSA), 139, 140–141
committees in Congress
bill development bypassing, 73, 193n61, 193n63
bill process and partisan capture of, 60–62
Cannon Revolt to decentralize power of, 113, 121, 163
control exerted by, 56
Gilded Age and, 106
Legislative Reorganization Act (1946) on, 140–141
member fundraising and appointment to, 60
in 1950s and 1960s, 68, 191n41
partisan punishment for disloyalty and seats on, 72, 192n56
partisan takeover of Congress and attacks on, 57–58
partisan task forces replacing, 61, 193n62
political machines and, 213n60
role and power of chairs in, 55–56, 57, 60, 106, 141, 192n57
seniority system and chairs of, 56, 57, 113, 163
Common Cause California, 149, 159
Common School Movement, 202n49
Common Sense (Paine), 165
community organizations
nineteenth-century reforms of, 203–204n59
Progressive movement with, 109–110
competition
barriers to entry and, 3, 21, 34–35
businesses and, 177
Congress and, 13
elections and, 22
elections machinery and, 22, 45, 46, 49
Five Forces framework applied to, 7–8, 20, 21
legacy in political system of, 17–18
legislative machinery and, 22, 52
Perot’s independent campaign and, 119
plurality voting and, 51
political industry and unhealthy aspects of, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 22–23, 39, 65, 73, 118, 118
political innovation for healthy approach to, 10, 170
problem due to nature of, 19
Progressive reforms and, 109, 114
rivalry as basis for, 23
rules designed to restrict, 45, 49, 62–63
substitutes and, 34
top-five primaries and, 123, 125
votes as political currency and, 23
competitiveness. See economic competitiveness
conference committees, Congress, 62
Congress
Affordable Care Act changes in, 53–55, 85–86, 194–195n1, 198n37
choosing between public interest and reelection possibility in, 118, 119
combining public interest and reelection possibility in, 129, 129
committee control of, 56
committee proposal for redesigning, 165
conference committees in, 62
Constitution on, 13, 18, 134, 135
declining percentage of moderates in, 67, 68
direct democracy circumventing, 112
duopoly’s power in, 118, 209n2
efficiency of, 195n2
Final-Five Voting’s impact on work of members of, 132
focus on elections and legislative machinery in, 12–13
Founders on system of intermediaries with, 94–95
gridlock on important issues in, 67, 68
idea suppliers and, 33
incentives driving members of, 118
influence of customer power on public policy initiatives of, 28
lack of parties working together in, 107
legislative innovation in, 151
legislative process in. See bill process; legislative machinery
legislative reengineering in, 165, 215n79
Legislative Reorganization Act (1946) and, 113, 138, 140–141
member fundraising and power in, 59–60
members as lobbyists after retiring, 26–27
newspaper connections with, 200n29
nonurgent crises bypassed in, 69
omnibus bills in, 69, 177, 195n2, 213n60
partisan punishment in, 72, 192n56
partisanship institutionalized in, 60
party leaders in, 56–57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 191n40, 193n64, 193–194n65, 194–195n1
political-industrial complex and, 13
political innovation and, 144
political messaging in, 194–195n1, 198n36
proposed laws on electoral system in, 144, 209n2
public opinion on performance of, 13, 209n14
reimagining new model for, 170
Select Committee for modernizing, 137–138
seniority system in, 56, 57, 113, 163
single party control for legislation passage in, 66–67
textbook Congress period in, 55–56, 113, 163
urgent crises and deficit financing in, 67–69
zero-based rule making and, 135–136
See also House of Representatives; Senate
congressional and legislative staffers
campaigns’ demands on, 38, 184n22
Founders on system of intermediaries for governing with, 94–95
Gingrich’s reduction in, 59
idea suppliers and, 33
legislative reform and, 113, 140, 141, 162
legislative work supported by, 59, 60, 129, 193n63
as lobbyists after retiring, 27
lobbyists’ interactions with, 33
political affiliation of, 31–32
as talent in politics industry, 31–32
Congressional Institute, 215n79
Congressional Research Service, 59, 162
“Congress That Works” project, Bipartisan Policy Center, 215n79
Connecticut, election machinery in, 48
conservative advocacy groups, 47
conservative politicians, 47, 56, 124, 189n25, 213–214n66
conservative voters, 182n7, 189n25
Constitution
Congress established in, 13, 18, 134, 135
election model used in, 52
formal blueprint for democracy in, 95
political system structure and practices derived from, 2, 18
state responsibility for voting systems and, 133, 144
Constitutional Convention, 95, 179–180
contributions to politicians. See campaign contributions; donors
consultants, 7, 31, 38, 42, 187n44
Coons, Chris, 47
Crane, David, 176
cross-partisan approach
electoral innovation and, 157–158
Nebraska’s legislative reform with, 164–165
Curry, James M., 193n63
customers
average voters as, 27
citizens’ lack of power as, in 1870s, 103
duopoly control and, 23
Final-Five Voting and power of, 130
Five Forces framework on, 20
healthy competition and, 21
military-industrial complex and, 38
nonvoters and, 27
partisan takeover of Congress and, 60
party-primary voters as, 24–25
politics industry and power of, 24–28, 25
special interests and donors as, 25–27
Cutler, Eliot, 50
Dana, Richard Henry III, 204n61
dark money, 26
Davidson, Roger, 161
Davis, Gray, 149
Dean, Howard, 152
debates, in presidential campaigns, 31, 41–43, 63, 188nn3, 13
Delaney, John, 209n2
Delaware
sore-loser law in, 48
Delaware way, 47
democracy
African Americans’ participation in, after the Civil War, 101
belief in change and need for constant reinvention of, 95
citizens’ power to reform politics and restore, 96
Constitution with formal blueprint for, 95
duopoly control as problem in, 23
election of representatives in, 94, 95
plurality voting’s impact on, 51
as political innovation, 94–95
political parties’ role in, 19
politics industry and decline of, 39, 66
Progressive Era reforms and, 97–98, 110
public loss of faith in, 72, 196n10
Reconstruction and, 101
reengineered elections and legislative machinery and, 141
Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, 32
Democratic National Committee (DNC), 42
Democratic Party
Affordable Care Act and, 85–86
California primary reform and, 149, 150–151
closed primaries and, 183n10
committee control of Congress and, 56, 61
congressional bill process and, 60, 61
congressional rules and, 136
cross-partisan approach to electoral innovation and, 157–158
declining percentage of moderates in, 67, 68
deficit financing used by, 69
division of voters by, in Gilded Age, 106–108
Federal Election Commission members from, 35
Gilded Age and, 96, 201nn33, 45
Hastert Rule and bill support by, 54
Hayes-Tilden 1876 election and, 101–102
immigration reform and, 73–74, 196nn11, 12, 14, 196n15, 196–197n18, 197n22
machinery of political system engineered by, 3
Maine’s ranked-choice voting and, 150, 152
newspapers backed by, 104, 109, 200n29
partisan takeover of Congress and, 55–59
as part of duopoly in politics industry, 7
percentage of voters’ identification with, 71, 71
political machines in, 104, 201n33, 213n60
presidential debate rules and, 42, 63
public disillusionment with, 70–71
rivalries between Republicans and, in 1870s, 103
rules written by, 18
Social Security Act passage and, 84
spoiler effect and, 51
top-five primaries and, 122, 123
Trump’s election and presidency and adjustments within, 37
volatile swings of voter sentiment and, 71–72
voters and competition in elections and, 119
See also duopoly; two-party system
Democratic Party of Washington v. Reed, 146
Democratic Study Group, 56
Diamond, Larry, 155
Diner, Steven, 200n25
Dingell, John, 192n56
direct democracy, 112
citizens’ influence over policy using, 111, 112, 174
Final-Five Voting and, 145–146
Founders and, 94
personal agency supporting, 174
Progressive movement and, 112, 121, 143–144, 145
Direct Legislation by the Citizenship through the Initiative and Referendum (Sullivan), 112
Direct Legislation League (DLL), 110, 112, 206n71
direct primaries, 111–112, 205n66, 206n69
discharge petitions, 193–194n65
Dodson, David, 184n18
Dole, Bob, 43
donors
barriers to new competition and, 35
currency of votes and, 22
divisive legislation and, 66
duopoly in politics industry and, 7, 35
fundraising rules and, 35
paid advertising control by, 29
power of, as customers in politics industry, 24, 25, 25–27
See also campaign contributions
Dorgan, Bryan, 197n19
dual political currency, 22–23
duopoly
arenas of competition for, 12, 22
average voters’ usefulness for, 27
ballot access rules and, 204n63
barriers of entry and, 23, 105
California primary reform opposition from, 149–150
candidates’ running as a supposed “outsider” within a party and, 36–37
channels used by, 28
competition and rules written by, 21
Congress and power of, 118, 209n2
direct voter contact and, 29
donor fundraising rules and, 35
elected officials beholden to, 120
elections and, 12, 23–24, 45, 118–119, 121
emergence of, after the Civil War, 103
Federal Election Commission members and, 35
Hayes-Tilden 1876 election and, 101–102
idea suppliers and, 33
immigration as a wedge issue and, 75
individual candidate platforms and party line and 31
lack of accountability and, 72
large-dollar donors and, 26
legislative machinery and, 12, 41, 45, 118, 134
lobbyists used by, 33
Maine’s ranked-choice voting and, 153, 154, 155
paid advertising and, 29
Perot’s independent campaign and, 119
political-industrial complex and, 24, 38
politics industry and power of, 7, 39, 95–96, 103
presidential debate rules from, 42–43
pushback against political innovation by, 160
Reconstruction changes and, 101–102
rules and power of, 44, 45, 118
state primary reform and, 155, 156
suppliers controlled by, 23, 31, 32, 33, 184n18
traditional independent media and 29
Trump as hybrid substitute to, 36
use of term, 12
voter data and, 32
voters’ rejection of, in 2016 election, 36
“Dutch Treat” Club, Boston, 204n61, 204–205n64
economic competitiveness, 75–78
definition of, 75
economic performance deterioration and, 76
government policy and, xiv
impact on families and communities of decline in, 77
labor-force participation and, 76–77
as a politics problem, 78
productivity growth and, 76
economic conditions
Americans’ views on democracy and, 196n10
Gilded Age political dysfunction and, 99–100, 107, 108, 115, 201n46
government policy and, xiv
impact of industrialization on, 100
new wave of immigration and, 116
Progressive reforms and, 98, 203n57
Economist, 149
Edison, Thomas, 143
Edwards, Mickey, 3
Eighteenth Amendment, 206–207n76
election laws
Federal Election Commission and, 35
Massachusetts ballot reform and, 204–205n64
election rules and practices. See elections machinery
elections
African American participation in, after the Civil War, 101
average voters in, 27
ballot measures in (see ballot system)
campaigns in (see campaigns)
choosing between public interest and reelection possibility in, 118, 119
combining public interest and reelection possibility in, 129, 129
direct political spending in, 38–39, 41
direct primaries in, 111–112, 205n66, 206n69
duopolistic competition and, 12, 22
duopoly control in, 23–24, 118
Final-Five Voting proposal for, 10, 122
immigration reform affecting politicians’ chances in, 73
incentives driving members of Congress and, 118
innovation in (see electoral innovation)
machinery of (see elections machinery)
nonparty candidates in, 31, 34
paid advertising and, 29, 184n17, 187n42
perception of as a corrupted system, 4
plurality voting in (see plurality voting)
political disillusionment of public and, 70–71
political innovation in (see electoral innovation)
political parties’ engineering of machinery of, 3
Politics Industry Theory on, 10
popular acceptance of only two choices in, 2
primaries in (see party primaries)
Progressive Era reforms of, 98
public trust in government and, 70, 70
ranked-choice voting in (see ranked-choice voting)
Reconstruction limits on black voters in, 101, 102
running as a supposed “outsider” within a party in, 36–37
third-party candidates in, 34, 51, 123, 186n34
volatile swings of voter sentiment in, 71–72
voters in (see voters)
votes as political currency in, 22–23
See also municipal elections; presidential elections
barriers to new competition and access to, 35
biased ballot access rules in, 49, 204n63
Castle primary run in Delaware as example of, 46–48
description of, 45
duopoly’s power in, 45, 118–119, 121
innovation in (see electoral innovation)
as key rule and practice, 41
legislative machinery combined with, 120–121, 141
money and votes as political currency in, 44–45
political innovation in (see electoral innovation)
political parties’ control of, in Gilded Age, 104
Progressive reforms in, 121
proposed federal law on, 144, 209n2
public desire for third party and, 71, 72
sore-loser laws in, 35, 48–49, 121, 189n22
spoiler effect in, 6, 50–51, 105, 126, 130
use of term, 12
wasted vote argument and, 52, 126, 130
electoral innovation
ballot initiatives or referenda in, 145–146
California’s top-two primaries in, 123–124, 147–151, 208n4
cross-partisan approach to, 157–158
duopoly’s attempts to repeal, 160
four-constituency coalition in, 159–160
guiding principles for, 156–157
legislative action in, 145
local leaders and state-based approach in, 158–159
Maine’s ranked-choice voting in, 128, 151–156
passing legislation for, 169–170
planning for pushback against, 160
redistricting reform in, 150, 158, 159
two major approaches in, 145–146
Washington State’s top-two primaries in, 123, 146–147
factionalism, 93
Fahrenkopf, Frank Jr., 42
Fahey, Katie, 158
farewell addresses
Eisenhower, 37
farm production, and industrialization, 111, 199n6
Federal Election Commission (FEC), 35, 209n2
federal government. See government
federalism, 143
Federalists, 93
Federal Reserve System, 114
Federal Trade Commission, 35, 114
Feder, Stanley A., 134
Fifteenth Amendment, 101
Final-Five Voting
achievable outcomes using, 133
barriers to entry lowered by, 130
combining public interest and reelection possibility in, 129, 129
customer (voter) power in, 130
description of, 10
electoral machinery reengineering with, 121–122
founding a campaign for, 175
incentives to divide voters diminished by, 131
legislative machinery change combined with, 133, 161
legislators’ work improved by, 132
need to spread ideas of, 166–167
organizing coalitions and lobbying efforts for, 174–175
passing legislation for, 169–170
political innovation using, 10, 133
principles for execution of, 156
space for innovation, diversity, and new ideas in, 131–132
state ballot initiatives or referenda in, 145–146
state legislative action in, 145
state-level approach to, 144–145
two approaches in states for, 145–146
Final Four basketball tournament, 125
Five Forces framework, xiii, xv
forces examined in, 20
Gilded Age political dysfunction analyzed in, 102–103
healthy competition and, 21
politics industry and, 7–8, 21, 21
questions to be addressed in, 8–9
Flanagan, Maureen A., 202n54
Food and Drug Administration, 114
Foster, Frank, 204n61
Founders
system of intermediaries for governing and, 94–95
warnings on dangers of political partisanship from, 18–19
Fourteenth Amendment, 101
Fox News, 39
Framers
Congress and intent of, 13
plurality voting and, 52
voting systems not specified by, 133
Franklin, Benjamin, 180
funding
barriers to new competition and access to, 35
crises and deficit financing and, 67–69
See also donors
fundraising rules
duopoly and, 35
power in Congress related to member’s abilities in, 59–60
Furnas, Alexander, 183n14
Gates Foundation, 176
Gehl, Katherine, xiii, xv–xvi, 11, 156, 157, 169–180
Gehl Foods, xv
George, Henry, 204n61
Georgetown University Center for Strategic and International Studies, 42
gerrymandering, 9, 24, 105, 123, 209n2
ballot reform during, 111, 204n63
channels co-opted by parties in, 103–104
citizens’ lack of customer power in, 103
colluding to rig the rules in, 105–106
competition between parties in, 105
direct democracy in, 112
direct election of senators in, 112–113
direct primaries in, 111–112, 205n66, 206n69
division of voters in, 106–108
economic and social challenges in, 99–100, 107, 108–109, 115, 201n46, 201–202n48, 202n50
Five Forces analysis of political dysfunction in, 102–103
intense rivalry between parties in, 103
legislative machinery in, 196, 113, 201n33
political competition undermined in, 101–102
political dysfunction in, 96–98
political parties’ domination in, 200n24
political polarization in, 96, 97, 198–199n5
precursors of political dysfunction in, 99–100
Progressive innovations and reform in, 110–111
Progressive movement emerging out of, 97, 108–110
regulation of money in politics in, 113–114
spoils system in, 107, 198–199n5, 201n44
suppliers in political-industrial complex in, 104
Twain on, 99
unhealthy competition in, 102
Gilens, Martin, 28
Gingrich, Newt, 47, 58–59, 119, 162, 193n62
Giving Pledge, 175
globalization, 115
Golden, Jared, 155
Govern for California, 150, 176
government
agency gaps in, 182
dwindling public trust in, 70, 70, 108
patronage system in, 102, 103, 200n26
political disillusionment of public and, 70–71
politics industry and spending by, 51, 188n48
Progressive Era reforms and citizens’ control of, 98
special interests and, 200n25
spoils system in, 107, 198–199n5, 201n44
Government Accountability Office, 59
Governmental Performance Project, Pew Charitable Trusts, 149
government officials, as lobbyists, 26–27, 183–184n14
Government Research Association, 213n65
government staffers. See congressional and legislative staffers
governors, term limits for, 46, 214n72, 215n74
Great Depression, 84, 143, 163, 179
Greenback Labor Party, 104
Green party, 34, 51, 123, 186n34
gun lobby, 26
Hanna, Mark, 103
Harvard Business School, xiv, xvi, 14, 20
U.S. Competitiveness Project, xiv, 77–78, 79
Harvard Negotiation Project, 215n79
Harvard University Institute of Politics, 188n3
Hastert, Dennis, 73
Hastert Rule, 54–55, 61, 73, 136
Hawkins, Zack, 210n6
health-care lobby, 26
health-care system, ranking of, 81–82
Henry, Sarah, 205n63
Heritage Action, 53
Hofstadter, Richard, 203n57
House of Representatives
Affordable Care Act changes and shutdown in, 53–55
competitive elections in, 25
declining percentage of moderates in, 67, 68
partisan task forces replacing committees in, 61, 193n62
party-controlled floor in, 61
party primaries’ influence on legislators in, 49
political polarization in Gilded Age and, 96, 97, 198–199n5
Rules Committee in, 57–58, 59, 61, 106, 113, 192n56, 193n64, 193–194n65
Ways and Means Committee in, 57, 60, 192n56
See also Congress
identity politics, 69–70, 196n10
immigration
Congress’s choosing not to solve problems with, 73–75, 196–197n18, 197n22
impact of new wave of, 116
Republic Party stand on, 49, 107
sentiment against, and passage of laws, 100
transition from farms to cities and, 100, 199n12
voting barriers for, 204n63, 205n65
as a wedge issue, 75
incumbents
electoral maps protecting, 148
ideological challenges against, 181n6
partisan primaries and lack of challengers to, 123
party affiliation and support for, 32, 184n22
ranked-choice voting (RCV) and, 155
reelection affecting votes of, 49, 88, 118, 125–126
term limits and, 214n72, 215n74
to get primaried or to primary and, 5, 181nn5, 6
top-two primaries approach in California and, 123–124, 208n4, 211n26
independent candidates
Anderson in 1980 election as, 42
Bloomberg’s decision to not run as, 36
CPD’s exclusion of, 188n13
donor limits for, 35
duopoly and, 51
elections machinery and, 45, 46, 48, 49, 121
party halo effect lacking for, 188n13
party primaries and, 122
penalties for firms working with, 32
Perot’s campaign in 1992 and, 119
plurality voting and the spoiler effect and, 50, 51
as substitutes in politics industry, 34
top-five primaries and, 122, 123
Trump’s decision to not run as, 36
independent parties
barriers to entry and, 34, 36, 51
biased ballot access rules and, 49, 204n63
current state of possibility of using, 5–6
nonvoters from, 27
presidential debates in campaigns and exclusion of, 42
voters’ identification with, 34, 71, 71
See also third parties and specific parties
Independent Voter Project, California, 148–149
industrialization, 88–100, 199n12
initiatives, in ballot system, 112, 145–146, 206nn69, 71, 72
innovation. See electoral innovation; political innovation
Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 188n3
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 107
Issue One, 215n79
i360, 360
Jefferson, Thomas, 18, 19, 20, 95, 126–127
Johnson, Gary, 51
Johnson, Lyndon, 85
Joint Committee on Direct Legislation, 206n71
Joint Committee on the Reorganization of Congress, 140
Justice Department, 35
Kennedy, John F., 163
Kennedy, Ted, 73, 74, 196n15, 196–197n18, 197n19
Khanna, Ro, 124
King, Angus, 151
Ku Klux Klan, 100
labor-force participation, 76–77
La Follette, Robert “Fighting Bob,” 110, 166
Lamont, Ned, 48
lawmaking. See legislative machinery
Lawrence, Eric, 206n69
Lawrence, Jennifer, 155
laws
anti-immigration sentiment and passage of, 100
Bismarck on making of, 134
Gilded Age passage of, 107
Progressive movement and, 114, 202n49
See also specific laws
leadership, in solutions, 87
Leadership Now, 174
League of Women Voters, 41–42, 213n65
Lee, Frances E., 193n63
Affordable Care Act and, 53–54, 85–86, 194–195n1, 198n37
barriers to entry and partisanship in, 35
Cannon Revolt to decentralize committee power in, 113, 121, 163
commission for designing new blueprint for, 137–139
declining bipartisan support in, 66, 67
declining percentage of moderates in, 67, 68
description of, 45
direct democracy circumventing, 112, 145
duopolistic competition and, 12, 22
duopoly’s power in, 12, 41, 45, 118, 134
elections machinery combined with, 120–121, 141
electoral innovation and, 133, 161
Final-Five Voting and need for change in, 10, 133
former regulators and congressional staffers as lobbyists and, 27
Gilded Age and, 106, 113, 201nn33, 45
gridlock on important issues in, 67, 68
idea suppliers and, 32
as key rule and practice, 41
member fundraising and power in, 59–60
model, modern legislative machinery proposed for, 10, 13, 120, 134–136
Nebraska’s Model Legislature Committee on, 163–164, 165
need for changes in, 120, 134–135, 141
nonurgent crises bypassed in, 69
partisan takeover of Congress and, 55–59
party bosses in, 46, 104, 106, 111, 112, 202–203n55, 203n57, 205nn66, 69
party primaries’ influence on legislators in, 49, 88
perception of as a corrupted system, 4
political disillusionment of public and, 70–71
political machines in, 104, 201n33, 202n54, 202–203n55, 204n61, 205n67, 205–206n69, 206n72, 213n60
political messaging in, 194–195n1, 198n36
political parties’ control of, 3, 200n24
Politics Industry Theory on, 10
problem solving decline in, 66
Progressive reforms of, 113, 114, 121
public desire for third party and, 71, 72
public trust in government and, 70, 70
reimagining new process for, 170
rules used in, 136
Select Committee for modernizing, 137–138
single party control for passage in, 66–67
textbook Congress and in, 55–56, 113, 163
urgent crises and deficit financing in, 67–69
use of term, 12
volatile swings of voter sentiment in, 71–72
Washington State’s reengineering of, 215n79
zero-based rule making and, 135–136
Legislative Machinery Innovation Commission proposal
earlier commission proposals and, 137–138
earlier successful models and, 139–141
zero-based approach used by, 136
Legislative Reorganization Act (1946), 113, 138, 140–141
legislative staffers. See congressional and legislative staffers
legislators
Final-Five Voting’s impact on work of, 132
new model, modern legislative machinery and reactions of, 139
newspaper reporters working for, 200n29
reelection affecting votes of, 49, 88, 118, 125–126
LePage, Paul, 50, 151, 154, 155
Level the Playing Field, 188n13
Levine, Marc, 150
liberal politicians, 56, 213–214n66
liberal voters, 182n7
Libertarian party, 34, 51, 123, 186n34
Lieberman, Joe, 48
Lincoln, Abraham, 87
Lippmann, Walter, 203n57
lobbying
citizen coalitions for reform and, 174–175
direct spending at federal level in, 33, 38–39, 185n32
Gilded Age businesses and, 113
legislation and regulation and, 31, 33–34
political-industrial complex and, 63
“returns” associated with, 185–186n32
special interests’ funding of, 26
lobbyists
dedicated citizens in Progressive Era as, 166
duopoly in politics industry and, 7
former government officials as, 26–27, 183–184n14
number of, 187n44
registration requirements for, 149
revolving door for, 183–184n14
success of, 183n14
as suppliers in politics industry, 33–34
long ballot. See Australian ballot
Los Angeles Times, 149
Luce, Henry, 208m87
Lucy Burns Institute, 208n4, 211n26
machines, political, 104, 201n33, 202n54, 202–203n55, 204n61, 205n67, 205–206n69, 206n72, 213n60
Madison, James, 87
Maine
initiative process in primary elections in, 206n74
plurality voting in, 50, 51, 151
ranked-choice voting (RCV) in, 128, 151–156, 158, 160, 165, 182n9, 212n54
Maldonado, Abel, 149
Martin, Bradley and Cornelia, 96
Masket, Seth, 213–214n66, 214nn67, 68, 215n74
Massachusetts
Australian ballot in, 111, 204n61, 205n64
ranked-choice voting proposal in, 128
McCain, John, 73, 74, 127–128, 167, 196n15
McCarthy, Kevin, 124
McClure’s Magazine, 110
McCormick, Cara Brown, 151–152, 153, 154, 158
McCormick, Richard, 201n33, 203n55, 203n57
McGhee, Eric, 211n29
Mead, Margaret, 175
media
California primary reform in, 149, 150–151
direct political spending in 2016 on, 38–39, 41
disruptive new media and, 29–30
duopoly in politics industry and, 7
as key channels in politics industry, 28, 29–30
loss of confidence in, 30
polarization of, 184n18
political advertising spending in, 184n17, 187n42
Progressive movement and, 109, 110, 203n55
traditional independent media and, 29
Trump’s 2016 campaign’s access to, 36
See also newspapers; social media
Medicare, 114
Merriam, Charles Edward, 205n66, 206n69
military-industrial complex, 37–38
Miller, Arthur, 30
Minnesota
nonpartisan legislature in, 213–214n66
ranked-choice voting in, 212n54
Ventura’s election as governor of, 186n34
Minow, Newton, 188n3
Mississippi
African American voter registration in, 101
sore-loser law in, 48
Mitchell, George, 151
Model Legislature Committee, Nebraska, 163–164, 165
moderates
declining percentage of, 67, 68
legislative mechanics and, 194–195n1
Maine’s election of, 151
nonvoters as, 27
partisan elections machinery blocking, 45, 121
party-line legislation and, 67
transformational changes and consensus among, 131–132
Mondale, Walter, 42
money
divisive legislation and, 66
duopoly control of elections and, 23
Final-Five Voting’s impact on, 130
importance of, in 1870s politics, 103
large-dollar donors and, 26
parties’ search for supporters able to deliver, 103
as political currency, 22–23, 45
power of special interests and donors to deliver, 25
Progressive reform of, 113–114
regulation and oversight of, 26
rules of politics industry and, 44–45
special interests and, 103
Morey, Marcia, 210n6
Morgan, J. P., 99
Moss, David, 204n63
Mounk, Yascha, 196n10
MSNBC, 39
Mugwumps, 104
municipal elections
Australian ballot in, 204n61, 206n74
ranked-choice voting in, 128, 212n54
Naismith, James, 44
National Basketball Association (NBA), 44
National Collegiate Athletic Association, 125
National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, 87–88
National Conference on Practical Reform in Primary Elections, 111
national debt, 2, 69, 93, 132, 189n25
National Municipal League, 110
National Republican Senatorial Committee, 32
National Rifle Association, 26, 39
Nebraska
Model Legislature Committee in, 163–164, 165
party-line votes in, 164, 214n72
term limits in, 215n74
top-two primaries in, 164, 213nn61, 62
unicameral legislature in, 175–176, 213n65, 213–214n66, 68
new entrants
barriers to entry and, 34 (see also barriers to entry)
competition and, 34
Five Forces framework on, 20
healthy competition and, 21
politics industry and, 8, 21, 21, 34
newspapers
as channel in politics industry, 28, 30
Gilded Age polarization of, 103–104
government subsidies to, 200n29
historical role in politics of, 28
Jefferson on value of, 30
party affiliations in campaigns reported in, 214n67
party backing of, 104, 109, 200n29
Progressive movement and, 109, 110
New York Times, 43, 134, 150–151, 152, 155, 158
NGP VAN, 32
Nineteenth Amendment, 206–207n76
Nonpartisan Direct Legislation League, 206n71
nonpartisan primaries, 121–122, 123, 150, 189n22
nonvoters, power of, as customers in politics industry, 27
Norris, George, 113, 163, 164, 213n60
North Carolina, election reform in, 209–210n6
Norton, John N., 213n62
Nunemaker, Andy, 157
Obama, Barack, 71, 74, 86, 87, 88, 128, 196–197n18, 197n21
Office of Technology Assessment, 59, 162
omnibus bills, 69, 177, 195n2, 213n60
Open Primaries, 175
Oppenheimer, Bruce, 193n64
Orbán, Viktor, 82
Oregon
state “primary” for senators in, 112–113, 207n78
U’ren’s state ballot reforms in, 206n71, 207n78
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 80–82, 81
Overacker, Louise, 205n66, 206n69
Page, Benjamin, 28
Paine, Thomas, 165
parties. See political parties
partisan primaries. See party primaries
partisanship
California politics and, 147, 148
conference committees and, 62
congressional committee battles and, 60–61
congressional punishment of members related to, 72, 192n56
Congress members’ complaints about, 132
Congress’s institutionalization of, 60
divisive legislation and, 66
duopoly control and, 23
immigration reform and, 74
legislative machinery and, 52, 54–55
legislative problem solving and, 66
party-controlled House floor in bill process and, 61, 193–194n65
plurality voting and, 50
political innovation and, 157
Progressive reforms and, 114
rules in politics and, 118
spoils system and, 107, 198–199n5, 201n44
takeover of Congress and, 55–59
think tanks and, 33
US credit downgrades and, 63
voter data availability control and, 32
party bosses, 46, 104, 106, 111, 112, 202–203n55, 203n57, 205nn66, 69
party halo effect, 188n13
party primaries (partisan primaries), 5
average voters in, 27
barriers to entry and, 35
blanket primaries and, 146, 148
California’s reform of, 147–151
closed, 10, 25, 46, 146–147, 149, 183n10
currency of votes in, 22
direct primaries reform and, 111–112, 205n66, 206n69
elections machinery and, 45, 46–49
Final-Five Voting proposal for, 10, 122
ideological challenges in, 181n6
ideological voters in, 25, 46, 118, 182n7
legislative votes influenced by reelection possibilities in, 49, 88, 118, 125–126
nonpartisan, 121–122, 123, 150, 189n22
percentage of eligible voters participating in, 25
political innovation and, 144
power of voters in, as customers in politics industry, 24–25, 25, 27
Progressive Era reforms of, 98, 202n54
Reconstruction limits on black voters in, 101
redistricting reform in, 150, 158, 159
state laws on, 205n67
“to get primaried” or “to primary” in, 5, 181nn5, 6
Washington State’s reform of, 146–147
patronage system, 102, 103, 200n26
Pear, Robert, 134
Pearson, Kathryn, 192n56, 193n64, 193–194n65
Pendleton Act (1883), 200n26, 201n44
People’s Veto campaign, Maine, 153–154, 155
Perot, Ross, 43, 69, 119, 132, 186n34
Pew Charitable Trusts, Governmental Performance Project, 149
Philadelphia Reform Association, 204n61
philanthropy
funding of innovation using, 175–176
political philanthropy, 175–176, 178
Phillips, David Graham, 112
plurality voting
barriers to entry and, 35
current state of, 6
elections machinery with, 45, 50–52, 126
example of percent of votes in, 50
Final-Five Voting proposal for, 10, 122
Gilded Age political parties and, 106
political innovation and, 144
ranked-choice voting as replacement for, 126
spoiler effect in, 6, 50–51, 105, 126
wasted vote argument in, 52, 126, 130
political-industrial complex
action seen as threat to, 85
channels used by, 28
Congress and, 13
direct political spending by, 38, 41
Eisenhower’s warning on military-industrial complex and, 37–38
money as political currency in, 22–23
polarization in, 174
political system serving private interests of, 19–20
Trump presidency and, 37
political innovation
achievable innovations in, 9
American commitment to, 94
business leaders and, 177
direct democracy and, 112
elections and (see electoral innovation)
Final-Five Voting proposal and, 10, 131–132, 133
organizing coalitions and lobbying efforts for, 174–175
personal agency investment in, 170–173
philanthropic funding of efforts in, 175–176
planning for pushback against, 160
Politics Industry Theory and, 8–9, 10, 20
powerful innovations in, 9
Progressive Era and need for, 98
Progressive reform strategy and, 110–111, 114–115
realities of politics industry and need for, 89
reform of political system using, 9
state ballot initiatives or referenda in, 145–146
state legislative action in, 145
state primary reform and, 143, 144, 156
two elements of, 9
political-innovation industry, 174–175
political leadership, in solutions, 87
political machines, 104, 201n33, 202n54, 202–203n55, 204n61, 205n67, 205–206n69, 206n72, 213n60
political parties
ballot reform and, 111, 204n63
candidate selection and support by, 31
candidates’ running as a supposed “outsider” within a party and, 36–37
Cannon Revolt to against committee power of, 113, 121, 163
channels co-opted by, in Gilded Age, 103–104
colluding to rig the rules by, 105–106
competition in Gilded Age between, 105
congressional leaders from, 56–57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 191n40, 193n64, 193–194n65, 194–195n1
congressional punishment for disloyalty to, 72, 192n56
congressional rules and, 134–135
democracy and role of, 19
direct political spending in 2016 by, 38
direct primaries and power of, 111–112, 205n66, 206n69
division of voters in Gilded Age by, 106–108
earlier period of progress under, 19
Founders on dangers of partisanship in, 18–19
Gilded Age barriers to entry for, 104–105
government and state regulation of, 205n67
Hayes-Tilden 1876 election and, 101–102
independent candidates and, 32, 51
intense rivalry between, in Gilded Age, 103
machinery of political system engineered by, 3
nature of competition for, 19
paper ballots controlled by, in Gilded Age, 106, 204n63
party bosses in, 46, 104, 106, 111, 112, 202–203n55, 203n57, 205n66, 205n69
political machines in, 104, 201n33, 202n54, 202–203n55, 204n61, 205n67, 205–206n69, 206n72, 213n60
political polarization in Gilded Age and, 96, 97, 198–199n5
primaries and (see party primaries)
Reconstruction changes and, 101–102
rivalries between, in 1870s, 103
Senate polarization and, 194n67
sore-loser laws and, 48
spoils system and, 107, 198–199n5, 201n44
top-two primaries and reaction of, 124
voter data availability control of, 32
Washington’s address on dangers of, 93
See also Democratic Party; duopoly; Republican Party; third parties;two-party system; and specific parties
political party affiliation
citizens’ identity and, 107
closed party primaries and, 25, 46
disillusionment with political parties and dropping of, 71, 195n7
of elected officials, 176, 214n67
newspaper reporting of, in campaigns, 214n67
of primary voters, 25
top-five primaries and, 122
political philanthropy, 175–176, 178
political system
antitrust regulation and, 6–7, 24, 35
citizens’ power to reform, 96
Constitution as basis of, 2
desired outcomes of competition in, 82–83
earlier period of politicians and parties working for public interest in, 17
effective solutions for problems in, 83–85
Five Forces analysis of, 21, 21
Founders on dangers of partisanship in, 18–19
Gilded Age dysfunction in, 96–98, 99
Golden Age economic and social conditions and, 101–103
nature of competition in, 19
perception of as a broken system, 3–4
political-industrial complex’s private interests served by, 19–20
political parties’ engineering of machinery of, 3
political polarization in Gilded Age and, 96, 97, 198–199n5
as private industry, 3 (see politics industry)
Progressive Era reforms and, 97–98, 110
public opinion on current state of, 18
questions to be addressed in analysis of, 8–9
antitrust regulation and, 6–7, 24, 35
barriers to entry in, 34–37, 104–105
citizens’ lack of customer power in, 103
citizens’ mobilization for reform of, 109
consequences of, 65
current political system as, 2
declining bipartisan support for legislation in, 66, 67
declining percentage of moderates in, 67, 68
direct political spending in 2016 and, 38–39
divided country and, 69–70, 116
dual political currency in, 22–23
duopoly attempts to repeal, 160
duopoly control of elections in, 23–24
duopoly power and, 7, 39, 95–96, 103
dwindling public trust in government and, 70, 70
early efforts to reform, 9
economic competitiveness decline and, 75–78
Five Forces framework applied to, 7–8, 102–103
forces shaping competition in, 8
founding a campaign for, 175
Gilded Age competition in, 101–102
government spending and, 51, 188n48
gridlock on important issues in, 67, 68
healthy approach to competition restored by, 10, 170
immigration as a wedge issue and, 75
immigration reform failure and, 73–75
increasing number of independents and, 71, 71
intense rivalry between parties in, 103
lack of accountability in, 72–73, 119
lack of problem solving and, 66–67
lack of regulation of, 35
party-line legislation in, 66–67
perception of a broken political system and, 3–4
personal agency to fix, 170–173
political disillusionment of public and, 70–71
political-industrial complex and, 37–39, 104
political innovation need for fixing, 89
as private industry within a public institution, 19–20
public desire for third party and, 71, 72
public interest and, 7
quality-of-life recession related to, 80–82
questions to be addressed in analysis of, 8–9
Trump presidency and, 37
unhealthy competition in, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 22–23, 39, 65, 73, 118, 118
urgent crises and deficit financing in, 67–69
volatile swings of voter sentiment related to, 71–72
Politics Industry Theory
Five Forces framework applied to, 7–8
political innovation and, 8–9, 10, 20
questions to be addressed in analysis of, 8–9
Populist Party, 104–105, 109, 206n71
Porter, Michael E., xiii–xvi, 11, 170, 174, 180
presidential elections
1896, 200n32
1912, 186n34
1980, 42
1984, 42
1992, 43, 69, 119, 132, 186n34
2000, 187n40
2016, 36–37, 38–39, 41, 50–51, 71, 187n40
Australian ballots and voter participation rate for, 204n63
Bloomberg’s run as Democrat in, 36
debates in, 31, 41–43, 63, 188nn3, 13
direct political spending in, 38–39, 41
Mugwumps as swing vote in, 104
presidents
length of term of, 94
See also specific presidents
primary elections. See party primaries
problem solving, in legislation, 66–67
productivity
immigration and, 116
impact of slow growth in, 76
Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 163
Constitutional Amendments passed during, 206–207n76
innovations and reform strategy in, 110–111
lessons learned from, 98
need for political innovation and, 98
reforms during, 97–98, 143–144, 206n74
spread of innovation in, 166
ballot reform in, 111, 121, 144, 204n63, 206n74
community-level organizations in, 109–110
direct democracy and, 112, 144, 145
direct election of senators in, 112–113
direct primaries in, 111–112, 205n66, 206n69
Gilded Age background and emergence of, 97, 108–110
ideological diversity in, 109, 203n57
legacy of innovations of, 114–115, 203n57
legislative machinery reforms in, 113, 114, 121
as national movement, 122, 204n60
political competition transformed by, 114
political system transformation in, 97–98, 110
regulation of money in politics in, 113–114
structural innovations and reform strategy in, 110–111, 114–115
unintended consequences of some efforts of, 114
vision of reform in, 109, 203–204n59
propaganda, 30
Proposition 13, California, 146
public interest
choosing between reelection possibility and, 118, 119
combining reelection possibility with, 129, 129
decision to run for office and, 6
duopoly control and, 23
earlier period of politicians and parties working together for, 17
elected officials and competition in politics and, 5, 118, 118
legislators and, 120
lobbyists and, 34
party primaries and, 49
public opinion
Congress’s performance in, 13, 209n14
current state of political system in, 18
new model, modern legislative machinery and, 138–139
public policy
demands on government to innovate in, 116
influence of customer power on, 28
lobbying spending on, 33, 39, 185n32
political parties’ domination of, 200n24
think tanks and, 33
Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC), 211n29
quality-of-life recession, 80–82
Quincy, Josiah, 205n67
quota system, in immigration, 73, 196n11
ranked-choice voting (RCV), 126–128
benefits of, 128
cities using, 128
customer (voter) power in, 130
description of mechanics of, 126–127
Final-Five Voting proposal with, 10, 122, 128
Maine’s adoption of, 128, 151–156, 182n9
North Carolina’s adoption of, 209–210n6
plurality voting replaced by, 126
sample ballot in, 127
states’ adoption of, 128, 155, 212nn54, 55
State Senator Obama’s support for, 128
RCV. See ranked-choice voting
Rebuild Congress Initiative, Harvard Negotiation Project, 215n79
redistricting reform, 150, 158, 159
Reed, Thomas, 106
referenda, in ballot system, 112, 145, 206nn69, 71, 72, 209n4
Reform Party, 34, 36, 43, 186n34
regulation
Gilded Age passage of, 107
new media and, 29
of political parties, 205n67
politics industry and lack of, 35, 73
Progressive reform of, 114
regulators
duopoly control and, 24
as lobbyists after retiring, 27
regulatory capture, 35
Reid, Harry, 196n15
Rendon, Anthony, 151
RepresentUs, 175
Republican Mainstream Partnership, 47
Republican National Committee (RNC), 42, 103, 197n22, 200n32
Republican Party, 93
Affordable Care Act and, 85–86
California primary reform and, 149, 150
closed primaries and, 183n10
committee control of Congress and, 56
conference committees and, 62
congressional bill process and, 60, 61, 62
congressional rules and, 136
cross-partisan approach to electoral innovation and, 157–158
declining percentage of moderates in, 67, 68
deficit financing used by, 69
division of voters by, in Gilded Age, 106–108
Federal Election Commission members from, 35
Hastert Rule and bill support by, 54
Hayes-Tilden 1876 election and, 101–102
immigration reform and, 73–74, 196nn11, 12, 14, 196n15, 196–197n18, 197n22
machinery of political system engineered by, 3
Maine’s ranked-choice voting and, 150, 152, 154
Mugwumps breaking away from, 104
newspapers backed by, 104, 109
partisan takeover of Congress and, 55–59
as part of duopoly in politics industry, 7
party primaries’ influence on legislators in, 49
percentage of voters’ identification with, 71, 71
political machines in, 104, 201n33, 213n60
presidential debate rules and, 42, 63
primary challenges by, 181n5
Progressive Party and, 186n34
public disillusionment with, 70–71
Reconstruction state governments and, 102
rivalries between Democrats and, in 1870s, 103
rules written by, 18
Social Security Act passage and, 84
spoiler effect and, 51
top-five primaries and, 122, 123
Trump’s election and presidency and adjustments within, 37
volatile swings of voter sentiment and, 71–72
voters and competition in elections and, 119
Whig Party and formation of, 34
See also duopoly; two-party system
return on investment (ROI), and dual political currency, 22–23
revolving-door lobbyists, 183–184n14
Ridings, Dorothy S., 42
rights, ranking of nations for, 82
Riis, Jacob, 202n50
rivals
Five Forces framework on, 20
healthy competition and, 21
See also Democratic Party; Republican Party
Rivkin, Jan W., xiv
Rockne, A. J., 213n66
Romney, Mitt, 197n22
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 84, 85
Roosevelt, Teddy, 110, 112, 172, 186n34, 200n28
Roukema, Marge, 192n56
R Street Institute, 215n79
Rubenstein, Harry, 94
rules
description of two parts in, 45
duopoly’s power in, 44, 45, 118
former regulators and congressional staffers as lobbyists and making of, 27
players’ setting of, 44
political parties’ colluding to rig, in Gilded Age, 105–106
political parties’ writing of, 18
politics industry and, 41–63, 117–118
presidential debates example of, 41–43
See also elections machinery; legislative machinery
Rules Adopted by the Committees of the House of Representatives, 136
Rules Committee, House of Representatives, 57–58, 59, 61, 106, 113, 193n64, 193–194n65
Rules of the Committee on Rules, 136
Rules of the House of Representatives, 136
Russell, Ray, 210n6
San Francisco Chronicle, 149
Schaffner, Brian F., 214n72
Schoen, Douglas, 188n13
Schoolhouse Rock Congress, 55–56, 163
Schultz, Howard, 51
Schumer, Chuck, 196n15
Schumpeter, Joseph, 182n4
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 124, 149
secondary school enrollment, ranking of, 81
secret ballots, 111, 144, 206n74, 207n85, 214n68.
See also Australian ballot
Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress, 137–138, 139, 162–163
semi-closed primaries, 25, 183n10
Senate
competitive elections in, 25
conference committees and bill process in, 62
declining percentage of moderates in, 67, 68
direct election of senators in, 112–113
polarization in, 194n67
political polarization in Gilded Age and, 96, 97, 198–199n5
Republican Party and creation of new seats in, 106
sore-loser laws and elections for, 47–48
See also Congress
seniority system, 56, 57, 113, 163
Seventeenth Amendment, 112, 113, 206–207n76
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 107, 114
Shor, Boris, 211n29, 214nn67, 72, 215n74
Sierra Club, 39
Simpson, Alan, 87
Sixteenth Amendment, 206–207n76
social conditions
African Americans after the Civil War and, 101
Gilded Age political dysfunction and, 99–100, 108–109, 115, 201–202n48, 202n50
government policy and, xiv
industrialization and, 88–100, 199n12
new wave of immigration and, 116
Progressive reforms and, 203n57
social media, 29, 31, 155, 184n16, 196n10
social performance rankings, 80–82, 81, 202n50
Social Progress Index, xiv, 80
Social Security Act (1935), 84, 85, 114
solutions
balance of short- and long-term needs in, 87–88
broad-based buy-in over time for, 86–87
definition of, 83
description of effective, 83–85
political leadership required in, 87
Simpson-Bowles example of failure to deliver, 87–88
Social Security Act passage example of, 84
sore-loser laws, 35, 48–49, 121, 189n22
special interests
action seen as threat to, 85
Affordable Care Act changes and, 53
currency of votes and, 22
divisive legislation and, 66
duopoly in politics industry and, 7
elected officials influenced by, 26
funding from, 26
government as captive of, 200n25
immigration reform and, 73
large-dollar donors and, 26
members of Congress and, 118
parties’ seeking money from, 103, 200n28
partisan takeover of Congress and, 60
power of, as customers in politics industry, 24, 25, 25–27
spoiler effect
Final-Five Voting’s nullification of, 130
plurality voting resulting in, 6, 50–51, 105, 126
spoils system, 107, 198–199n5, 201n44
Sprague, H. H., 204n61, 205n64
staffers. See congressional and legislative staffers
state elections
African American participation in, after the Civil War, 101
Australian ballot in, 111, 204n61, 205nn64, 65, 67, 206n74
ballot measures for bypassing politicians in, 98
biased ballot access rules in, 49
campaign spending in, 51, 187n45
Castle primary run in Delaware as example of, 46–48
Final-Five Voting and, 133, 144–145
ranked-choice voting in, 128, 155, 212nn54, 55
Reconstruction limits on black voters in, 101, 102
sore-loser laws in, 35, 48–49, 121
state rules governing, 144
state primaries
blanket primaries in, 146, 148
closed, 10, 25, 46, 146–147, 149, 183n10
direct primaries in, 111
independent and third-party candidates in, 49
influence of ideological voters in, 25
top-two primaries in, 123–124, 146
US senator selection using, 112–113
voter eligibility rules in, 122
states
ballot initiatives and referenda in, 209n4
direct political spending in, 39
election laws passed in, 144
electoral innovation with leaders based in, 158–159
failed attempts at regulation by, 107
founding a campaign for Final-Five Voting in, 175
gerrymandering in, 105
one-house legislatures in, 175–176, 213n65
organizing coalitions and lobbying efforts for innovation in, 174–175
political innovation in, 143, 144, 156
political party regulation by, 205n67
Progressive movement with organizations in, 109–110
redistricting reform in, 150, 158, 159
term limits for governors in, 46, 214n72, 215n74
US senator selection by legislators in, 112
voting-system reforms accomplished in, 146
voting-system selection by, 133
Steffens, Lincoln, 202n55
Stein, Jill, 51
Stern, Scott, xiv
substitutes
accountability to customers and, 73
barriers to entry and, 34
Five Forces framework and, 20
healthy competition and, 21
politics industry and, 8, 21, 21, 34
Trump’s campaign and duopoly and, 36–37
Sun Journal (Maine), 151
suppliers
barriers to new competition and access to, 35
candidates as, 31
duopoly control of, 23, 31, 32, 33, 184n18
Five Forces framework on, 20
healthy competition and, 21
main groups in, 31
political-industrial complex in Gilded Age and, 104
voter-data shops as, 32
Supreme Court, 143, 147, 148, 210n8
talent, as suppliers in politics industry, 31–32
Tammany Hall, New York City, 202n51
task forces, House of Representatives, 61, 73, 193n62
term limits, 9, 46, 214n72, 215n74
textbook Congress, 55–56, 113, 163
Theriault, Sean, 194n65
think tanks
direct political spending on, 38, 187n42
duopoly in politics industry and, 7
number of and budgets of, 32–33, 185n25
partisan identity of, 33
third parties
biased ballot access rules and, 49, 204n63
current candidates run by, 34, 186n34
elections machinery and, 45, 46, 49, 121
party halo effect lacking for, 188n13
party primaries and, 122
presidential debates in campaigns and exclusion of, 42
Teddy Roosevelt’s presidential campaign and, 112
See also independent parties
Thomas, Bill, 60
Thomas, Clarence, 147
Tolbert, Caroline J., 206n74
Final-Five Voting proposal with, 10, 121–122, 128
description of mechanics of, 122–123
state top-two primaries similar to, 123, 146
top-two primaries, 123–124, 146–147
California’s adoption of, 123–124, 146, 147–151, 208n4, 211nn26, 27
congressional races and, 209n2
criticism of, 124
states’ adoption of, 123–124, 146, 209–210n6
unintended consequences of, 124
Washington State’s adoption of, 123, 146–147, 210nn9, 11
Trump, Donald, 35, 36–37, 51, 71, 157
Twain, Mark, 99
Tweed, Boss, 202n51
two-party system
antitrust regulation and, 6–7, 24, 35
as part of duopoly in politics industry, 7
political parties’ engineering of political system for, 3
questions to be addressed in analysis of, 8–9
See also duopoly
Uber, 34
Uihlein, Lynde, 157
unions, 26, 38, 108–109, 196n14, 204n61
United Labor Party, 204n61
U.S. Competitiveness Project, Harvard Business School, xiv, 77–78, 79
US Supreme Court, 143, 147, 148, 210n8
U’ren, William Simon, 206n71, 207n78
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 99, 112
Ventura, Jesse, 186n34
Villaraigosa, Antonio, 148
voter data
duopoly control of, 32
target direct voter contact using, 29
voters
affiliation of (see political party affiliation)
average voters, power of, 22, 27
candidates’ need to listen to, in Final-Five Voting, 131
competition in elections and, 119
divisive legislation and, 66
duopoly control of elections and, 23–24
Final-Five Voting and fewer incentives to divide, 131
Final-Five Voting and power of, 130
identification as independents, 34, 71, 71
parties’ division of, in Gilded Age, 106–108
party-primary voters, power of, 24–25, 25
Perot’s support among, 43
political disillusionment of, 70–71
political-industrial complex in Gilded Age and, 104
volatile swings of sentiment expressed by, 71–72
wasted vote argument and, 52, 126, 130
votes
divisive legislation and, 66
parties’ attempt to control, in Gilded Age, 106
parties’ search for supporters able to deliver, 103
as political currency, 22–23, 45
power of special interests and donors to deliver, 25
rules of politics industry and, 45
winning elections without majority of (see plurality voting)
voting
African American participation in, after the Civil War, 101
Fifteenth Amendment on, 101
Reconstruction limits on black voters in, 101, 102
state responsibility for systems for, 133, 144
Wallace, David Foster, 1
Warner, Charles, 164
Washington, George, 18, 93–94, 126, 180
Washington Post, 162
Washington State
top-two primaries in, 123, 146–147, 210nn9, 11
Washington State Grange, 210nn7, 8, 9, 11
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party, 147
wasted vote argument, 52, 126, 130
water safety, ranking of, 82
Ways and Means Committee, House of Representatives, 57, 60, 192n56
Whig Party, 34
White, William Allen, 207n85
“Why Competition in the Politics Industry Is Failing America” (Gehl and Porter), xvi, 20
Wright, Gerald C., 214n72
Wyden, Ron, 62
Young, Clifford, 188n13
YouTube, 29
zero-based rule making, 136