& operator, 237
background processes, running, 173–174
special shell character, 247
VirtualBox commands, 527
&& operators, combining commands, 180, 198
* special shell character, 247
special shell character, 249–250
` special shell character, 247, 250
[ ] special shell character, 248
[a, z] special shell character, 248
[a-z] special shell character, 248
[az] special shell character, 248
$, 235
$? built-in variable, 247
$ special shell character, 247
$# built-in variable, 246
$* built-in variable, 247
$0 built-in variable, 247
!= operator, 491
< special shell character, 247
<< operator, 236
<< special shell character, 248
> special shell character, 247
>> special shell character, 247
| (pipe) special shell character, 247
# special shell character, 247
? special shell character, 247
" special shell character, 248–249
' special shell character, 249
10BASE-T networking, 339
10G Ethernet networking, 340
32-bit Ubuntu, 64-bit Ubuntu versus, 4–5
50G Ethernet networking, 340
64-bit Ubuntu, 32-bit Ubuntu versus, 4–5
100BASE-T networking, 339
1000BASE-T networking, 339
A records, 590
AAAA records, 590
accessing
ACL
command line, 107
databases
local GUI clients, 503
web browsers, 503
file access time, disabling, 397
networks, chains, 387
remote access
copying files between machines, 372–373
Guacamole, 377
shell scripts, storing for system-wide access, 240
variable values, 243
accounting, user usage statistics, 212
ACID compliance, relational databases, 493–494
ACL
activity (user), monitoring, 211–212
Ada, 622
addressing
broadcasting, 338
multicasting, 338
NAT, 332
unicast addressing, 338
administration
privileges, 217
Adobe Photoshop, 67
afio, 316
all-in-one (Print/Fax/Scan) devices, 435
AllowOverrides directives (Apache web server), 451–452
ALSA, 64
AND, 299
Android mobile development, 607
Android Runtime, 608
Android Studio, 609
Application Framework, 608–609
applications, 609
ARM processors, 608
Google Play, 607
Linux kernels, 608
RISC processors, 608
Ansible, 544
Apache Tomcat, 482
Apache web server
configuring
.htaccess configuration files, 450–452, 469
threads, 468
file system authentication, 452–455
.htaccess configuration files, 450, 469
AllowOverrides directives, 451–452
Options directives, 451
installing, 444
online references, 466
overview of, 444
Require directive, 452
runtime servers
DirectoryIndex directive, 449
DocumentRoot directive, 449
GID, 448
Group directive, 448
Listen directive, 447
ServerAdmin directive, 448
ServerRoot directive, 447
UID, 448
User directive, 448
UserDir directive, 449
threads, 468
API, 512
Application Framework, 608–609
applications
Android applications, 609
CD/DVD burning applications
Brasero, 71
Linux command line, CD creation, 72–73
Linux command line, DVD creation, 73–75
Ubuntu support, 71
DVD/CD burning applications
Brasero, 71
Linux command line, CD creation, 72–73
Linux command line, DVD creation, 73–75
Ubuntu support, 71
commercial games, 88
documentation, 89
emulators, 79
FlightGear, 87
Frets on Fire, 86
Frozen Bubble, 84
Game Jolt, 82
GOG.com, 82
Humble, 82
installing from Ubuntu repositories, 82–87
installing video drivers (proprietary), 80
itch.io, 82
kid-friendly games, 88
LGDB, 82
Speed Dreams, 87
Warsow, 82
graphics manipulation applications, 66, 70
CinePaint, 70
darktable, 70
digiKam, 70
Hugin, 70
Inkscape, 70
Krita, 70
nautilus-image converter, 69
netpbm tools, 69
Photoshop, 67
POV-Ray, 70
Radiance, 70
Shotwell Photo Manager, 66, 71
Simple Scan, 67
Xara Xtreme, 70
microservice architectures, 531
multimedia applications
ALSA, 64
CD/DVD burning applications, 71–75
graphics manipulation applications, 66–71
online references, 77
OSS, 64
PulseAudio, 64
music applications, 65
Banshee, 66
Rhythmbox, 66
Sound Juicer, 66
productivity applications
Celtx, 59
CrossOver Office, 61
defined, 56
gedit, 59
Heimer, 61
Kile, 61
LaTeX, 60
LyX, 60
online references, 61
pdfedit, 58
Texmaker, 60
users (typical), 56
Windows, 61
Wine, 61
XML Copy Editor, 60
recording/editing sound, 76
Startup Applications Preferences, 278
VBA, LibreOffice and Office compatibility, 55
video editing applications, 77
Avidemux, 77
Blender, 77
Cinelerra, 77
DaVinci Resolve, 77
Kdenlive, 77
Lightworks, 77
OpenShot Video Editor, 77
PiTiVi, 77
Shotcut, 77
apropos command, 112
APT, 95
VirtualBox, 527
archives, restoring files from, 311–312
Ardour, 76
arguments (positional), 242
ARM processors, 608
arrays (RAID), 307
Art of Unix Programming, The, 141–142
ash, 226
Aslett, Matt, 511
assessing
needs/resources, backup strategies, 303–304
assigning
permissions, file systems, 121–122
values to variables, 242
atomic changes, 613
autocracking scripts, 380
crackers, 380
hackers, 380
script kiddies, 380
spoofing attacks, 593
viruses, 385
war driving, 383
worms, 380
Audacity, 76
Audio CD Extractor. See Sound Juicer
authentication
file systems, Apache web server, 452–455
autocracking scripts, 380
automatically waking computers from sleep, 231–233
automating tasks with scripts, 244–246
availability
localhost interfaces, checking availability of, 326
memory space, displaying, 286
.avi files, 75
Avidemux, 77
AWS, 539
Azure, 539
Back In Time, 314
background jobs, moving jobs to, 174–175
background processes, 173–174 237
running,
backups
afio, 316
Back In Time, 314
configuration files, version control, 320–322
cp command, 318
data loss, 302
external hard drives, 308
File Roller, 312
flexbackup, 316
full backups
with incremental backups, 307
KDE ark archiving tool, 312–313
levels of, 306
mirroring data, 307
NAS, 308
network storage, 308
online references, 324
restoring files from archives, 311–312
scheduling tasks, full backups on a periodic basis, 306–307
strategies, 301
assessing needs/resources, 303–304
choosing a strategy, 308
choosing hardware/media, 308–309
full backups on a periodic basis, 306–307
full backups with incremental backups, 307
incremental backups, 307
inheriting, 306
large enterprises, 305
RAID arrays, 307
simple backup strategies, 306
small enterprises, 305
small offices, 305
system rescue, 323
restoring GRUB2 boot loaders, 323–324
saving files from nonbooting hard disks, 324
Ubuntu Rescue disc, 323
tape drive backups, 309
tar command, 310
restoring files from archives, 311–312
Ubuntu installations, 7
Unison, 315
version control, configuration files, 320–322
badblocks command, 397
Banshee music application, 66
BaseX, 517
bash, 226
comparisons of expressions, 250–251
logical operators, 255
local bash shells, configuring, 640
batches, changing passwords in, 216–217
Bazaar
configuring, 639
software project management, 611–612
BigTable, 517
/bin directory, 114
BIND
configuring DNS servers, 593–595
online references, 595
BIOS, 271
Ubuntu bootups, troubleshooting, 195
Blender
graphics manipulation, 70
video editing, 77
.bmp files, 68
BOFH, 205
boolean operators, combining commands, 180
boot loaders, 271
GRUB2, installing, 5
GRUB2 boot loaders, restoring, 323–324
Ubuntu installations, 2–3, 5–6
boot process
DHCP activation, 357
GPT, 274
init systems, 272
MBR, 274
NetBoot, 274
nonbooting hard disks, saving files from, 324
PXE, 274
services
controlling, 278
Startup Applications Preferences, 278
Ubuntu, troubleshooting, 195–196
Brasero, 71
break statements, 269
broadcasting, 338
browsers (web)
database access, 503
online references, 54
Budgie, 49
bugs, fixing
Bug Squad, 647
built-in variables, 242, 246–247
bundles (software), Snappy package manager, 103–104
bunzip2 command, 191
burning CD/DVD
Brasero, 71
Linux command line
Ubuntu support, 71
business applications, Ubuntu for, 27–28
byobu, multiple terminal operation, 192–193
bzip2 command, 191
debugging, 602
gdb command, 603
gprof command, 603
symbolic debugging, 603
tracking function time, 603
debugging, 602
gdb command, 603
gprof command, 603
symbolic debugging, 603
tracking function time, 603
cabling, 340
fiber-optic cabling, 342
UTP cabling, 341
Caddy, 482
cameras (digital)
Ubuntu support, 70
USB connections, 70
capturing screen images, 69
Cassandra, 513
/cd command, 120
CD/DVD burning applications
Brasero, 71
Linux command line
Ubuntu support, 71
Cecilia, 76
Celtx, 59
CFEngine, 545
cgroups, 532
chains, 387
change command, 223
changing
desktop environments, 39
permissions, files/folders, 125, 147
shells, 226
window managers, 39
Chaos Engineering, 614
Chef, 544
chfn command, 224
children directories, 118
children, games for, 88
chmod command, 123–124, 147, 204, 224
chpasswd command, 224
Cinelerra, 77
CinePaint, 70
CLI. See command line
client/server database model, 484
cloud computing
AWS, 539
Azure, 539
containers, 531
Google Cloud, 539
IaaS, 537
MaaS, 537
Mojo, 541
online references, 541
PaaS, 537
private clouds, 540
SaaS, 537
Ubuntu, 535
AWS, 539
Azure, 539
considerations for using, 538
Google Cloud, 539
IaaS, 537
install instructions, 536
Landscape, 541
MaaS, 537
Mojo, 541
PaaS, 537
private clouds, 540
SaaS, 537
Ubuntu Cloud, 536
VM, 536
VM, 536
code packaging, Ubuntu development, 640–643
combining commands
| | operator, 198
command line (Linux)
| | operator, 198
accessing, 107
apropos command, 112
APT, 95
background processes, running, 173–174
BIOS, troubleshooting Ubuntu bootups, 195
byobu, multiple terminal operation, 192–193
combining commands
| | operator, 198
boolean operators, 180
command history, viewing, 197
commands
combining, 178–180, 196–197, 198
redirecting input/output of, 167–170
shortcuts, 198
standard input/output, 169
commonly used commands/programs, 139
Coreutils, 199
/bin directory, 114
children directories, 118
confining scripts to directories, 198–199
displaying contents of files, 132
/etc directory, 114
finding current directory, 120
finding files, 147
/home directory, 115
listing files in directories, 156–158
parent directories, 118
printing directory sizes, 148
printing last lines of files, 163–164
regular expressions, 133
/sbin directory, 114
sorting file contents, 162–163
/tmp directories, 117
/usr directory, 117
/var directory, 117
wildcard characters, 133
documentation
session writing, 74
environment variables, 182–185
file systems
files/folders
comparisons, 170
downloading, 164
finding differences in files, 170
finding from indexes, 156
finding similarities in files, 170–171
listing in directories, 156–158
listing system information, 158–159
GRUB, troubleshooting Ubuntu bootups, 195–196
input string searches, 151–152
jobs
executing in parallel, 181–182
listing, 173
kernel ring buffers, reading contents of, 200
location of commands, printing, 164
logging out of, 108
logins
from remote computers, 108–109
multiple terminal operation, 192–193
MySQL command line client, 504–505
network interface configuration
online references, 139, 165, 200
paging through output, 152–154
PostgreSQL command line client, 505–506
printing, resource usage, 175–177
processes
substituting, 181
rerunning previous commands, 196–197
resource usage, printing, 175–177
root accounts, 110–111, 133–134
sequence, running commands in, 180–181
sudo command, troubleshooting, 134–136
systems
Ubuntu bootups, troubleshooting, 195
user accounts
deleting, 137
whereis command, 112
command line (shells), 233–234
background processes, 237
pattern-matching, 235
piping commands, 237
commands
& operator, running background processes, 173–174
| | operator, 198
database commands, 506
history of commands, viewing, 197
printing location of, 164
redirecting input/output, 167–169
redirecting input/output with shell command line, 236
rerunning previous commands, 196–197
shortcuts, 198
substituting, 250
wildcard characters, 235
commercial games, 88
community teams, testing Ubuntu, 645–646
comparing files/folders, 170
comparisons of expressions, 250–251
file operators, 253–254, 257–258
numeric comparisons, 252–253, 256–257
compatibility
free/open-source software, MS Office compatibility, 55
LibreOffice, Office compatibility, 55
Office, free/open-source software compatibility, 55
open-source/free software, MS Office compatibility, 55
Ubuntu installations, Mac hardware compatibility, 3
compiling
software
from Ubuntu repositories, 101–102
compressed files, 191–192, 318
computers (remote), command line logins, 108–109
configuration files
Dotfiles, 322
configuring
Apache web server
.htaccess configuration files, 450–452, 469
threads, 468
bash shells, 640
Bazaar, 639
configuration management, 102
Snappy package manager, 103–104
Ubuntu Core, 103
dial-up Internet access, 367–368
disk quotas, 223
DNS servers with BIND, 593–595
DSL Internet access, 365
/etc directory configuration files, 114
hosts (networks) with DHCP, 359–361
Internet connections, common configuration information, 364–365
Launchpad, work environments, 638–640
LDAP servers, 580
local bash shells, 640
localhost interfaces, 327
networks
command line network interfaces, 345–350
/etc/host.conf files, 355
/etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355
/etc/nsswitch.conf files, 351–352, 355
/etc/resolv.conf files, 352–353
graphical configuration tools, 355
NFS
pbuilder, 638
PostgreSQL, 498
power management, in Ubuntu, 18–19
PPP Internet access, 364
PPPoE, 364
printers, in Ubuntu, 18
runtime servers, Apache web server, 446–449
Samba, 425
/etc/samba/smb.conf files, 426–429
global behaviors, 427
system settings, in Ubuntu, 17–18
Ubuntu
development packages, 637–638, 640–643
printer configurations, 18
troubleshooting post-configuration problems, 21–22
wireless networks, 20
VPN
wireless networks, 20
confining scripts to directories, 198–199
connectivity
common configuration information, 364–365
DSL access, 365
Linux commands, 369
PPP access, 364
PPPoE, 364
Ubuntu commands, 369
VM, 526
console-based monitoring, 281–283
containers, 531
Docker, 533
Kubernetes, 534
LXC, 532
LXD, 533
online references, 534
contents of directories, listing, 118–119
contents of files
displaying, 132
converting
sound files, 65
copying
files between machines (remote access), 372–373
files/folders, 131, 147, 316–317. See also mirroring
cp command, 318
VM, 526
Coreutils, 199
crackers, 380
createdb command, 506
createuser command, 506
CrossOver Office, 61
cups cancel command, 435
cups command, 435
cups disable command, 435
cups enable command, 435
CUPS GUI, network printers, 431–434
cuspreject command, 435
custom kernels, 402
D programming language, 624
daemons
AND, 299
Linux, 25
smbd, starting/stopping, 429
darktable, 70
Dart, 624
dash, 226
data, SQL tables
data directory initialization, PostgreSQL, 498
data integrity, relational databases, 493–494
data locking, relational databases, 492
data loss, 302
data mirroring, 307
data recovery, 323
GRUB2 boot loaders, restoring, 323–324
saving files from nonbooting hard disks, 324
Ubuntu Rescue disc, 323
databases
accessing
local GUI clients, 503
web browsers, 503
client/server model, 484
commands, 506
graphical database clients, 506
MySQL, 483
data locking, 492
inserting data into tables, 490
mysql command, 506
mysqladmin command, 506
mysqldump command, 506
MySQLGUI, 506
procedural languages, 494
retrieving data from tables, 490–492
root user passwords, 495
speed, 492
SQL subqueries, 494
stored procedures, 494
triggers, 494
BaseX, 517
BigTable, 517
Cassandra, 513
etcd, 513
FlockDB, 519
graph stores, 518
HBase, 518
HyperGraphDB, 519
key/value stores, 512
MemcacheDB, 514
MongoDB, 516
Neo4j, 518
NewSQL and, 511
OrientDB, 519
Redis, 514
Riak, 514
Scylla, 514
UnQL, 511
wide column stores, 517
PostgreSQL
configuring, 498
creating database users, 499–500
creating databases, 499
data locking, 492
deleting database users, 500
granting/revoking privileges, 500–501
initializing data directories, 498
pgAdmin, 506
procedural languages, 494
retrieving data from tables, 491
speed, 492
SQL subqueries, 494
stored procedures, 494
triggers, 494
relational databases, 485. See also MySQL; PostgreSQL
inserting data into tables, 489–490
Datadog, 298
date/time settings
date command, 19
DaVinci Resolve, 77
Debian Linux, 24
debugging C/C++ programming, 602
gdb command, 603
gprof command, 603
symbolic debugging, 603
tracking function time, 603
deleting
PostgreSQL database users, 500
user accounts, 137
depmod command, 407
Budgie, 49
changing, 39
GNOME, 41
Mutter, 42
Show Applications icon, 43, 44
KDE, 45
Kylin, 50
online references, 50
Ubuntu desktops, sharing, 424
widgets, 42
X server
benefits of, 34
display manager, 39
display managers, 33
online references, 40
starting, 39
Xfce, 46
development (Ubuntu)
Bazaar, 639
creating accounts, 638
local bash shells, configuring, 640
online references, 643
package installation
pbuilder, 638
Device section (xorg.conf files), 37–38
devices
all-in-one (Print/Fax/Scan) devices, 435
devices.txt files, 403
i2c-dev devices, 407
security, 385
DevOps
Chaos Engineering, 614
CI/CD tools, 614
dhclient command, 369
activating, 357
dhcpclient, 358
networks
operation of, 356
software, installing/configuring, 358–359
dial-up Internet access, configuring, 367–368
diff command, 170
differences in files, finding, 170
digiKam, 70
digital cameras
Ubuntu support, 70
USB connections, 70
/bin directory, 114
children directories, 118
data directory initialization, PostgreSQL, 498
DIT, 580
/etc directory, 114
files
displaying contents of, 132
finding, 147
listing in directories, 156–158
printing last lines of files, 163–164
sorting file contents, 162–163
finding current directory, 120
home directories, 208, 427–428
/home directory, 115
LDAP directories, populating, 582–583
parent directories, 118
printing directory sizes, 148
regular expressions, 133
/sbin directory, 114
scripts, confining to directories, 198–199
/tmp directories, 117
user directories, 115
/usr directory, 117
shared data, 117
X server, 33
/var directory, 117
wildcard characters, 133
DirectoryIndex directive (Apache web server), 449
disaster recovery, planning, 390–391
disk quotas, 287
configuring, 223
managing, 222
display managers, X server, 33, 39
displaying
available memory space, 286
contents of files, 132
free space (hard disks), 286–287
distributed processing, X server, 32–33
distributions
Linux distributions
versions of, 24
Ubuntu distributions, versions of, 27
DIT, 580
online references, 595
A records, 590
AAAA records, 590
MX records, 591
NS records, 591
TXT records, 593
search orders, 355
servers, 588, 589–590, 593–595
Docker, 533
documentation
apropos command, 112
games, 89
mind maps, 61
TeX documents
Kile, 61
LaTeX, 60
LyX, 60
Texmaker, 60
Wayland, 32
whereis command, 112
WYGIWYW, 60
DocumentRoot directive (Apache web server), 449
domains
DNS
online references, 595
servers, 588, 589–590, 593–595
hostnames, 589
root zones, 589
Dotfiles, 322
downloading
files/folders, 164
Ubuntu updates during installation, 8
drivers, video drivers (proprietary), installing, 80
dropdb command, 506
dropuser command, 506
DSL Internet access, configuring, 365
du command, 148
dual-boot systems, Ubuntu installations, 6
dumb gateways, 343
dummy interfaces, 327
DVD installations, Ubuntu, 2, 6–11
dvd+rw-tools, 74
DVD/CD burning applications
Brasero, 71
Linux command line
preformatted DVD, 74
Ubuntu support, 71
Dynamo, 514
e2fsck command, 397
Eclipse, 606
editing
/etc/modprobe.conf files, 344
sound, 76
Ardour, 76
Audacity, 76
Cecilia, 76
LMMS, 76
Mixxx, 76
Rosegarden, 76
gedit, 186
kate, 186
kedit, 186
vim, 185
Avidemux, 77
Blender, 77
Cinelerra, 77
DaVinci Resolve, 77
Kdenlive, 77
Lightworks, 77
OpenShot Video Editor, 77
PiTiVi, 77
Shotcut, 77
Elixir, 625
Elm, 625
emacs text editor, 185, 188–189
email, 547
Autoresponders, 562
virus scanners, 562
embedded spaces, resolving strings with, 248–249
emulators, 79
encrypted files, 318
enterprise servers, monitoring, 298–299
environment variables, 182–185, 242
erasing, hard disks, Ubuntu installations, 9
Erlang, 625
error messages
redirecting input/output of commands, 169–170
/etc directory, 114
etcd, 513
/etc/host.conf files, 355
/etc/modprobe.conf files, 344, 407
/etc/modprobed files, 407
/etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355
/etc/nsswitch.conf files, 351–352, 355
/etc/resolv.conf files, 352–353
/etc/samba/smb.conf files, 426–429
ethereal command, 369
Ethernet
10G Ethernet networking, 340
50G Ethernet networking, 340
Gigabit Ethernet. See 1000BASE-T networking
PPPoE, 364
evaluating backup strategies, 304–306
executing
exit statements, 269
expr statements, 266
expressions, 235
comparisons of expressions, 250–251
file operators, 253–254, 257–258
numeric comparisons, 252–253, 256–257
directories, 133
external hard drives, backups, 308
faillog command, 289
fax machines, all-in-one (Print/Fax/Scan) devices, 435
FDDI networks, 340
fiber-optic networks, 340, 342
File Roller, 312
file systems
authentication, Apache web server, 452
/bin directory, 114
children directories, 118
displaying contents of files, 132
/etc directory, 114
finding current directory, 120
finding files, 147
/home directory, 115
listing files in directories, 156–158
parent directories, 118
printing directory sizes, 148
printing last lines of files, 163–164
regular expressions, 133
/sbin directory, 114
sorting file contents, 162–163
/tmp directories, 117
/usr directory, 117
/var directory, 117
wildcard characters, 133
changing file groups, 125
changing file permissions, 125, 147
sticky bit permissions, 126–127
viewing/modifying default permissions, 124–125
Files section (xorg.conf files), 35–36
files/folders
comparisons, 170
compressed files, 191–192, 318
configuration files, version control, 320–322
copying. See also mirroring, 131–132, 147, 316–317
between machines (remote access), 372–373
cp command, 318
creating in directories, 128–129
disabling access time, 397
displaying contents of, 132
Dotfiles, 322
downloading, 164
encrypted files, 318
/etc/host.conf files, 355
/etc/modprobe.conf files, 407
/etc/modprobed files, 407
/etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355
/etc/nsswitch.conf files, 351–352, 355
/etc/resolv.conf files, 352–353
file operator comparisons, 253–254, 257–258
File Roller, 312
differences in files, 170
from indexes, 156
similarities in files, 170–171
in Ubuntu, 12
inodes, 155
LDIF files, 583
listing in directories, 156–158
log files
mirroring. See also copying, 164
network configuration files, 350–355
new user home directories, 208
NFS, 422
installing, 422
starting/stopping, 422
permissions, 204
changing file groups, 125
changing permissions, 125, 147
viewing/modifying default permissions, 124–125
printing
file sizes, 148
restoring files from archives, 311–312
Samba, 424
/etc/samba/smb.conf files, 426–429
saving files from nonbooting hard disks, 324
sharing
online references, 435
temporary file storage, /tmp directories, 117
time warps, 212
variable data files, /var directory, 117
filesystems
synchronizing, 396
find command, 126
finding
directories, 120
differences in files, 170
from indexes, 156
similarities in files, 170–171
in Ubuntu, 12
groups, 206
finger information fields, 213
firewalls
iptables, 388
nftables, 388
.flac files, 65
flexbackup, 316
FlightGear, 87
FlockDB, 519
.flv files, 75
folders. See files/folders
formatting, DVD, 74
Forth, 626
Fortran, 626
free command, 286
free/open-source software, Office compatibility, 55
free space, displaying, 286–287
memory space, 286
Frets on Fire, 86
Frozen Bubble, 84
fstab command, 114
ftp command, 372
full backups
with incremental backups, 307
functions, shell scripts, 269–270
Game Jolt, 82
commercial games, 88
documentation, 89
emulators, 79
FlightGear, 87
Frets on Fire, 86
Frozen Bubble, 84
Game Jolt, 82
GOG.com, 82
Humble, 82
installing
from Ubuntu repositories, 82–87
video drivers (proprietary), 80
itch.io, 82
kid-friendly games, 88
LGDB, 82
online references, 89
Speed Dreams, 87
Steam, 81
video drivers (proprietary), installing, 80
Warsow, 82
gateways
dumb gateways, 343
smart gateways, 343
gdb command, 603
gedit, 59
gedit text editor, 186
genprof, 389
GHC, 627
.gif files, 68
Gigabit Ethernet. See 1000BASE-T networking
Git, software project management, 610–611
Glade, 607
GNOME, 41
File Roller, 312
Glade, 607
Mutter, 42
Show Applications icon, 43, 44
gnome-nettool, 297
GNU
Coreutils, 199
Go programming language, 626–627
GOG.com, 82
Google Cloud, 539
Google Play, 607
gpasswd command, 207
GPG keys
gprof command, 603
GPT, boot process, 274
granting/revoking privileges, PostgreSQL, 500–501
graph stores, 518
graphical database clients, 506
graphical development tools, 605
Eclipse, 606
Glade, 607
NetBeans, 606
Oracle JDeveloper, 606
SDK, 606
Visual Studio Code, 606
graphical network configuration tools, 355
graphical process tools, 292
gnome-nettool, 297
vncviewer, 297
Wireshark, 298
.bmp files, 68
.gif files, 68
image captures, 69
.jpg files, 68
.pbm files, 69
.pcx files, 68
.pgm files, 69
.png files, 68
.pnm files, 69
.ppm files, 69
.svg files, 68
.tif files, 68
graphics manipulation applications, 66, 70
CinePaint, 70
darktable, 70
digiKam, 70
Hugin, 70
Inkscape, 70
Krita, 70
nautilus-image converter, 69
netpbm tools, 69
Photoshop, 67
POV-Ray, 70
Radiance, 70
Shotwell Photo Manager, 66, 71
Simple Scan, 67
Xara Xtreme, 70
Groovy, 627
Group directive (Apache web server), 448
group management, 205
finding groups, 206
groupadd command, 207
groupdel command, 207
groupmod command, 207
groups command, 224
grpck command, 207
GRUB
recovery mode, 196
Ubuntu bootups, troubleshooting, 195–196
GRUB2
boot loaders, restoring, 323–324
installing, 5
Guacamole, 377
Budgie, 49
GNOME, 41
Mutter, 42
Show Applications icon, 43, 44
KDE, 45
Kylin, 50
local GUI clients, database access, 503
MySQLGUI, 506
pgAdmin, 506
Wayland, 32
widgets, 42
display manager, 39
display managers, 33
online references, 40
starting, 39
/usr directory, 33
Xfce, 46
gunzip command, 191
gzip command, 191
hackers, 380
hard disks
disk quotas, 287
erasing, Ubuntu installations, 9
free space, displaying, 286–287
nonbooting disks, saving files from, 324
printing, disk usage, 148
Ubuntu installations, erasing hard disks, 9
hard drives (external), backups, 308
hardware
Mac hardware, Ubuntu compatibility, 3
network hardware, initializing, 343–344
/etc/modprobe.conf files, 343–344
Ubuntu specifications
Mac hardware, 3
Haskell, 627
HBase, 518
Heimer, 61
help, Ubuntu online references, 22
history of commands, viewing, 197
hitsujiTMO, 272
home applications, Ubuntu for, 28
home directories, 208
/home directory, 115
home users, backup strategies, 304–305
Horowitz, Eliot, 516
hosting (virtual), Apache web server, 461–462
hostnames, 589
hosts (networks)
adding to /etc/hosts files, 350–351
configuring with DHCP, 359–361
HOWTO documents, Linux, 29
HPC, 598
.htaccess configuration files, Apache web server, 450, 469
AllowOverrides directives, 451–452
Options directives, 451
HTTP servers
Caddy, 482
Jetty, 481
online references, 482
Tomcat, 482
Wildfly, 482
Yaws, 480
HTTPS
hubs, 342
Hugin, 70
Humble, 82
HyperGraphDB, 519
i2c-dev devices, 407
IaaS, 537
ID
PID, 164, 175–176, 237, 274, 566
ide.txt files, 404
ifconfig command, 346–348, 369, 385
image captures, 69
.bmp files, 68
.gif files, 68
.jpg files, 68
.pbm files, 69
.pcx files, 68
.pgm files, 69
.png files, 68
.pnm files, 69
.ppm files, 69
.svg files, 68
.tif files, 68
image scanners, 67
incremental backups
full backups with incremental backups, 307
indexes, finding files from, 156
init systems, 272
initializing
data directories, PostgreSQL, 498
/etc/modprobe.conf files, 344
initrd.txt files, 404
Inkscape, 70
inodes, 155
InputDevice section (xorg.conf files), 36–37
input/output of commands
redirecting with shell command line, 236
standard input/output, 167, 169
input strings, searches, 151–152
inserting data into SQL tables, 489–490
insmod command, 406
installing
Android Studio, 609
Apache web server, 444
DHCP activation at installation, 357
games, from Ubuntu repositories, 82–87
GRUB2, 5
NFS, 422
Squid, 564
Ubuntu, 196
backups, 7
cloud computing, 536
downloading updates during installation, 8
dual-boot systems, 6
erasing hard disks during installation, 9
Mac hardware compatibility, 3
partition strategies, 5
password creation, 10
researching hardware specifications, 2–16
storage drives, 9
UEFI, 6
USB thumb drive installations, 3, 6–11
Ubuntu development packages
video drivers (proprietary), 80
instances, 533
common configuration information, 364–365
DSL access, 365
Linux commands, 369
PPP access, 364
PPPoE, 364
Ubuntu commands, 369
dummy interfaces, 327
introduction to, 51
localhost interfaces, 326
checking availability of, 326
configuring manually, 327
I/O transfer speeds, 396
IP addressing
Squid, specifying client IP addresses, 569–570
iptables, 388
itch.io, 82
iwconfig command, 369
Java programming, 604, 627–628
JVM, 604
JavaScript, 628
JDeveloper (Oracle), 606
Jetty, 481
jobs
listing, 173
moving, to background/foreground, 174–175
parallel, executing in, 181–182
jobs command, 173
.jpg files, 68
JSON, 628
JVM, 604
kate text editor, 186
KDE, 45
KDE ark archiving tool, 312–313
monitoring tools, 298
Kdenlive, 77
kdf, 298
kedit text editor, 186
kernel ring buffers, reading contents of, 200
Android mobile development, 608
custom kernels, 402
devices.txt files, 403
first kernel, 402
ide.txt files, 404
initrd.txt files, 404
kernel oops, 419
kernel-parameters.txt files, 404
loading, 274
make utility, 404
numbering schema, 24
RAM disk images, creating, 418
security, 379
sysrq.txt files, 404
versions of, 409
key/value stores, 512
kid-friendly games, 88
Kile, 61
killall command, 284
Krita, 70
ksh, 226
ksysguard, 298
Kubernetes, 534
Kylin, 50
LAN, network printers, 431–432
languages
procedural languages, relational databases, 494
programming languages, 621–622
Ada, 622
D, 624
Dart, 624
Elixir, 625
Elm, 625
Erlang, 625
Forth, 626
Fortran, 626
Groovy, 627
Haskell, 627
JavaScript, 628
Lisp, 629
Lua, 629
OCaml, 630
Perl, 630
PHP, 631
Python, 631
Raku, 631
Rust, 632
Scala, 632
Vala, 633
selecting, Ubuntu installations, 7–8
large enterprises, backup strategies, 305
last command, 212
last lines of files, printing, 163–164
lastlog command, 289
later, scheduling tasks for, 227–229
LaTeX, 60
accounts, creating, 638
SSH keys, 639
work environments, configuring, 638–640
configuring
clients, 584
servers, 580
directories, populating, 582–583
LDIF files, 583
online references, 585
Thunderbird, LDAP client configuration, 584
LDIF files, 583
LEMP, 439
LGDB, 82
libraries (software), Android mobile development, 608
LibreOffice
Office compatibility, 55
VBA, 55
Lightworks, 77
links
files/folders, creating links, 154–156
Linux
command line
| | operator, 198
accessing, 107
apropos command, 112
BIOS, 195
boolean operators, 180
command shortcuts, 198
commonly used commands/programs, 139
confining scripts to directories, 198–199
copying files, 147
Coreutils, 199
downloading files/folders, 164
environment variables, 182–185
executing jobs in parallel, 181–182
file comparisons, 170
finding differences in files, 170
finding files from indexes, 156
finding similarities in files, 170–171
input string searches, 151–152
kernel ring buffers, 200
listing files in directories, 156–158
listing jobs, 173
listing system information, 158–159
logging out of, 108
manual pages, 111–112, 159–160
multiple terminal operation, 192–193
online references, 139, 165, 200
printing directory sizes, 148
printing disk usage, 148
printing file contents, 144–145
printing resource usage, 175–177
prioritizing processes, 177–178
reading documentation, 111–112
redirecting input/output of commands, 167–170
remote computer logins, 108–109
rerunning previous commands, 196–197
root accounts, 110–111, 133–134
running background processes, 173–174
running commands in sequence, 180–181
shutting down systems, 137–138
standard input/output of commands, 169
substituting processes, 181
super user accounts, 109–111, 133–134
troubleshooting sudo command, 134–136
troubleshooting Ubuntu bootups, 195
user accounts, 109–111, 136–137
viewing command history, 197
whereis command, 112
daemons, 25
Debian Linux, 24
/bin directory, 114
children directories, 118
displaying contents of files, 132
/etc directory, 114
finding current directory, 120
finding files, 147
/home directory, 115
listing files in directories, 156–158
parent directories, 118
printing directory sizes, 148
printing last lines of files, 163–164
regular expressions, 133
/sbin directory, 114
sorting file contents, 162–163
/tmp directories, 117
/usr directory, 117
/var directory, 117
wildcard characters, 133
distributions
versions of, 24
file systems
filesystems
synchronizing, 396
GNU GPL, development of, 23–24
HOWTO documents, 29
Android mobile development, 608
creating RAM disk images, 418
custom kernels, 402
devices.txt files, 403
first kernel, 402
ide.txt files, 404
initrd.txt files, 404
kernel oops, 419
kernel-parameters.txt files, 404
loading, 274
make utility, 404
security, 379
sysrq.txt files, 404
versions of, 409
location of commands, printing, 164
network connectivity commands, 369
numbering schema, 24
online references, 23
paging through output, 152–154
security, 385
SELinux, 388
shells, 25
shutting down systems, 137–138
user accounts
deleting, 137
video, viewing, 76
viruses, 385
web resources, 23
display manager, 39
display managers, 33
online references, 40
starting, 39
/usr directory, 33
Lisp, 629
Listen directive (Apache web server), 447
listing
contents of directories, 118–119
files/folders in directories, 156–158
jobs, 173
units (services), 276
LMMS, 76
loading process
modules, 408
local bash shells, configuring, 640
local GUI clients, database access, 503
localhost interfaces, 326
checking availability of, 326
configuring manually, 327
locate command, 156
location of commands, printing, 164
locking
data, relational databases, 492
users out of accounts, 209
log files
logging, Apache web server, 463–464
logging out of command line, 108
logical operators, comparisons, 255, 259
logins
command line
from remote computers, 108–109
logname command, 224
loopback interfaces. See localhost interfaces
loss of data, 302
lp command, 435
lpc command, 435
lpq command, 435
lprm command, 435
lpstat command, 435
lsmod command, 158–159, 406–408
Lua, 629
lusers, 205
LXC, 532
LXD, 533
LyX, 60
MaaS, 537
Mac hardware, Ubuntu installations, 3
MAC systems, 388
Mail Delivery Agent (MDA), 560–562
Mail Transport Agent (MTA), 548
Maildir Versus Mbox, 550
make utility, 404
managing
Apache web server
.htaccess configuration files, 450–452, 469
file system authentication, 45–455
installing, 444
online references, 466
overview of, 444
threads, 468
configurations, 102
Snappy package manager, 103–104
Ubuntu Core, 103
disk quotas, 222
groups, 205
finding groups, 206
modules, 475
online references, 477
uninstalling, 470
system password policies, 212
sets of servers, 543
Ansible, 544
CFEngine, 545
Chef, 544
Juju, 545
Landscape, 545
online references, 545
software
configuration management, 102–104
online references, 104
Ubuntu Software, 91
software project management
system management tools, 292
gnome-nettool, 297
System Monitor, 292
vncviewer, 297
Wireshark, 298
system resource management
configuration management, 102–104
online references, 104
Ubuntu Software, 91
user accounts, 201–202, 204, 207
administration privileges, 217
BOFH, 205
file permissions, 204
GID, 204
locking users out of accounts, 209
lusers, 205
monitoring user activity, 211–212
online references, 224
stereotypes, 205
UID, 204
usernames, 211
MBR, boot process, 274
MemcacheDB, 514
memory, displaying available space, 286
Merriman, Dwight, 509
message block printing, 432–433
microservice architectures, 531
Microsoft Azure, 539
mind maps, 61
mirroring data, 307
mirroring. See also copying, 164
Mixxx, 76
mkisofs command, 72
"moat mentality", 333
mobile development, Android, 607
Android Runtime, 608
Android Studio, 609
Application Framework, 608–609
applications, 609
ARM processors, 608
Google Play, 607
Linux kernels, 608
RISC processors, 608
modifying default file permissions, 124–125
modinfo command, 407
modprobe command, 344–345, 406–407
modprobe.d/ command, 114
Module section (xorg.conf files), 36
MPM, Apache web server, 449–450
Nginx web server, 475
Mojo, 541
MongoDB, 516
Monitor section (xorg.conf files), 37
monitoring
console-based monitoring, 281–283
KDE monitoring tools, 298
systems
console-based monitoring, 281–283
disk quotas, 287
displaying free hard disk space, 286
displaying used memory, 286
graphical process tools, 292–298
KDE monitoring tools, 298
online references, 299
priority scheduling, 285
system management tools, 292–298
System Monitor, 292
motd files, 138
mounting, Samba shares, 430–431
.mov files, 75
moving
jobs
to background/foreground, 174–175
.mp3 files, 65
.mp4 files, 65
.mpeg files, 75
MPM, Apache web server, 449–450
MS Office
CrossOver Office, 61
free/open-source software compatibility, 55
LibreOffice compatibility, 55
VBA, 55
MS-DOS, 107
mtr command, Internet connections, checking, 329–330
multicasting, 338
multimedia applications
ALSA, 64
CD/DVD burning applications
Brasero, 71
Linux command line, CD creation, 72–73
Linux command line, DVD creation, 73–75
Ubuntu support, 71
graphics manipulation applications, 66, 70
CinePaint, 70
darktable, 70
digiKam, 70
Hugin, 70
Inkscape, 70
Krita, 70
nautilus-image converter, 69
netpbm tools, 69
Photoshop, 67
POV-Ray, 70
Radiance, 70
Shotwell Photo Manager, 66, 71
Simple Scan, 67
Xara Xtreme, 70
music applications, 65
Banshee, 66
Rhythmbox, 66
Sound Juicer, 66
online references, 77
OSS, 64
PulseAudio, 64
recording/editing sound, 76
video editing applications, 77
Avidemux, 77
Blender, 77
Cinelerra, 77
DaVinci Resolve, 77
Kdenlive, 77
Lightworks, 77
OpenShot Video Editor, 77
PiTiVi, 77
Shotcut, 77
multiple jobs, executing in parallel, 181–182
multiple terminal operation, byobu, 192–193
music applications, 65
Banshee, 66
Rhythmbox, 66
Sound Juicer, 66
Mutter, 42
MX records, 591
MySQL, 483
database access, 501
local GUI clients, 503
web browsers, 503
inserting data into tables, 490
mysql command, 506
mysqladmin command, 506
mysqldump command, 506
MySQLGUI, 506
procedural languages, 494
retrieving data from tables, 490–492
root user passwords, 495
speed, 492
SQL subqueries, 494
stored procedures, 494
triggers, 494
mysql command, 506
mysqladmin command, 506
mysqldump command, 506
MySQLGUI, 506
Nagios, 298
name servers
DNS
online references, 595
servers, 588, 589–590, 593–595
nano text editor, 185, 186–187
NAS, 308
NAT, 332
nautilus-image converter, 69
needs assessments, backup strategies, 303–304
Neo4j, 518
NetBeans, 606
NetBoot, boot process, 274
NetCat, 330
netmasks. See subnet masks
networks, 337
10BASE-T networking, 339
10G Ethernet networking, 340
50G Ethernet networking, 340
100BASE-T networking, 339
1000BASE-T networking, 339
accessing, chains, 387
broadcasting, 338
cabling, 340
fiber-optic cabling, 342
UTP cabling, 341
chains, 387
command line network interface configuration
configuring
command line network interfaces, 345–350
/etc/host.conf files, 355
/etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355
/etc/nsswitch.conf files, 351–352, 355
/etc/resolv.conf files, 352–353
graphical configuration tools, 355
connections, troubleshooting, 342
DHCP, 361
activating, 357
installing/configuring software, 358–359
DNS search orders, 355
dummy interfaces, 327
FDDI networks, 340
fiber-optic networks, 340, 342
gateways
dumb gateways, 343
smart gateways, 343
hosts
adding to /etc/hosts files, 350–351
configuring with DHCP, 359–361
hubs, 342
initializing hardware, 343–344
/etc/modprobe.conf files, 344
common configuration information, 364–365
DSL access, 365
Linux commands, 369
PPP access, 364
PPPoE, 364
troubleshooting, 342
Ubuntu commands, 369
LAN, network printers, 431–432
localhost interfaces, 326
checking availability of, 326
configuring manually, 327
"moat mentality", 333
multicasting, 338
NAT, 332
printers, 431
online references, 435
server message block printing, 432–433
routers, 343
storage, backups, 308
switches, 342
TCP/IP, 330
Token Ring networking, 339
troubleshooting, connections, 342
Ubuntu, 330
unicast addressing, 338
online references, 577
wireless networks, 361, 382–383
configuring, 20
interfaces, 340
selecting protocols, 363
New Relic, 299
new shell programs, running, 239–240
NewSQL, 511
newusers command, 224
NFS, 422
configuring
installing, 422
starting/stopping, 422
nftables, 388
modules, 475
online references, 477
uninstalling, 470
10BASE-T networking, 339
10G Ethernet networking, 340
50G Ethernet networking, 340
100BASE-T networking, 339
1000BASE-T networking, 339
fiber-optic networks, 340
promiscuous mode, 385
security, 385
Token Ring networking, 339
wireless network interfaces, 340
nm-connection-editor, 345–346, 369
nonbooting hard disks, saving files from, 324
BaseX, 517
BigTable, 517
Cassandra, 513
etcd, 513
FlockDB, 519
graph stores, 518
HBase, 518
HyperGraphDB, 519
key/value stores, 512
MemcacheDB, 514
MongoDB, 516
Neo4j, 518
NewSQL and, 511
OrientDB, 519
Redis, 514
Riak, 514
Scylla, 514
UnQL, 511
wide column stores, 517
NS records, 591
numbering schema, Linux kernels, 24
numeric comparisons, 252–253, 256–257
OCaml, 630
Office
CrossOver Office, 61
free/open-source software compatibility, 55
LibreOffice compatibility, 55
VBA, 55
.ogv/.ogg files, 75
online references
Apache web server, 466
backups, 324
BIND, 595
cloud computing, 541
containers, 534
desktop environments, 50
DNS, 595
file sharing, 435
games, 89
HTTP servers, 482
LDAP, 585
multimedia applications, 77
network printers, 435
Nginx web server, 477
programming languages, 633–634
QA, 647
sets of servers, 545
shell scripts, 270
software management, 104
sound, 65
Squid, 577
system monitoring, 299
system resource management, 104
testing, 647
Ubuntu development, 643
user accounts, 224
virtualization, 529
VPN, 577
Wayland, 32
web browsers, 54
web server stacks, 441
X server, 40
OpenLDAP. See LDAP
OpenShot Video Editor, 77
open-source/free software, Office compatibility, 55
OpenSSH. See SSH
optimizing performance, 393–394
badblocks command, 397
e2fsck command, 397
file access time, disabling, 397
I/O transfer speeds, 396
storage disks, 394
Options directives (Apache web server), 451
Oracle JDeveloper, 606
OrientDB, 519
OSS, 64
output
commands
redirecting with shell command line, 236
standard input/output, 167, 169
PaaS, 537
packages
PPA, 615
Ubuntu development
packet writing, Linux command line, DVD creation, 74–75
paging through output, 152–154
parallel, executing jobs in, 181–182
parameters (positional), 243
accessing/retrieving variables, 244
parent directories, 118
partitions
planning, Ubuntu installations, 5
Ubuntu installations, 5
MySQL root users, 495
system password policies, 212
Ubuntu, 10
user accounts, 202
pattern-matching, 235
.pbm files, 69
pbuilder, 638
.pcx files, 68
pdcsh, 226
PDF, 58
pdfedit, 58
pdksh, comparisons of expressions, 250–251
logical operators, 255
badblocks command, 397
e2fsck command, 397
file access time, disabling, 397
HPC, 598
I/O transfer speeds, 396
storage disks, 394
periodic basis, full backups on, 306–307
peripherals
digital cameras, 70
scanners, 67
Perl, 630
permissions
assigning permissions, 121–122
changing file groups, 125
changing file permissions, 125, 147
viewing/modifying default permissions, 124–125
files/folders, 204
changing file groups, 125
changing permissions, 125, 147
viewing/modifying default permissions, 124–125
sticky bit permissions, 126–127
pgAdmin, 506
.pgm files, 69
Photoshop, 67
PID, 164, 175–176, 237, 274, 566
ping command, checking Internet connections, 328–329
ping6 command, checking Internet connections, 328–329
pipelines (CI/CD), 613
piping commands, 142–143, 178–180, 237
PiTiVi, 77
planning
backup strategies
assessing needs/resources, 303–304
choosing a strategy, 308
choosing hardware/media, 308–309
full backups on a periodic basis, 306–307
full backups with incremental backups, 307
incremental backups, 307
inheriting, 306
large enterprises, 305
mirroring data, 307
RAID arrays, 307
simple backup strategies, 306
small enterprises, 305
small offices, 305
disaster recovery plans, 390–391
partition strategies, Ubuntu installations, 5
partition strategies, 5
researching hardware specifications, 2–16
.png files, 68
.pnm files, 69
ports
Ubuntu network ports, 421
uplink ports, 342
positional arguments, 242
positional parameters, 243
accessing/retrieving variables, 244
PostgreSQL
configuring, 498
creating
databases, 499
data locking, 492
local GUI clients, 503
web browsers, 503
deleting database users, 500
granting/revoking privileges, 500–501
initializing data directories, 498
pgAdmin, 506
procedural languages, 494
retrieving data from tables, 491
speed, 492
SQL subqueries, 494
stored procedures, 494
triggers, 494
POV-Ray, 70
power management, configuring, in Ubuntu, 18–19
PPA, 615
.ppm files, 69
PPP Internet access, configuring, 364
preformatted DVD, 74
preinstallation processes, Ubuntu, 1–2
previous commands, rerunning, 196–197
printing
all-in-one (Print/Fax/Scan) devices, 435
commands, location of, 164
directory sizes, 148
disk usage, 148
file sizes, 148
network printers, 431
online references, 435
server message block printing, 432–433
server message block printing, 432–433
sharing printers, Samba, 428–429
Ubuntu printer configurations, 18
prioritizing
scheduling priorities, 285
private clouds, 540
privileges
administration privileges, 217
granting/revoking with PostgreSQL, 500–501
procedural languages, relational databases, 494
processes
substituting, 181
processors, Android mobile development, 608
productivity applications
Celtx, 59
CrossOver Office, 61
defined, 56
gedit, 59
Heimer, 61
Kile, 61
LaTeX, 60
LibreOffice
Office compatibility, 55
VBA, 55
LyX, 60
online references, 61
pdfedit, 58
Texmaker, 60
users (typical), 56
Windows, 61
Wine, 61
XML Copy Editor, 60
productivity suites, LibreOffice, Office compatibility, 55
programming
Android mobile development, 607
Android Runtime, 608
Android Studio, 609
Application Framework, 608–609
applications, 609
ARM processors, 608
Google Play, 607
Linux kernels, 608
RISC processors, 608
gdb command, 603
gprof command, 603
symbolic debugging, 603
tracking function time, 603
gdb command, 603
gprof command, 603
symbolic debugging, 603
tracking function time, 603
Chaos Engineering, 614
GCC, 597
graphical development tools, 605
Eclipse, 606
Glade, 607
NetBeans, 606
Oracle JDeveloper, 606
SDK, 606
Visual Studio Code, 606
Java programming, 604
JVM, 604
Ada, 622
D, 624
Dart, 624
Elixir, 625
Elm, 625
Erlang, 625
Forth, 626
Fortran, 626
Groovy, 627
Haskell, 627
JavaScript, 628
Lisp, 629
Lua, 629
OCaml, 630
Perl, 630
PHP, 631
Python, 631
Raku, 631
Rust, 632
Scala, 632
Vala, 633
software project management
Ubuntu Make, 615
version control systems, 609–610
promiscuous mode (NIC), 385
proxy servers
installing, 564
online references, 577
specifying client IP addresses, 569–570
psql command, 506
PulseAudio, 64
/pwd command, 120
PXE, boot process, 274
Python, 631
QA
Bug Squad, 647
online references, 647
.qt files, 75
quotas (disk), 287
configuring, 223
managing, 222
Radiance, 70
RAID arrays, 307
Raku, 631
RAM disk images (kernels), creating, 418
RARP, 338
.raw files, 65
rcp command, 372
RDP, VirtualBox, 528
recording/editing sound, 76
Ardour, 76
Audacity, 76
Cecilia, 76
LMMS, 76
Mixxx, 76
Rosegarden, 76
recovery
data, 323
GRUB2 boot loaders, restoring, 323–324
saving files from nonbooting hard disks, 324
Ubuntu Rescue disc, 323
disaster recovery plans, 390–391
recovery mode (GRUB), 196
reddit.com, 272
redirecting input/output of commands, 167–170, 236
Redis, 514
references (online)
Apache web server, 466
BIND, 595
cloud computing, 541
containers, 534
desktop environments, 50
DNS, 595
file sharing, 435
games, 89
HTTP servers, 482
LDAP, 585
multimedia applications, 77
network printers, 435
Nginx web server, 477
online references, 324
programming languages, 633–634
QA, 647
sets of servers, 545
shell scripts, 270
software management, 104
sound, 65
Squid, 577
system monitoring, 299
system resource management, 104
testing, 647
Ubuntu development, 643
user accounts, 224
virtualization, 529
VPN, 577
Wayland, 32
web server stacks, 441
X server, 40
regular expressions, 235
comparisons of expressions, 250–251
file operators, 253–254, 257–258
numeric comparisons, 252–253, 256–257
directories, 133
reinstalling
Ubuntu, 196
REISUB, polite system resets, 194–195
relational databases, 485
graphical database clients, 506
MySQL, 483
data locking, 492
inserting data into tables, 490
mysql command, 506
mysqladmin command, 506
mysqldump command, 506
MySQLGUI, 506
procedural languages, 494
retrieving data from tables, 490–492
root user passwords, 495
speed, 492
SQL subqueries, 494
stored procedures, 494
triggers, 494
PostgreSQL
configuring, 498
creating database users, 499–500
creating databases, 499
data locking, 492
deleting database users, 500
granting/revoking privileges, 500–501
initializing data directories, 498
pgAdmin, 506
procedural languages, 494
retrieving data from tables, 491
speed, 492
SQL subqueries, 494
stored procedures, 494
triggers, 494
inserting data into tables, 489–490
remote access
copying files between machines, 372–373
Guacamole, 377
remote computers, command line, logins, 108–109
rename command, 161
renaming files/folders, 161
repeat statements, 263
repeatedly running jobs, 229–231
repositories
software repositories, configuring, 15–17
Ubuntu repositories, compiling software, 101–102
Require directive (Apache web server), 452
rerunning previous commands, 196–197
resetting systems, polite system resets, 194–195
resources
assessing, backup strategies, 303–304
restoring
retrieving data from SQL tables, 490–492
revoking/granting privileges, PostgreSQL, 500–501
Rhythmbox music application, 66
Riak, 514
ripping audio, 71
RISC processors, 608
rmmod command, 406
root accounts, 110–111, 133–134
root prompt, dangers of working in, 15
root zones, 589
Rosegarden, 76
route command, 369
routers, 343
Runtime (Android), 608
runtime servers, Apache web server
DirectoryIndex directive, 449
DocumentRoot directive, 449
GID, 448
Group directive, 448
Listen directive, 447
ServerAdmin directive, 448
ServerRoot directive, 447
UID, 448
User directive, 448
UserDir directive, 449
Rust, 632
SaaS, 537
Samba, 424
/etc/samba/smb.conf files, 426–429
sharing
smbclient command, 430
smbd daemon, starting/stopping, 429–430
smbstatus command, 430
testing, 429
saving, files from nonbooting hard disks, 324
/sbin directory, 114
Scala, 632
scheduling
backups, full backups on a periodic basis, 306–307
priorities, 285
tasks, 226
automating tasks with scripts, 244–246
running jobs repeatedly, 229–231
waking computers from sleep, 231–233
screen images, capturing, 69
Screen section (xorg.conf files), 38–39
script kiddies, 380
scripting
autocracking scripts, 380
break statements, 269
Celtx, 59
comparisons of expressions, 250–251
file operators, 253–254, 257–258
numeric comparisons, 252–253, 256–257
confining to directories, 198–199
exit statements, 269
expr statements, 266
interpreting scripts through specific shells, 240–241
online references, 270
positional arguments, 242
positional parameters, 243
accessing/retrieving variables, 244
repeat statements, 263
select statements, 264
shift statements, 264
special shell characters
` special shell character, 250
' special shell character, 249
storing scripts for system-wide access, 240
strings with embedded spaces, resolving, 248–249
variables, 242
accessing values, 243
accessing/retrieving with positional parameters, 244
assigning values, 242
unexpanded variables, 249
Scylla, 514
SDK, 606
searches
DNS search orders, 355
security
access control, Apache web server, 452–455
autocracking scripts, 380
crackers, 380
hackers, 380
script kiddies, 380
viruses, 385
war driving, 383
worms, 380
authentication
checklist, 381
devices, 385
disaster recovery plans, 390–391
encrypted files, 318
iptables, 388
nftables, 388
genprof, 389
kernels, 379
nftables, 388
NIC, 385
MySQL root users, 495
system password policies, 212
Ubuntu installations, 10
user accounts, 202
proxy servers. See also Squid, 563–564
spoofing attacks, 593
viruses, 385
online references, 577
vulnerability assessments, 381–382
select statements, 264
SELinux, 388
semistructured data, 515
sequence, running commands in, 180–181
ServerAdmin directive (Apache web server), 448
ServerLayout section (xorg.conf files), 35
ServerName directive (Apache web server), 448–449
ServerRoot directive (Apache web server), 447
servers
Apache web server
file system authentication, 452–455
.htaccess configuration files, 450–452, 469
installing, 444
online references, 466
overview of, 444
threads, 468
DNS servers, 588, 589–590, 593–595
enterprise servers, monitoring, 298–299
FQDN, 580
HTTP servers
Caddy, 482
Jetty, 481
online references, 482
Tomcat, 482
Wildfly, 482
Yaws, 480
LDAP servers, configuring, 580
message block printing, 432–433
modules, 475
online references, 477
uninstalling, 470
proxy servers, defined. See also Squid, 563–564
runtime servers, Apache web server, 446–449
sets of servers, managing, 543
Ansible, 544
CFEngine, 545
Chef, 544
Juju, 545
Landscape, 545
online references, 545
installing, 564
online references, 577
specifying client IP addresses, 569–570
SSH server
copying files between machines, 372–373
ftp command, 372
sftp command, 373
VPN servers, configuring, 575–577
web servers
threads, 468
/usr directory, 33
display manager, 39
display managers, 33
online references, 40
starting, 39
server stacks, 437
LEMP, 439
MEAN, 437
online references, 441
services
boot process
controlling, 278
starting/stopping services, 275–278
Startup Applications Preferences, 278
/etc/services files, 351
microservice architectures, 531
units, listing, 276
session writing, DVD creation, 74
set group ID permissions (suid), 125–127
set user ID permissions (suid), 125–127
sets of servers, managing, 543
Ansible, 544
CFEngine, 545
Chef, 544
Juju, 545
Landscape, 545
online references, 545
shared data, /usr directory, 117
sharing
files/folders
online references, 435
home directories with Samba, 427–428
Ubuntu desktops, 424
shells. See also command line, 233
ash, 226
changing, 226
background processes, 237
pattern-matching, 235
piping commands, 237
dash, 226
expressions, 235
ksh, 226
Linux, 25
local bash shells, configuring, 640
pdcsh, 226
pdksh, comparisons of expressions, 250–255
scripting
` special shell character, 250
' special shell character, 249
break statements, 269
comparisons of expressions, 250–259
exit statements, 269
expr statements, 266
interpreting through specific shells, 240–241
online references, 270
positional arguments, 242
positional parameters, 243–244
repeat statements, 263
resolving strings with embedded spaces, 248–249
select statements, 264
shift statements, 264
special shell characters, 247–248
storing scripts for system-wide access, 240
until statements, 263
variables, 242–243, 244, 246–247, 249
zsh, 226
shift statements, 264
shortcuts, commands, 198
Shotcut, 77
Shotwell Photo Manager, 66, 71
Show Applications icon (GNOME), 43, 44
shred command, 155
shutting down
SignalFX, 299
similarities in files, finding, 170–171
simple backup strategies, 306
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 547
Simple Scan, 67
sleep, waking computers from, 231–233
small enterprises, backup strategies, 305
small offices, backup strategies, 305
smart gateways, 343
smbclient command, 430
smbd daemon, starting/stopping, 429
smbstatus command, 430
SnapCraft, 616
Snappy package manager, 103–104
Snappy Playpen, 616
snaps, Snappy package manager, 103–104
soft links. See symlinks
software
bundles, Snappy package manager, 103–104
compiling
from Ubuntu repositories, 101–102
DHCP software, installing/configuring, 358–359
free/open-source software, MS Office compatibility, 55
libraries, Android mobile development, 608
Linux distributions, included software, 24–25
management tools
configuration management, 102–104
online references, 104
Ubuntu Software, 91
open-source/free software, MS Office compatibility, 55
project management
repositories, configuring, 15–17
Snappy package manager, 103–104
Software Updater, 12–14, 94–95
sorting, file contents, 162–163
sound, 65
ALSA, 64
CD/DVD burning applications
Brasero, 71
Linux command line, CD creation, 72–73
Linux command line, DVD creation, 73–75
Ubuntu support, 71
converting files, 65
.flac files, 65
.mp3 files, 65
.mp4 files, 65
music applications, 65
Banshee, 66
Rhythmbox, 66
Sound Juicer, 66
online references, 65
OSS, 64
PulseAudio, 64
recording/editing, 76
Ardour, 76
Audacity, 76
Cecilia, 76
LMMS, 76
Mixxx, 76
Rosegarden, 76
recording/editing applications, sound, 76
ripping audio, 71
sox command, 65
.wav files, 65
Sound Juicer, 66
source, compiling software from, 100, 101–102
source tree (kernels), 403–405
sources (kernels), obtaining, 409–410
sox command, 65
spaces
embedded spaces, resolving strings with, 248–249
as special shell characters, 248
Spamassassin, 561
special characters
& operator, 173–174, 237, 247, 527
&& operators, combining commands, 180, 198
* special shell character, 247
special shell character, 249–250
` special shell character, 247, 250
[ ] special shell character, 248
[a, z] special shell character, 248
[a-z] special shell character, 248
[az] special shell character, 248
$, 235
$? built-in variable, 247
$ special shell character, 247
$# built-in variable, 246
$* built-in variable, 247
$0 built-in variable, 247
!= operator, 491
< special shell character, 247
<< operator, 236
<< special shell character, 248
> special shell character, 247
>> special shell character, 247
| (pipe) special shell character, 247
# special shell character, 247
? special shell character, 247
" special shell character, 248–249
' special shell character, 249
speed, relational databases, 492
Speed Dreams, 87
Splunk, 299
spoofing attacks, 593
!= operator, 491
MySQL, 483
data locking, 492
inserting data into tables, 490
mysql command, 506
mysqladmin command, 506
mysqldump command, 506
MySQLGUI, 506
procedural languages, 494
retrieving data from tables, 490–492
root user passwords, 495
speed, 492
SQL subqueries, 494
stored procedures, 494
triggers, 494
NoSQL databases, 485
PostgreSQL
configuring, 498
creating database users, 499–500
creating databases, 499
data locking, 492
deleting database users, 500
granting/revoking privileges, 500–501
initializing data directories, 498
pgAdmin, 506
procedural languages, 494
retrieving data from tables, 491
speed, 492
SQL subqueries, 494
stored procedures, 494
triggers, 494
subqueries, 494
tables
installing, 564
online references, 577
Squirrelmail, 561
SSH server
configuring, SSH server, 371–372
copying files between machines, 372–373
ftp command, 372
sftp command, 373
stacks, 437
LEMP, 439
MEAN, 437
online references, 441
standard input/output of commands, 169
starting/stopping
NFS, 422
VM, 526
Startup Applications Preferences, 278
statements
break statements, 269
exit statements, 269
expr statements, 266
repeat statements, 263
select statements, 264
shift statements, 264
until statements, 263
statistics, user usage, 212
Steam, 81
stereotypes, users, 205
sticky bit permissions, 126–127
stopping/starting
NFS, 422
VM, 526
storage
backups
cloud storage, 309
external hard drives, 308
NAS, 308
network storage, 308
tape drive backups, 309
disks, performance tuning, 394
drives, Ubuntu installations, 9
temporary file storage, /tmp directories, 117
stored procedures
MySQL, 494
relational databases, 494
strings
command substitution, 250
with embedded spaces, resolving, 248–249
input strings, searches, 151–152
subqueries (SQL), relational databases, 494
substitute user accounts, 217–218
substituting
commands, 250
processes, 181
Subversion, software project management, 612–613
sudo command, 14–15, 110–111, 134–136, 219–222, 224
sudoers command, 114
super user accounts, 109–111, 133–134, 202–203, 217–218
support, Ubuntu online references, 22
.svg files, 68
switches, 342
symbolic debugging, 603
symbols. See also wildcard characters
& operator, 237
background processes, running, 173–174
special shell character, 247
VirtualBox commands, 527
&& operators, combining commands, 180, 198
* special shell character, 247
special shell character, 249–250
` special shell character, 247, 250
[ ] special shell character, 248
[a, z] special shell character, 248
[a-z] special shell character, 248
[az] special shell character, 248
$, 235
$? built-in variable, 247
$ special shell character, 247
$# built-in variable, 246
$* built-in variable, 247
$0 built-in variable, 247
!= operator, 491
< special shell character, 247
<< operator, 236
<< special shell character, 248
> special shell character, 247
>> special shell character, 247
| (pipe) special shell character, 247
# special shell character, 247
? special shell character, 247
" special shell character, 248–249
' special shell character, 249
synchronizing, filesystems, 396
Sysadmin, DevOps versus, 535–536
sysrq.txt files, 404
System Monitor, 292
system resource management
APT, 95
compiling software
from Ubuntu repositories, 101–102
configuration management, 102
Snappy package manager, 103–104
Ubuntu Core, 103
online references, 104
Ubuntu Software, 91
system settings, Ubuntu settings, configuring, 17–18
systemd command, 275, 277–278, 532
service-related commands, 276–277
state-related commands, 276
systems
administration privileges, 217
management tools, 292
gnome-nettool, 297
System Monitor, 292
vncviewer, 297
Wireshark, 298
monitoring
console-based monitoring, 281–283
disk quotas, 287
displaying free hard disk space, 286–287
displaying used memory, 286
graphical process tools, 292–298
KDE monitoring tools, 298
online references, 299
priority scheduling, 285
system management tools, 292–298
System Monitor, 292
password policies, 212
rescue, 323
restoring GRUB2 boot loaders, 323–324
saving files from nonbooting hard disks, 324
Ubuntu Rescue disc, 323
storing shell scripts for system-wide access, 240
tables (SQL)
tape drive backups, 309
compressed files, 318
encrypted files, 318
restoring files from archives, 311–312
tarballs, compiling software from, 100–101
tasks, scheduling, 226
automating tasks with scripts, 244–246
running jobs repeatedly, 229–231
waking computers from sleep, 231–233
tcpdump command, 385
TCP/IP networking, 330
tcsh, comparisons of expressions, 226, 255
logical operators, 259
temporary file storage, /tmp directories, 117
terminals. See also command line
multiple terminal operation, byobu, 192–193
testing
online references, 647
Samba, 429
Ubuntu
Ubuntu Testing Teams, 646
testparm command, 429
TeX documents
Kile, 61
LaTeX, 60
LyX, 60
Texmaker, 60
Texmaker, 60
text
gedit, 186
kate, 186
kedit, 186
vim, 185
text-based logins, command line, 107–108
threads, 468
thumb drives, Ubuntu installations, 3, 6–11
Thunderbird, LDAP client configuration, 584
.tif files, 68
time warps, 212
time/date settings
date command, 19
/tmp directories, 117
Token Ring networking, 339
Tomcat, 482
Totem Movie Player, 76
traceroute command, checking Internet connections, 329
traceroute6 command, checking Internet connections, 329
triggers, relational databases, 494
troubleshooting
bugs
Bug Squad, 647
networks, connections, 342
runlevels, 278
Ubuntu
post-configuration problems, 21–22
TXT records, 593
type name command, 160
Ubuntu, 27
Android mobile development, 607
Android Runtime, 608
Android Studio, 609
Application Framework, 608–609
applications, 609
ARM processors, 608
Google Play, 607
Linux kernels, 608
RISC processors, 608
bash, 226
bootups, troubleshooting, 195–196
Budgie, 49
C programming
gdb command, 603
gprof command, 603
symbolic debugging, 603
tracking function time, 603
C++ programming
gdb command, 603
gprof command, 603
symbolic debugging, 603
tracking function time, 603
CD/DVD burning applications, 71
Chaos Engineering, 614
cloud computing, 535
AWS, 539
Azure, 539
considerations for using, 538
Google Cloud, 539
IaaS, 537
install instructions, 536
Landscape, 541
MaaS, 537
Mojo, 541
PaaS, 537
private clouds, 540
SaaS, 537
Ubuntu Cloud, 536
VM, 536
configuring
troubleshooting post-configuration problems, 21–22
wireless networks, 20
database commands, 506
desktop environments, changing, 39
desktops, sharing, 424
development
Bazaar, 639
local bash shells, 640
online references, 643
pbuilder, 638
digital cameras, 70
distributions, versions of, 27
dual-boot systems, 6
DVD/CD burning applications, 71
finding files/folders, 12
graphical development tools, 605
Eclipse, 606
Glade, 607
NetBeans, 606
Oracle JDeveloper, 606
SDK, 606
Visual Studio Code, 606
home applications, 28
installing, 196
backups, 7
downloading updates during installation, 8
dual-boot systems, 6
erasing hard disks during installation, 9
Mac hardware compatibility, 3
password creation, 10
researching hardware specifications, 2–16
storage drives, 9
UEFI, 6
USB thumb drive installations, 3, 6–11
Java programming, 604
JVM, 604
Kylin, 50
networks, 330
connectivity commands, 369
ports, 421
Nginx web server installations, 469
online references, 22
passwords, 10
power management, configuring, 18–19
researching hardware specifications, 2–16
printers, configuring, 18
proxy servers. See Squid
QA
Bug Squad, 647
reinstalling, 196
repositories, compiling software, 101–102
root prompt, dangers of working in, 15
scanners, 67
SnapCraft, 616
Snappy Playpen, 616
software project management
software repositories, configuring, 15–17
storage drives, Ubuntu installations, 9
system settings, configuring, 17–18
testing
Ubuntu Testing Teams, 646
troubleshooting, post-configuration problems, 21–22
Ubuntu Make, 615
Ubuntu Rescue disc, 323
updating
first updates, 11
during installation, 8
user account management, 223–224
version control systems, 609–610
web resources, 22
window managers, changing, 39
wireless networks, 20, 361–363
display manager, 39
display managers, 33
online references, 40
starting, 39
/usr directory, 33
Ubuntu Budgie, 49
Ubuntu Core, 103
Ubuntu Kylin, 50
Ubuntu Software, 91
Ubuntu Testing Teams, 646
ubuntu-restricted-extras, 76
UEFI
Ubuntu installations, 6
ufw command, 369
unexpanded variables, maintaining, 249
unicast addressing, 338
uninstalling Nginx web server, 470
Unison, 315
units (services), listing, 276
UNIX
backup levels, 306
CUPS GUI, network printers, 431–434
UnQL, 511
until statements, 263
updating
Ubuntu
first updates, 11
installations, downloading updates during installation, 8
uplink ports, 342
uptime command, 286
usage statistics, user accounts, 212
USB
digital cameras, 70
thumb drives, Ubuntu installations, 3, 6–11
used memory, displaying, 286
user accounts, 201–202, 204, 207
administration privileges, 217
BOFH, 205
deleting, 137
disk quotas, managing, 222–223
file permissions, 204
GID, 204
group management, 205
finding groups, 206
locking users out of accounts, 209
lusers, 205
monitoring user activity, 211–212
online references, 224
system password policies, 212
stereotypes, 205
substitute user accounts, 217–218
super user accounts, 109–111, 133–134, 202–203, 217–218
UID, 204
usernames, 211
User directive (Apache web server), 448
user directories, 115
user variables, 242
useradd -D command, 208
useradd -G command, 207
UserDir directive (Apache web server), 449
usermod -G command, 207
users, productivity suites, 56
/usr directory
shared data, 117
X server, 33
UTP cabling, 341
Vala, 633
values, assigning to variables, 242
/var directory, 117
variable data files, /var directory, 117
variables
built-in variables, 242, 246–247
environment variables, 182–185, 242
shell scripts, 242
accessing values, 243
accessing/retrieving variables, 244
assigning values, 242
resolving strings with embedded spaces, 248–249
unexpanded variables, maintaining, 249
user variables, 242
VBA, LibreOffice and Office compatibility, 55
version control
video
.avi files, 75
dvd+rw-tools, 74
DVD/CD burning applications
Brasero, 71
Linux command line, CD creation, 72–73
Linux command line, DVD creation, 73–75
Ubuntu support, 71
Avidemux, 77
Blender, 77
Cinelerra, 77
DaVinci Resolve, 77
Kdenlive, 77
Lightworks, 77
OpenShot Video Editor, 77
PiTiVi, 77
Shotcut, 77
.flv files, 75
.mov files, 75
.mpeg files, 75
.ogv/.ogg files, 75
.qt files, 75
Totem Movie Player, 76
ubuntu-restricted-extras, 76
video drivers (proprietary), installing, 80–81
viewing
in Linux, 76
video formats, 75
VLC, 76
.webm files, 75
viewing
command history, 197
default file permissions, 124–125
video
in Linux, 76
video formats, 75
vim text editor, 185
vimtutor command, 188
virt-clone, 526
virtual hosting
online references, 529
connections, 526
copying, 526
starting, 526
stopping, 526
virt-clone, 526
vmbuilder, 525
VMware, 528
Xen, 528
virus scanners, email, 562
viruses, 385
Visual Studio Code, 606
VLC, 76
connections, 526
copying, 526
starting, 526
stopping, 526
virt-clone, 526
vmbuilder, 525
vmstat command, 286
VMware, 528
vncviewer, 297
configuring
servers, online references, 577
vulnerability assessments, 381–382
waking computers from sleep, 231–233
war driving, 383
Warsow, 82
.wav files, 65
Wayland, 32
web browsers
database access, 503
online references, 54
.webm files, 75
web resources
Apache web server, 466
backups, 324
BIND, 595
cloud computing, 541
containers, 534
desktop environments, 50
DNS, 595
file sharing, 435
games, 89
HTTP servers, 482
LDAP, 585
multimedia applications, 77
network printers, 435
Nginx web server, 477
programming languages, 633–634
QA, 647
sets of servers, 545
shell scripts, 270
software management, 104
sound, 65
Squid, 577
system monitoring, 299
system resource management, 104
testing, 647
Ubuntu development, 643
user accounts, 224
virtualization, 529
VPN, 577
Wayland, 32
web server stacks, 441
X server, 40
web server stacks, 437
LEMP, 439
MEAN, 437
online references, 441
web servers
Apache web server
file system authentication, 452–455
.htaccess configuration files, 450–452, 469
installing, 444
online references, 466
overview of, 444
threads, 468
modules, 475
online references, 477
uninstalling, 470
threads, 468
wget command, 164
whatis command, 160
which command, 164
wide column stores, 517
widgets, 42
wildcard characters. See also symbols
commands and, 235
directories, 133
Wildfly, 482
window managers
changing, 39
Windows
CrossOver Office, 61
dual-boot systems, 6
productivity applications, 61
Wine, 61
Wine, 61
wireless networks, 361
configuring, 20
interfaces, 340
selecting protocols, 363
worms, 380
writing, shell scripts, 237–239
WYGIWYW, 60
WYSIWYG, 60
display manager, 39
display managers, 33
online references, 40
starting, 39
/usr directory, 33
Module section, 36
Monitor section, 37
ServerLayout section, 35
Xara Xtreme, 70
xDSL Internet access, 365
Xen, 528
Xfce, 46
XML, 59
gedit, 59
XML Copy Editor, 60
XML Copy Editor, 60
X.Org, 33
Module section, 36
Monitor section, 37
ServerLayout section, 35
xz command, 192
YAML, /etc/netplan/*.yaml files, 353–355
Yaws, 480
Zabbix, 299
zsh, 226
18.222.32.67