Your local college has given you a text file that contains data about which courses are taught in which rooms. Here is part of the file. The first column is the course ID number. The second column is the course name, and the third column is the room number.

64850,ENGL 033,RF141
64851,ENGL 080,SC103
64853,ENGL 102,C101B

Your job in this étude is to read the file and create a HashDict whose key is the room number and whose value is a list of all the courses taught in that room.

iex(1)> {result, device} = File.open("courses.csv", [:read, :utf8])
{:ok,#PID<0.39.0>}
iex(2)> data = IO.readline(device)
"64850,ENGL 033,RF141
"
iex(3)> File.close(device)
:ok

iex(1)> c("college.ex")
[College]
iex(2)> College.make_room_list("courses.csv")
#HashDict<[{"RF241",["CIT 050","CIT 042","CIT 020","PSYCH 018"]},
{"RE311",["PSYCH 092","HIST 010A"]},
{"AD211",["MATH 061","CHEM 030B","CHEM 030A","CHEM 001B",
"CHEM 001A"]},
{"RF234",["COMSC 076","CIT 010","BIS 107","ACCTG 030"]},
{"RE301",["BUS 009","LA 050","ESL 346"]},
{"C104",["MATH 311"]},...}

In this étude, you will read a CSV (comma-separated values) file with information about countries and cities, Lines with two entries give a country name and its primary language; lines with four entries give a city name, its population, its latitude, and its longitude. Here is some sample data, in file code/ch07-02/geography.csv:

Germany,German
Hamburg,1739117,53.57532,10.01534
Frankfurt am Main,650000,50.11552,8.68417
Dresden,486854,51.05089,13.73832
Spain,Spanish
Madrid,3255944,40.4165,-3.70256
Granada,234325,37.18817,-3.60667
Barcelona,1621537,41.38879,2.15899
South Korea,Korean
Seoul,10349312,37.56826,126.97783
Busan,3678555,35.10278,129.04028
Daegu,2566540,35.87028,128.59111
Peru,Spanish
Lima,7737002,-12.04318,-77.02824
Cusco,312140,-13.52264,-71.96734
Arequipa,841130,-16.39889,-71.535

Define two structures. The first one, Country has fields for the country name, its language, and a list of cities in that country. Each of the cities is represented by a City structure, which has fields for the city name, population, latitude, and longitude. This is something new: a structure that has structures in it

Then, define a module named Geography. It has a function make_geo_list/1, whose argument is the name of the CSV file. It returns a list of Country structures and their cities, as shown here:

iex(1)> c "geography.ex"
[Geography, Country, City]
iex(2)> Geography.make_geo_list("geography.csv")
[%Country{cities: [%City{latitude: -16.39889, longitude: -71.535,
    name: "Arequipa", population: 841130},
   %City{latitude: -12.04318, longitude: -77.02824, name: "Lima",
    population: 7737002}], language: "Spanish", name: "Peru"},
 %Country{cities: [%City{latitude: 35.87028, longitude: 128.59111,
    name: "Daegu", population: 2566540},
   %City{latitude: 37.56826, longitude: 126.97783, name: "Seoul",
    population: 10349312}], language: "Korean", name: "South Korea"},
 %Country{cities: [%City{latitude: 41.38879, longitude: 2.15899,
    name: "Barcelona", population: 1621537},
   %City{latitude: 40.4165, longitude: -3.70256, name: "Madrid",
    population: 3255944}], language: "Spanish", name: "Spain"},
 %Country{cities: [%City{latitude: 51.05089, longitude: 13.73832,
    name: "Dresden", population: 486854},
   %City{latitude: 53.57532, longitude: 10.01534, name: "Hamburg",
    population: 1739117}], language: "German", name: "Germany"}]

See a suggested solution in Appendix A.

Add a function total_population/2 to the Geography module. The first argument will be a list as constructed by make_geo_list/1, and the second argument is a string giving the name of a language. The function returns the total population of all the cities in countries whose primary language is the one you specified. Here is what it looks like:

iex(1)> glist = Geography.make_geo_list("geography.csv")
[%Country{cities: [%City{latitude: -16.39889, longitude: -71.535,
    name: "Arequipa", population: 841130},
   %City{latitude: -12.04318, longitude: -77.02824, name: "Lima",
    population: 7737002}], language: "Spanish", name: "Peru"},
 %Country{cities: [%City{latitude: 35.87028, longitude: 128.59111,
    name: "Daegu", population: 2566540},
   %City{latitude: 37.56826, longitude: 126.97783, name: "Seoul",
    population: 10349312}], language: "Korean", name: "South Korea"},
 %Country{cities: [%City{latitude: 41.38879, longitude: 2.15899,
    name: "Barcelona", population: 1621537},
   %City{latitude: 40.4165, longitude: -3.70256, name: "Madrid",
    population: 3255944}], language: "Spanish", name: "Spain"},
 %Country{cities: [%City{latitude: 51.05089, longitude: 13.73832,
    name: "Dresden", population: 486854},
   %City{latitude: 53.57532, longitude: 10.01534, name: "Hamburg",
    population: 1739117}], language: "German", name: "Germany"}]
iex(2)> Geography.total_population(glist, "Korean")
12915852

See a suggested solution in Appendix A.

Add a new protocol to check to see if a City is valid. To be valid, the population must be greater than or equal to zero, the latitude must be between -90 and 90 (inclusive), and the longitude between -180 and 180 (inclusive). Your protocol will implement the valid?/1 function.

defprotocol Valid do
  @doc "Returns true if data is considered valid"
  def valid?(data)
end

Then, add an implementation of inspect for a City that will display it in a more appealing form of your choice. The result might look something like this:

iex(1)> c "geography.ex"
[Geography, Country, Inspect.City, Valid.City, City, Valid]
iex(2)> good = %City{name: "Hamburg", population: 1739117, latitude: 53.57532,
...(2)>   longitude: 10.01534}
Hamburg (1739117) 53.58°N 10.02°E
iex(3)> Valid.valid?(good)
true
iex(4)> bad = %City{name: "Nowhere", population: -1000,
...(4)>   latitude: 37.1234, longitude: -12.457}
Nowhere (-1000) 37.12°N 12.46°W
iex(5)> Valid.valid?(bad)
false
iex(6)> bad2 = %City{name: "Impossible", population: 1000,
...(6)>   latitude: 135.0, longitude: 175}
Impossible (1000) 135.0°N 175.0°E
iex(7)> Valid.valid?(bad2)
false

Notice that I decided to round the latitude and longitude to two digits. If you decide to do this and you use Kernel.round/2, remember that its first argument must be of type float. In order to allow people to use integers for latitude and longitude, I simply multiplied them by 1.0, which converted them to the correct type.

See a suggested solution in Appendix A.