Voting in any government is a key function and allows citizens to participate in the democratic election process. While voting has evolved into a much more mature and secure process, it still has limitations that need to be addressed to achieve a desired level of maturity. Usually, the limitations in current voting systems revolve around fraud, weaknesses in operational processes, and especially transparency. Over the years, secure voting mechanisms (machines) have been built which make use of specialized voting machines that promised security and privacy, but they still had vulnerabilities that could be exploited to subvert the security mechanisms of those machines. These vulnerabilities can lead to serious implications for the whole voting process and can result in mistrust in the government by the public.

Blockchain-based voting systems can resolve these issues by introducing end-to-end security and transparency in the process. Security is provided in the form of integrity and authenticity of votes by using public key cryptography which comes as standard in a blockchain. Moreover, immutability guaranteed by blockchain ensures that votes cast once cannot be cast again. This can be achieved through a combination of biometric features and a smart contract maintaining a list of votes already cast. For example, a smart contract can maintain a list of already casted votes with the biometric ID (for example a fingerprint) and can use that to detect and prevent double casting. Secondly, Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) can also be used on the blockchain to protect voters' privacy on the blockchain.