Chapter 1
1. Monette, Sullivan, and DeJong (1998, pp. 22–24).
2. Jann and Hinz (2016, p. 105).
3. Deutscher (1973, p. 12).
4. Riley (1963, p. 184).
5. Liebow (1967).
6. Liebow (1967, p. 137).
7. Liebow (1967, p. 140).
8. Liebow (1967, pp. 144–45).
9. Liebow (1967, p. 145).
10. Liebow (1967, p. 145).
11. Deutscher (1973, pp. 13–22).
12. LaPiere (2010, p. 9). We cited the most recent reprint of this article. The original article appeared in 1934 in Social Forces. See LaPiere (1934).
13. LaPiere (2010, p. 9).
14. Schuman (2008, pp. 132–36).
15. Schuman (2008, p. 132).
16. Schuman (2008, p. 133).
17. Schuman (2008, p. 136).
18. Schuman (2008, p. 136).
19. Singer, Van Hoewyk, and Neugebauer (2003, p. 368).
20. Singer, Van Hoewyk, and Neugebauer (2003, p. 379).
21. Webb et al. (1981, p. 35).
22. Whyte (1975).
23. Whyte (1975, p. 375).
24. Whyte (1975, p. 390).
25. Gorden (1987, p. 63).
26. Gorden (1987, p. 64).
27. Gorden (1987, p. 64).
28. Bradburn (2016, pp. 95–96).
29. Bradburn (2016, p. 96).
30. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, p. 3).
31. de Leeuw (2005, p. 233).
32. de Leeuw (2005, p. 233).
33. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014, p. 10). For other histories of surveys, see Wright and Marsden (2010) and Joye et al. (2016, pp. 6–8).
34. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, pp. 4–6).
35. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, p. 5).
36. Tourangeau and Plewes (2013, p. 24).
37. Babbie (2016, pp. 185–85); Bradburn and Sudman (1988, pp. 19, 22).
38. Babbie (2016, pp. 185–86); Bradburn and Sudman (1988, pp. 28–30).
39. Riley (1963).
40. Babbie (2016).
41. Miller and Salkind (2002).
42. Deutscher (1973).
43. This article was reprinted in 2010. See LaPiere (2010). The original article appeared in Social Forces in 1934. See LaPiere (1934).
44. Whyte (1943).
45. Whyte (1975).
46. Gorden (1987).
47. Bradburn (2016).
48. Webb et al. (1981).
Chapter 2
1. Research focusing on the relationship between religiosity and substance use is extensive and has been summarized by Geppert et al. (Geppert, Bogenschutz, and Miller 2007).
2. Frankel and Lester (1987).
3. Neyman (1934).
4. Terhanian et al. (2016, p. 14).
5. Terhanian et al. (2016)
6. Baker et al. (2013).
7. Tippett (1927).
8. Sudman (1983, p. 165).
9. Such research dealing with the confidentiality of healthcare data and patient privacy is strictly regulated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which covers privacy, security, and notification rules for patient health information, including medical records. See the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website (2018).
10. See, for example, Earl Babbie’s classic text The Practice of Social Research (2016).
11. Fowler (2014).
12. Fink (1995, p. 44).
13. Pew Research Center (2012).
14. Brick (2011).
15. Baker et al. (2013, p. 91).
16. Berman (2013).
17. Hartford (2014).
18. Babbie (2016).
19. Frankel (1983).
20. Sudman (1983).
21. Stat Trek (2014).
22. Daniel (2012).
23. Baker et al. (2013).
24. Engel (2015).
Chapter 3
1. Weisberg (2005, p. 18).
2. Weisberg (2005, pp. 22–23).
3. For those who like history, Weisberg (2005, p. 13) notes that the term “total survey error” “first appeared in a book title involving health surveys” written by Anderson, Kasper, and Frankel (1979).
4. Biemer (2010, p. 817). See also Biemer et al. (2017).
5. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014); Salant and Dillman (1994); Weisberg (2005).
6. Weisberg (2005, p. 19) also considers comparability effects, which he defines as “the differences between survey results obtained by different survey organizations or in different nations or at different points in time.” We are not going to consider comparability effects in this book.
7. Babbie (2016, pp. 209–10).
8. Babbie (2016, p. 193).
9. Babbie (2016, p. 193).
10. Random-digit dialing is more complicated, but this captures the essence of the approach. For a more detailed description of random-digit dialing, see Pew Research Center (2012).
11. Roth, Han, and Montaquila (2013, p. 1).
12. McNabb (2014, pp. 92–94).
13. See Valliant, Mercer, and Hicks (2014) for some interesting examples of address-based sampling.
14. Marsden (2012, pp. 370–71).
15. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014, pp. 72–74).
16. Lists of the population are not always available. You may have to construct the list or use creative solutions such as this one suggested by Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, p. 52).
17. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014, p. 24).
18. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, p. 22).
19. Singer (2016, p. 473).
20. Groves et al. (2004, pp. 176–77).
21. Tourangeau and Plewes (2013, p. 24).
22. See Tourangeau and Plewes (2013, pp. 9–12) for various ways of calculating response rate suggested by the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR). APPOR defines response rate as “the number of complete interviews with reporting units divided by the number of eligible reporting units in the sample” (2011).
23. de Leeuw (2008, p. 128). See also Williams and Brick (2018).
24. Amaya and Presser (2017, p. 1).
25. Peytchev, Peytcheva, and Groves (2010, p. 319).
26. Tourangeau, Groves, and Redline (2010, p. 429).
27. Holmes and Schmitz (1996, p. 231).
28. Holmes and Schmitz (1996, p. 231).
29. Groves, Cialdini, and Couper (1992, pp. 477–79).
30. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014).
31. Cialdini (2001).
32. Groves, Cialdini, and Couper (1992, p. 480).
33. Groves, Cialdini, and Couper (1992, p. 482).
34. Groves, Cialdini, and Couper (1992, p. 483).
35. See, for example, Groves, Singer, and Corning (2000); Petrolia and Bhattacharjee (2009); Porter (2004); Mercer et al. (2015); Pforr et al. (2015); Stahli and Joye (2016).
36. See Petrolia and Bhattacharjee (2009); Singer, Van Hoewyk, and Maher (2000); Tourangeau and Plewes (2013); Mercer et al. (2015); Stahli and Joye (2016).
37. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014, p. 272). See also Dillman (2000).
38. Weisberg (2005, p. 18).
39. Weisberg (2005, p. 19).
40. Schuman and Presser (1981, pp. 276–78). See also Schuman (2008, pp. 110–12).
41. Schuman (2002, pp. 44–45).
42. Bickart, Phillips, and Blair (2006, p. 170).
43. Bickart, Phillips, and Blair (2006, p. 171).
44. Smith (1987, p. 75).
45. Huber and Paris (2013, p. 386).
46. Schuldt, Konrath, and Schwarz (2011, p. 115).
47. Whitmarsh (2009, p. 410). Human causes include “pollution, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, CFCs, fossil fuel consumption, cars/traffic fumes, and overuse or misuse of earth’s resources.”
48. Schuman (2002, pp. 43–45).
49. Singer and Couper (2014, p. 751).
50. Box-Steffensmeier, Jacobson, and Grant (2000, p. 260).
51. Box-Steffensmeier, Jacobson, and Grant (2000, p. 261).
52. Box-Steffensmeier, Jacobson, and Grant (2000, p. 265).
53. Box-Steffensmeier, Jacobson, and Grant (2000, pp. 268–69).
54. Moore (2002, p. 82).
55. Moore (2002, p. 83).
56. Moore (2002, p. 83).
57. Moore (2002, p. 84).
58. Moore (2002, pp. 83–84).
59. See also Schuman (2008) for a discussion of order effects.
60. Cannell, Miller, and Oksenberg (1981).
61. Krosnick (2000, p. 6).
62. See Krosnick (2000) for an excellent discussion of various forms of satisficing.
63. Galesic et al. (2008, p. 892).
64. Galesic et al. (2008, p. 892).
65. Holbrook et al. (2014).
66. Krosnick (1991, p. 221).
67. Heerwegh and Loosveldt (2008).
68. Holbrook, Green, and Krosnick (2003).
69. Krosnick et al. (2002, p. 396).
70. Duff et al. (2007).
71. Streb et al. (2008, p. 78).
72. Kreuter, Presser, and Tourangeau (2008, p. 859).
73. Tourangeau and Yan (2007, p. 859).
74. Egan (2010); Lax, Phillips, and Stollwerk (2016).
75. Schuman and Converse (1971).
76. Hatchett and Schuman (1975, p. 525).
77. Anderson, Silver, and Abramson (1988, pp. 53–54).
78. Finkel, Guterbock, and Borg (1991, p. 326). See also Stout and Kline (2015).
79. Davis and Silver (2003, p. 40).
80. Kane and Macaulay (1993, p. 1).
81. Johnson and Parsons (1994, p. 90).
82. Pollner (1998).
83. See Anderson, Silver, and Abramson (1988, p. 54).
84. See Jann and Hinz (2016) for a brief introduction to survey experiments and Murtz (2013) for a longer treatment of such experiments.
85. Bishop (1992).
86. Schuman (2008, pp. 81–88).
87. Schuman (2002, pp. 43–45).
88. Duff et al. (2007, p. 67).
89. Streb et al. (2008, p. 80).
90. Streb et al. (2008, p. 81).
91. Ye, Fulton, and Tourangeau (2011, p. 349).
92. Holbrook, Green, and Krosnick (2003).
93. Preisendorfer and Wolter (2014).
94. McDonald and Thornburg (2012).
95. Currivan et al. (2004, p. 559).
96. Heerwegh and Loosveldt (2008).
97. Ha and Soulakova (2018).
98. Rosen et al. (2014, p. 2).
99. Rosen et al. (2014, p. 2). Rosen et al. discuss how they targeted low-propensity individuals in their sample.
100. Weisberg (2005).
101. Dillman (1978, 2000); Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, 2014).
102. Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero (2018).
103. Chaffe-Stengel and Stengel (2011).
104. Babbie (2016).
105. Kish (1967).
106. Biemer et al. (2017).
Chapter 4
1. Alreck and Settle (2004, p. 1).
2. U.S. Census Bureau (2018a).
3. Alreck and Settle (2004).
4. Callegaro et al. (2014), chapt. 5.2.
5. Revilla (2017).
6. Brace (2013, p. 200).
7. Brace, Nancarrow, and McCloskey (1999).
8. Insights Association (2018). The Insights Association was founded in 2017 with the merger of CASRO, a trade association, and MRA, a professional society.
9. AAPOR (2018b).
10. Snijkers, Haraldsen, and Jones (2013, p. 128).
11. Snijkers, Haraldsen, and Jones (2013).
12. Alreck and Settle (2004, p. 39).
13. Kennedy, Tarnai, and Wolf (2010, p. 575).
14. Over the years Don Dillman has conducted extensive research on the factors that impact survey response rates, including considerable focus on the use of incentives to improve participation rates. Certain types of monetary and nonmonetary incentives consistently improve the participation rates (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2009).
15. Evans and Mathur (2005).
16. Cho, Johnson, and Vangeest (2013).
17. Hague, Hague, and Morgan (2013, pp. 47–56).
18. Snijkers, Haraldsen, and Jones (2013).
19. Alreck and Settle (2004).
20. Brace (2013).
21. Oldendick (2012).
22. Hundepool et al. (2012).
23. AAPOR (2018a).
Chapter 5
1. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, pp. 2–10).
2. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, p. 6).
3. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, p. 6).
4. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, pp. 7–8).
5. See Tourangeau et al. (2017).
6. Tourangeau and Plewes (2013, pp. 68–69).
7. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, p. 11).
8. Schaeffer and Presser (2003, p. 69).
9. Richardson, Dohrenwend, and Klein (1965).
10. Richardson, Dohrenwend, and Klein (1965, p. 45).
11. Schaeffer and Presser (2003, p. 72).
12. Beatty (1995) has an excellent history of what he calls the “standardized/non-standardized interviewing controversy.” He cites Paul Lazarsfeld’s (1944) article as a classic attempt to mediate between these two positions.
13. Gwartney (2007, pp. 188–203).
14. Conrad and Schober (2000, p. 4).
15. Conrad and Schober (2000, p. 1).
16. Conrad and Schober (2000, p. 7).
17. Conrad and Schober (2000, p. 7).
18. Conrad and Schober (2000, p. 9).
19. Conrad and Schober (2000, p. 17).
20. Conrad and Schober (2000, p. 18).
21. Conrad and Schober (2000, p. 12).
22. Dillman (1978).
23. Dillman (1978, p. 12).
24. Dillman (2000); Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, 2014).
25. U.S. Census Bureau (2018b).
26. Pew Research Center (2016).
27. Pew Research Center (2016).
28. Nilson and Cossman (2014, p. 1).
29. Pew Research Center (2016).
30. QSR International (2018).
31. See Internet World Stats (2018); Mohorko, de Leeuw, and Hox (2011); Mohorko, de Leeuw, and Hox (2013).
32. Couper (2008, p. 86); Couper et al. (2007, pp. 143–46).
33. Mohorko, de Leeuw, and Hox (2011, p. 10); Mohorko, de Leeuw, and Hox (2013, p. 618).
34. Al Bagdal and Lynn (2015, p. 568).
35. Alreck and Settle (2004, p. 185).
36. See Lind et al. (2013); Currivan et al. (2004).
37. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009, pp. 300–302)
38. See Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014, pp. 400–403) for a further discussion of these reasons.
39. Dillman and Edwards (2016, pp. 259–60).
40. Worthy and Mayclin (2013, p. 2).
41. Worthy and Mayclin (2013, p. 2).
42. Worthy and Mayclin (2013, p. 2).
43. Worthy and Mayclin (2013, p. 3).
44. Worthy and Mayclin (2013, pp. 3–5).
45. Worthy and Mayclin (2013, p. 4).
46. U.S. Census Bureau (2018c).
47. Groves et al. (2004, pp. 241–53). See also Schaeffer and Presser (2003, pp. 67–68).
48. Schuman (2008, p. 63).
49. Schuman (2008, p. 65).
50. Schuman (2008, pp. 65–73).
51. Schuman (2008, pp. 81–88).
52. Bishop (1992).
53. Richardson, Dohrenwend, and Klein (1965).
54. Gorden (1987).
55. Gorden (1992).
56. Dillman (1978).
57. Dillman (2000).
58. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2009).
59. Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014).
60. Gwartney (2007).
61. Couper (2008).
62. Groves et al. (2004).
63. Schuman (2008).