Contents

About the Author

Introduction

image Chapter 1: Starting Linux Command-Line Administration

Linux Distributions

Linux History

Open Source

The First Distributions

Linux Turning Mainstream

Logging In and Out

Different Login Interfaces

Working with a User Account

Command-Line Basics

Bash: The Command Interpreter

Commands, Options, and Arguments

Piping and Redirection

Piping

Redirection

Getting Help

Using man to Get Help

Using the --help Option

Getting Information on Installed Packages

Working with the Shell

Using the Shell to Best Effect

Managing Bash with Key Sequences

Summary

image Chapter 2: Performing Essential Command Line tasks

Changing Your Password

Working with Virtual Consoles

Becoming Another User

Obtaining Information About Other Users

Communicating with Other Users

Real-Time Communication

Sending Mail from the Command Line

Finding Your Way in the File System

Default Directories

Working with the Linux File System

Working with Directories

Working with Files

Cool Commands

Displaying a Calendar with cal

Clearing Your Screen with clear

Displaying System Information with uname and hostname

Counting Words, Lines, and Characters with wc

Changing and Showing Date and Time with date

Summary

image Chapter 3: Administering the Linux File System

Mounting Disks

Using the mount Command

Unmounting Devices

Automating Mounts with /etc/fstab

Checking File System Integrity

Creating Backups

Making File Backups with tar

Making Device Backups Using dd

Working with Links

Why Use Links?

Working with Symbolic Links

Working with Hard Links

Links Recap

Summary

image Chapter 4: Working with Text Files

Working with Vi

Vi Modes

Saving and Quitting

Cutting, Copying, and Pasting

Deleting Text

Moving Through Text Files

Changing All Occurrences of a String in a Text File

Vi Summarized

Displaying Contents of Text Files

Showing File Contents with cat and tac

Showing a File’s Last Lines with tail

Displaying the First Lines in a File with head

Browsing File Contents with less and more

Cool Text File Manipulation Tools

Changing Contents in a Batch with tr

Sorting Text Files with sort

Finding Differences Between Text Files with diff

Checking Whether a Line Exists Twice with uniq

Getting Specific Information with cut

Advanced Text File Filtering and Processing

Working with Basic Regular Expressions

Working with Programmable Filters

Printing Files

Managing CUPS Print Queues

Finding Files

Summary

image Chapter 5: Managing Partitions and Logical Volumes

Addressing Storage Devices

File System Labels

udev Device Names

Working with UUID

Creating Partitions

Understanding Partitions

Understanding MBR and GPT Disks

Creating MBR Partitions

Managing Partitions with fdisk

Creating Partitions

Creating GPT Partitions with gdisk

Working with cfdisk

Recovering Lost Partitions with gpart

Creating Logical Volumes

Understanding Logical Volumes

Setting Up a Disk with Logical Volume Manager

Creating Physical Volumes

Creating Volume Groups

Creating Logical Volumes

Working with Snapshots

Basic LVM Troubleshooting

Working with File Systems

Understanding File Systems

About Superblocks, Inode Bitmaps, and Block Bitmaps

Journaling

Indexing

Btrfs

Formatting File Systems

Maintaining File Systems

Analyzing and Repairing Ext

Analyzing and Repairing XFS File Systems

Resizing File Systems

Resizing a File System in a Logical Volume

Resizing Partitions with GParted

Working with Windows File Systems

Cloning Devices

Summary

image Chapter 6: Managing Users and Groups

Setting Up User Accounts

Understanding Users and Their Properties

Commands for User Management

Working with Default Values for User Management

Managing Passwords

Performing Account Maintenance with passwd

Managing Password Expiration

Behind the Commands: Configuration Files

Group Membership

Creating Groups

The Use of Group Passwords

Managing the User’s Shell Environment

Creating Shell Login Scripts

Showing Messages to Users Logging In

Applying Quota to Allow a Maximum Amount of Files

Installing the Quota Software

Preparing the File System for Quota

Initializing Quota

Setting Quota for Users and Groups

Techniques Behind Authentication

Understanding Pluggable Authentication Modules

Discovering PAM Modules

The role of /etc/nsswitch.conf

Configuring Administrator Tasks with sudo

Summary

image Chapter 7: Managing Permissions

Setting Ownership

Displaying Ownership

Changing User Ownership

Changing Group Ownership

Default Ownership

Basic Permissions: Read, Write, and Execute

Understanding Read, Write, and Execute Permissions

Applying Read, Write, and Execute Permissions

Advanced Permissions

Understanding Advanced Permissions

Applying Advanced Permissions

Working with Access Control Lists

Understanding ACLs

Preparing Your File System for ACLs

Changing and Viewing ACL Settings with setfacl and getfacl

Setting Default Permissions with umask

Working with Attributes

Summary

image Chapter 8: Managing Software

Understanding Software Management

Managing RPM Packages

Working with RPM

Working with yum

Working with zypper

Managing DEB Packages

Managing .deb Software Repositories

Ubuntu Package Management Utilities

Summary

image Chapter 9: Process and System Management

Understanding Linux Processes

Monitoring Processes

Monitoring Processes with top

Finding Processes with ps

Finding PIDs with pgrep

Showing Parent-Child Relations with pstree

Managing Processes

Adjusting Process Priority with nice

Process Management from top

Scheduling Processes

Creating user crontabs

Understanding cron.{hourly|daily|weekly|monthly}

Using /etc/cron.d

Summary

image Chapter 10: System Logging

Understanding Logging

Monitoring Files in /var/log

Configuring the syslog Service

Configuring syslog-ng

Sending Logs Yourself with logger

Rotating Old Log Files

Understanding Journald

Summary

image Chapter 11: Configuring the Network

A Quick Introduction to Computer Networking

Understanding Network Device Naming

Setting the IP Address

Using the ip Tool

Using ifconfig

Using Virtual Ip addresses with ifconfig

Storing Address Configuration

Storing IP Address Configuration on Ubuntu

Storing IP Address Configuration on Red Hat

Storing IP Address Configuration on SUSE

Configuring Routing

Managing the Default Route with route

Managing the Default Route with the ip Tool

Storing Routing Information

Resolving DNS Names to IP Addresses

The Role of the /etc/nsswitch.conf File

Using the /etc/hosts File

Tuning the Network Card with ethtool

Analyzing Network Connections

Testing Connectivity

Testing Routing

Testing Availability of Services

Connecting Remotely with Secure Shell

Working with Public/Private Key Pairs

Working with Secure Shell

Configuring SSH

Using SSH Key-Based Authentication

Caching Keys with ssh- ssh-agent

Tunneling Traffic with SSH

Summary

image Chapter 12: Configuring a File Server

Operating File Servers Securely

Creating a Samba File Server

Background of the Samba Project

Configuring a Samba File Server

Accessing a Samba File Server

Basic Samba Troubleshooting

Configuring an NFS Server

NFS Backgrounds

Understanding NFS Processes

Configuring an NFS Server

Configuring an NFS Client

Summary

image Chapter 13: Working with the Kernel

Understanding the Kernel

Managing Kernel Modules

Listing Modules with lsmod

Loading and Unloading Modules with modprobe

Displaying Module Properties with modinfo

Changing Module Options

Managing Module Dependencies

Legacy Commands for Module Management

Tuning Kernel Parameters

Writing Changes to /proc

Some Useful /proc Parameters

Compiling Your Own Kernel and Kernel Modules

Understanding Make

Modifying and Compiling the Kernel

Compiling Modules

Managing the Grub2 Bootloader

Summary

image Chapter 14: Introduction to Bash Shell Scripting

Basic Shell Script Components

Elements of a Good Shell Script

Executing the Script

Working with Variables and Input

Understanding Variables

Variables, Subshells, and Sourcing

Working with Script Arguments

Asking for Input

Using Command Substitution

Substitution Operators

Changing Variable Content with Pattern Matching

Performing Calculations

Using Control Structures

Using if ... then ... else

Case

Using while

Using until

Using for

Summary

image Appendix A: Installing Linux

Installation Requirements

Installing CentOS

Installing Ubuntu Server

Index

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