Introduction
1. Collings 2021 and Collings (April 30, 2020).
2. Russell (2020).
3. Schaffer (2020).
4. Schaffer (2020).
5. Kelman (1958).
6. Cialdini (2021).
7. Russell (2020).
8. Russell (2020).
9. Russell (2020).
10. Berger (October 2014).
11. Berger (October 2014).
12. Schaffer (2020).
13. Berstein (May 24, 2019); IZEA (n.d.)and Kim (January 14, 2020).
14. Interview with Ryan Schram, COO and President IZEA. April 24, 2021.
15. Interview with Ryan Schram, COO and President IZEA .April 24, 2021.
16. Kim (2020).
17. Interview with Addi McCauley, IZEA. February 05, 2021.
18. Russell (2020).
19. N.A. (2021).
20. Appel, Grewal, Rhonda, and Stephen (2002).
21. Schaffer (2020).
22. N.A (2021).
23. N.A (2021).
Chapter 1
1. How the NFL Tackles Gen Z Through Social Media Platforms with Tim Ellis, Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer NFL; Iman Trombetta, Senior VP, Social and Influencer Marketing NFL and Aubrey Peacock, Manager Social Content Strategy, NFL. Social Media Week LA from AdWeek. June 29, 2021.
2. Statista (2021).
3. Voorveld and Hilde (2019).
4. N.A. (September 23, 2020).
5. Appel, Grewal, Hadi and Stephen (2002).
6. Henderson (2020).
7. Iqbal (2021).
8. Iqbal (2020).
9. Quesenberry (2020).
10. Wurmser (2019).
11. Schaffer (2020).
12. Schaffer (2020).
13. Rimmer (n.d.).
14. Alhabash, Mundel and Hussain (2017).
15. N.A. (2021).
16. N.A. (2021).
17. N.A. (2020).
18. Quesenberry (2020).
19. N.A. (2021).
20. N.A. (2021).
21. N.A. (2021).
22. Campbell and Grimm (2019).
23. Wojdynski and Evans (2016).
24. N.A. (2021).
25. N.A. (2021).
26. N.A. (2021).
27. N.A. (2021).
28. Campbell and Grimm (2019).
29. Freeman, Spencer, and Bird (2012).
30. Schaffer (2020).
31. N.A. (2021).
32. N.A. (2021).
33. Campbell and Farrell (2020).
34. N.A. (2021).
35. Vaughan (2016).
36. N.A. (2021).
37. Taylor (2021).
38. N.A. (2020).
39. Taylor (2021).
40. Taylor (2021).
41. N.A. (2021).
42. Taylor (2021).
43. Young (2020).
1. Interview, West Gissinger, July 20, 2021.
2. Van Kaspar (2020) and Murphy (2020).
3. Bergendorff (2021).
4. Yuanling and Constine (n.d.).
5. N.A. (May 15, 2021).
6. Princewall (2021).
7. Bergendorff (2021).
8. Bergendorff (2021).
9. Bergendorff (2021).
10. Princewall (2021).
11. N.A. (September 23, 2020).
12. Schram (2020).
13. Bergendorff (2021).
14. Jin (2020).
15. Yang (2020).
16. Jin (2020).
17. Yang (2020).
18. Jin (2020).
19. N.A. (September 23, 2021).
20. N.A. (May 13, 2021).
21. N.A. (May 13, 2021).
22. N.A. (2018).
23. N.A. (2021).
24. N.A. (2021).
25. N.A. (2021).
26. N.A. (2021).
27. N.A. (2021).
28. Thimothy (2021).
29. Yang (2020).
30. Bergendorff (2021) and Princewall (2021).
31. Bergendorff (2021).
32. Princewall (2021).
33. N.A. (June 12, 2019).
34. N.A. (August 19, 2019).
35. Maltby (2020).
36. N.A. (September 23, 2021).
37. N.A. (2020).
38. Hutcheson (2019).
1. (Re)volution of Rockstar Energy Drink, Gabe Alonso, Head of Digital Platforms and Community, PepsiCo, Social Media Week LA, Adweek, June 29, 2021.
2. Katz and Lazersfeld (1955).
3. Valsesia, Proserpio, and Nunes (2020).
4. Valsesia, Proserpio, and Nunes (2020).
5. Lin, Bruning and Bruning (2018).
6. Katz and Lazersfeld (1955).
7. Erdogan (1999).
8. Knoll and Matthes (2017).
9. Amos, Holmes, and Strutton (2008); Bergkvist and Qiang Zhou (2016); Carrillat and Illicit (2019); Knoll and Matthes (2017) and Schimmelpfennig and Hunt (2020).
10. Boorstin (1961).
11. Driessens (2013).
12. Carrillat and Illicit (2019).
13. McCracken (1989).
14. Bergkvist and Qiang Zhou (2016).
15. Carrillat and Illicit (2019).
16. Khamis, Ang, and Welling (2016) and De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders (2017).
17. De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders (2017).
18. Evans, Phua, Lim, and Jun (2017).
19. Campbell and Farrell (2020).
20. N.A. (2021).
21. Delbaere, Michael, and Phillips (2021).
22. Lou and Yuan (2019).
23. Freberg, Graham, McGaughey, and McGaughey (n.d.).
24. Berryman and Kavka (2017) and Khamis, Ang, and Welling (2016).
25. Lou and Yuan (2019).
26. McCracken (1989) and Kay, Mulcahy, and Parkinson (2020).
27. De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders (2017); Evans, Phua, Lim, and Jun (2017); and Kay, Mulcahy and Parkinson (2020).
28. N.A. (2021).
29. N.A. (2021).
30. N.A. (2021).
31. All examples of influencers from Mediakix (www.mediakix.com/blog).
32. N.A. (2021).
33. Shaffer (2020).
34. Interview, West Gissinger, July 20, 2021.
35. Shaffer (2020).
37. Stevenson (2021).
38. N.A. (2021).
39. N.A. (2021).
40. Haenlein, Anadol, Farnsworth, Hugo, Hunichen, and Welte (2020).
41. Shaffer (2020).
42. Valsesia, Proserpio, and Nunes (2020).
43. Feng (2016).
44. De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders (2017).
45. Appel, Grewal, Hadi, and Stephen (2020).
46. Nguyen (2020).
47. Addi McCauley interview Friday April 23, 2021.
48. Thomas and Fowler (2021).
49. Thomas and Fowler (2021).
Chapter 4
1. Normalizing the conversation: How Headspace and Content Creators Have Helped Destigmatize Mental Health to Improve the Health and Happiness of the World. Val Kaplan, Chief Marketing Officer, Headspace; Natalie Silverstein, Senior VP and Head of Innovation, Collectively Inc., and Chrissy Rutherford, Fashion and Social Media Expert. Social Media Week LA, AdWeek, June 29, 2021.
2. Choi and Rifon (2007).
3. Ohanian (1990).
4. Hovland, Janis, and Kelley (1953).
5. McGuire (1985).
6. Ohanian (1990).
7. Bergkvist and Qiang Zhou (2016) and Eisend and Langner (2010) and Ohanian (1991).
8. McGinnies and Ward (n.d.).
9. Wang and Scheinbaum (2018).
10. Siemens, Smith, Fisher, and Jensen (2018).
11. Eisend and Langner (2010).
12. Biswas, Biswas, and Das (2006).
13. Lafferty, Goldsmith, and Flynn (2005).
14. Erdogan, Baker, and Tagg (2001); Kahle and Homer (1985) and Kamins (1990).
15. Schimmelpfennig and Hunt (2020).
16. McGuire (1985).
17. Choi and Rifon (2007).
18. Bergkvist and Qiang Zhou (2016); Eisend and Langner (2010) and Ohanian (1991).
19. Djafarova and Rushworth (2017).
20. Schouten, Janssen, and Verspaget (2020).
21. Chung and Cho (2017).
22. Breves, Liebers, Abt, and Kunze (2019).
23. De Veirman, Cauberghe and Hudders (2017).
24. Lou and Yuan (2019) and Yuan and Lou (2020).
25. N.A. (2021).
26. Kapitan and Silvera (2016).
27. Breves, ole Liebers, Abt, and Kunze (2019).
28. Schouten, Janssen and Verspaget (2020).
29. Yuan and Lou (2020).
30. N.A. (2021).
31. Sander (2021).
32. Interview Andrea Arias, Associate Brand manager Cetaphil, June 12, 2021.
33. N.A. (2021).
34. Riot Games (2021).
35. Torres, Augusto, and Matos (2019).
36. Breves, Liebers, Abt, and Kunze (2019).
37. De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders (2017).
38. Schouten, Janssen, and Verspaget (2020).
39. Schimmelpfennig and Hunt (2020).
40. Kahle and Homer (1985) and Kamins (1990).
41. Lynch and Schuler (1994).
42. Schimmelpfennig and Hunt (2020).
43. Kamins (1990) and Till and Busler (1998).
44. Kamins (1990); Lynch and Schuler (1994) and Till and Busler (1998).
45. Choi and Rifon (2012) and Erdogan, Zaffer, Baker, and Tagg (2001).
46. Breves, Liebers, Abt, and Kunze (2019).
47. Breves, Liebers, Abt, and Kunze (2019).
48. Schouten, Janssen and Verspaget (2020).
49. McCracken (1989).
50. Bergkvist and Zhou (2016).
51. Schimmelpfennig and Hunt (2020).
52. Batra and Homer (2014); Campbell and Warren (2012) and Miller and Allen (2012).
53. Wong, Fock and Ho (2020).
54. Torres, Augusto and Matos (2019).
55. All stats from “Changing the Game: Influencer Marketing for Generation Z” from Influencer Marketing Hub.
56. Horton and Wohl (1956).
57. Yuan and Lou (2020).
58. Bond (2016) and Bond (2018).
59. Yuan and Lou (2020).
60. Addi McCauley interview, IZEA April 25, 2021.
61. Chung and Cho (2017).
62. Ferchaud, Orme and LaGroue (2018).
63. Kim and Song (2016).
64. Kim and Song (2016).
65. Tu (n.d.).
66. Eggins and Slade (1997).
67. Rourke, Anderson, Garrison and Archer (2001).
68. Cohen and Tyler (2016).
69. Audrezet, de Kerviler, and Moulard (2020).
Chapter 5
1. N.A. (2021).
2. Russell (2020).
3. N.A. (2021).
4. Solis (n.d.).
5. Solis (n.d.).
6. Solis (n.d.).
7. Russell (2020).
8. N.A. (2021).
9. Solis (n.d.).
10. Haenlein and Anadol (2020).
11. Influencer Marketing Success Playbook.
12. Lynsey Eaton interview, Estate Five, June 10, 2021.
13. Andrea Arias interview, Cetaphil, June 11, 2021.
14. Brittany Knight, Nike, interview June 14, 2021.
15. West Gissinger, Session Pilates, interview July 20, 2021.
16. Russell (2020).
17. Haenlein, Anadol, Farnsworth, Hugo, Hunichen and Welte (2020).
18. Liberating the creative voice: working authentically with influencers, Karyn Spencer, Chief Marketing Officer, Whaler and Nick Bianchi, Director, Digital and Social Media, AT&T in Adweek’s Social Media Week LA, June 30, 2021.
19. Harold (2020).
20. N.A. (2021).
21. Haenlein, Anadol, Farnsworth, Hugo, Hunichen, and Welte (2020).
22. Instagram by the Numbers: Stats, Demographics and fun Facts.
23. Barker (n.d.).
24. N.A. (2021).
25. N.A. (2021).
26. N.A. (2021).
27. Monllos (2021).
28. Monllos (2021).
29. N.A. (2021).
30. Pavlovskaya (2021).
31. Haenlein, Anadol, Farnsworth, Hugo, Hunichen and Welte (2020).
32. Shaffer (2020).
33. Russell (2020).
34. Shaffer (2020).
35. Hiebert (2021).
36. Shaffer (2020).
37. Russell (2020).
38. Russell (2020).
39. Influencer Marketing must do’s from the best in business (and how you can adopt them), Begley, cofounder and president, Trybe Dynamics and McCorquodale, Executive Vice President Revenue, Trybe Dynamics. Adweek’s Social Media Week LA, July 01, 2021; Kathyn (2021).
40. How Google is Evaluating Return on Influencer Marketing. Tobias Rauscher, Global Influencer Marketing Lead, Google, Adweek’s Social Media Week LA, June 30, 2021.
41. Truly Good is a fictitious example.
Chapter 6
1. Kaur (2019).
2. Liefreing (2018).
3. Russell (2020).
4. The Ultimate Guide to Influencer Marketing, Meltwater.
5. Geyser (2020) and N.A. (2019).
6. Campbell and Grimm (2019).
7. Kees and Andrews (2019).
8. Audrezet and Charry (2019).
9. Kay, Mulcahy and Parkinson (2020).
10. Disclosure 101 for Social Media Influencers. Federal Trade Commission.
11. Audrezet and Charry (2019).
13. Disclosure 101 for Social Media Influencers. Federal Trade Commission; www.ftc.gov/influencers
14. Internet Advertising Bureau www.iab.com
15. Addi McCauley interview, IZEA, Feb 5, 2021.
16. Addi McCauley interview, IZEA, April 23, 2021.
17. N.A. (2021).
18. Addi McCauley interview, IZEA, April 23, 2021.
19. N.A. (2021).
20. Lynsey Eaton interview, Estate Five, June 10, 2021.
21. N.A. (2021).
22. Lynsey Eaton interview, Estate Five, June 10, 2021.
23. Russell (2020).
24. Russell (2020).
25. The Ultimate TikTok house list, www.kapwing.com/resources/tiktok-houses-list/
26. Addi McCauley interview, IZEA, April 23, 2021.
27. Ryan Schram interview, IZEA May 21, 2021.
28. Russell (2020).
29. Blinder (2021).
30. Planos (2021).
31. Blinder (2021).
32. Russell (2020).