Index

Symbols and Numbers

# symbol, 40

3D modeling, 103

3D printing, 36

A

abstractions, 34, 36–37, 45

acceptable use policy, 169–170

accessibility issues, information systems, 5, 7, 97–98. See also hearing impaired computer users; visually impaired computer users

Ada Initiative, 48

AdBlock plug-in, 87

Agile, 139

agreements, software license. See software license agreements

AI. See artificial intelligence (AI)

alert() function, 151

Alexa, 8

algorithms

analyses of, 4, 36, 112, 122

Bernoulli number calculation, for, 48

binary tree fractals, generating, 131–132

board games, as part of, 69 (see also modeling boards)

codebreaking, for, 119

complexity of, 66

defining, 64

enhancing, 116–119

executing, 8

minimax (see minimax algorithms)

PB&J game, 65, 67

power of, 65

randomized depth-first search (see randomized depth-first search algorithm)

students’ lives, as part of, 64–65

Allen, Paul, 43

analysis paralysis, 156–157

Analytical Engine, 48, 49

Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), 40, 41

Apple, 101, 175

applications, global development of, 5–6

architecture, computer, 11

arrays, 8, 55, 56, 62, 115–116, 125

artificial intelligence (AI), 47

assembly language, 39–40, 42, 43

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2

asynchronous communication, 167

Atom, 106

Attention Network Task, 20

Atwood, Jeff, 2

automation, 30

autonomous learning, 14

B

Babbage, Charles, 48, 52

base-10, 92

base-2, 92

BASIC, 19, 43

behaviorist approaches to teaching, 14

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), 102

Bernoulli numbers, 48

Bilas, Frances, 44

bilingualism, 20

binary code, 43, 45, 46

binary tree fractals, 131–132

blind computer users. See visually impaired computer users

board games. See modeling boards

Boole, George, 45

Boolean algebra, 45

Boolean conditions, 57, 59

Boolean logic, 8–10, 52

Boolean operations, 36

Boolean variables, 54, 55, 124

bots, 48

branching, 99

browsers, web. See web browsers

brute force search, 120

buddy programs, 166

build or buy, 137

Byron, Lord, 48

C

C#, 90

CABTAB. See coding a bit and testing a bit (CABTAB)

caching, 107

Caesar cipher, 116–119, 121

call stacks, 113

camel case, 88–89, 165

camps, code, 174

Carnegie Mellon, 7

Cascading Style Sheets (CSSs), 83

code playgrounds, 96, 97 (see also code playgrounds)

color representation, 84–85, 88, 98

device compatibility, 97

modifying, 88

central processing units (CPUs)

calculations done by, 44

history of, 46

memory storage, 48

operating frequency, 170

purpose of, 36

chatbots, 47, 48

chess, 51

Chinese room thought experiment, 47

Chomsky, Noam, 19

Choose Your Own Adventure (CYOA), 58. See also gamebooks

Chutes and Ladders. See Snakes and Ladders

circuits

ENIAC (see ENIAC)

history of, 44–45, 52

integrated circuits (IC) (see integrated circuits (IC))

logic gates (see logic gates)

overview, 44

codebreaking, 46, 59, 119, 121

code camps, 174

code completion, intelligent, 15

Code Editor, 113

code logic, 18

Code Pen, 96

code playgrounds, 95–96, 98

advantages of, 104, 105

benefits to students, 109

branching, 99

forking a project, 99

local development, versus, 104, 105, 106

portability, 100

sharing work, 100, 146

code review, 140

code style, 165

coding a bit and testing a bit (CABTAB), 18, 148

coding literacy. See literacy, coding

cognitive benefits, computer science, 17

communication skills, 19–20

measuring, 22

memory, working, exercise of, 20–21

overview, 18

problem-solving, 18–19

student awareness of, 32

tenacity, 21

cold folding, 98

collaboration, coding, 19–20. See also code playgrounds

development, importance to, 99

online research, 24–25

collectible card games, 73

comments, 37–38, 40

Common Core, 12, 13, 15, 21

communication through coding, 19–20, 57

community, computer science

classroom meetings, 164

local community, 173–174

online forums, 167

privacy, issues of, 168–169

professional development services, 175–176

school code repository, 172

school IT infrastructure, 170–171

technology strategic plan, 171, 172

computational artifacts, 4, 10–12, 15, 134–135

computational thinking, 4, 7–8, 22, 50

board games, use of, 69

defining, 15

gamebooks, use of, 58–60

strategy, as part of, 72

computer science

community (see community, computer science)

education (see education, computer science)

media depictions, 41–42

standards (see standards, computer science)

Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA), 1, 3, 4, 15

computer systems, 4, 6, 15. See also central processing units (CPUs)

computing, exponential growth of, 51

Computing Machinery, Association for. See Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

conditional logic, 59

consoles, 85–86, 87, 91, 93, 103, 148, 150, 151

constructivist approached to teaching, 14

Content Management Systems (CMS), 28

control structures, 57

copyleft license, 100

Cortana, 8

Costello, Philip, 23

CPUs. See central processing units (CPUs)

critical thinking skills, 134

cryptography, 116, 119, 121

curricula, computer science

focus of, 2

integration of standards in, 3

integration with other subjects, 4

cybersecurity, 47–48, 86, 87–88, 116, 120

D

deaf computer users. See hearing impaired computer users

Debugger, 112, 114

debugging techniques, 18, 98, 134, 151–152

decomposition, 18, 21, 33

def add_one(n), 39

dependencies, 103

development environments, 95, 99. See also user interfaces (UI)

development, local. See local development

development, software, 26–27, 99. See also collaboration, coding; Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Dewey Decimal System, 55

Difference Engine, 48

digital citizenship, 4, 5, 10, 15, 42

digital computer, invention, 45

digital literacy. See literacy, digital

digital native, 155

disk imaging software, 170

Document Object Model (DOM), 79–80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90

do-while loop, 60

Dunning-Kruger Effect, 158

dynamically typed language, 149–150

E

EA Sports, 6–7

Eclipse, 106

education, computer science

academic benefits, 17, 23

close reading, need for, 24

cognitive benefits (see cognitive benefits, computer science)

experimentation, benefits of, 25–26

gameified learning, 67

learning environments, 28

professional benefits (see professional benefits, computer science)

Education, Department of, 169

else if statement, 56, 57

else statement, 57, 58

Endless Quest, 58

End-User License Agreement (EULA), 100–101

English comprehension, 4

ENIAC, 44, 45, 52

equity, in education, 12–13

event listeners, 91

e-waste, 36

explorable explanations, concept of, 130–131, 133, 134

exponential growth of computing. See computing, exponential growth of

F

Facebook Terms of Service, 101

Facebook web application, 86

factor finder, 11, 12

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), 168, 169

feature detection, 103

Feynman, Richard, 146, 148

Fighting Fantasy, 58

File Navigator, 113

file transfer protocol (FTP), 108

fill(), 38

Firefox, Mozilla, 175

FizzBuzz game, 85, 86

flow, concept of, 67, 73, 156

flowchart loop, 62–63

flowcharts, 62–63, 137, 147

focus, 155

foreach control, 61, 62

forking, 99

for loop, 60, 61, 62, 112–113

fractals, 131

frameworks, software. See software frameworks

free software, 100

functional testing, 140

function game, 66–67

functions, 65–66, 125

G

gamebooks, 58–60

gameified learning, 67

games. See also gamebooks

boardgames (see modeling boards)

card games, 73

Evolution, 74

FizzBuzz game, 85, 86

gameified learning, 67

Game of Life, 74

guess the function, 66–67

Magic the Gathering, 73

Pandemic, 74

parts-of-speech game, 56, 67

PB&J algorithm, 65

Phylo: The Trading Card Game, 73

Pokémon, 73

real life, modeling (see modeling real-life games)

rules, modifying/creating own, 74

Snakes and Ladders (see Snakes and Ladders)

Gates. Bill, 43

gender gap, in information technology, 41–42. See also women’s contributions in computer science

GNU General Public License (GPL), 102, 122

Google, 8, 175

Google Chrome, 78, 175

Gopher protocol, 108

grit, 21, 32

growth mind-set, 159

guess the function game. See under games

H

hackathon, 174

hacking, ethical, 87, 94, 174

Hamilton, Margaret, 40

hard drives, 36

hearing impaired computer users, 5

Hicks, Marie, 41

Hidden Figures, 42

high-level code, 37–39, 39-40, 52, 54

homework, parental support for, 14

Hopper, Grace, 42

human-computer interactions (HCI), 6–7

hypertext markup language (HTML), 80, 175

canvas, 125, 153

code playgrounds, use in, 96, 97

editing, 81

Event Listeners tab, 91

pre tag, 125

Styles tab, 91

tab key, use of, 97

tag, 107

template, 105

View Page Source, 91

View Source, 91

hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), 108

I

IBM, 175

icons, 34–35, 36–37, 50

ideograms, 50

if statement, 57

if-then, 57, 59, 60

Imitation Game, The, 42

imposter syndrome, 158

index.html, 105, 106

Informatics Europe, 2

Information Age, 1

informed consent, 101

integers, 54

integrated circuits (IC), 44

integrated development environments (IDEs), 106

intellectual property, 28

intelligent code completion, 15

International Society for Technology in Education’s (ISTE) standards, 3, 15

internet, 108

internet protocol (IP) address, 108

internet protocols, 108

isomorphs, 18

iterations, 26, 60, 99, 121

J

Jacquard loom, 49

JavaScript, 38, 61, 62

advantages of, 89–90

case-sensitivity, 89

classroom, use in, 89, 90

code playgrounds, 96, 97

cross-browser compatibility, 90

Debugging panel, 113

floating-point error, 92–93

js folder, 105

logic, 90

minified code, 107

Node.js, 90

queries, 153

Rosetta Code (see Rosetta Code)

Snakes and Ladders game, 69, 70–71, 72

software frameworks, 103–104

troubleshooting, 148, 149–150, 151–152

web crawlers, relationship between, 98

web page contents, use to modify, 88

Jennings, Betty Jean, 44

jQuery, 104, 106, 175

jquery.min.js, 107

JS Bin, 96

JSFiddle, 96, 175

js folder, 105

jumpingJacks() function, 150

K

K-12 Computer Science Framework and K-12 Computer Science Standards, 3, 15

Kasparov, Gary, 51

L

legalese, 101

LibriVox, 7

licensing, 100–101, 102

Lichterman, Ruth, 44

lineTo(), 38

literacy, coding, 2

literacy, digital, 2

local development, 104, 105, 106

Lockhart, Paul, 94

log files, 151

logic, code. See code logic

logic conditions, 59

logic gates, 45

logical operations, 45

looms, programmable. See programmable looms

loops, errors in, 61

Lovelace, Ada, 48, 49, 52

low-level code, 39–40, 52

M

machine code, 43

Macintosh OS, 175

magic circle, 67, 79

Magic the Gathering, 73

mandala factor finder, 11, 12, 152

manipulatives, 130

manipulatives, virtual. See virtual manipulatives

Mann, Edd, 112

markup languages, 84. See also Cascading Style Sheets (CSSs); hypertext markup language (HTML)

massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGS), 47–48

Math.cos(), 38

Math.sin(), 38

maze generation, 125–127

maze(x,y) function, 124, 127

McManus, John, 23

McNulty, Kathleen, 44

mechanical computing, 36

Meltzer, Marlyn Wescoff, 44

memory, working, 20–21

metacognition, 14, 156, 159

Metcalfe’s law, 164

metrics, IT, 172–173

microchips, 44

Microsoft Edge, 175

Microsoft Visual Studio, 106

minified code, 107

minimal working examples (MWE), 146, 147, 154

minimax algorithms, 114

minimum viable product, 157

MIT License, 102

MMORPGS. See massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGS)

mob programming, 167

modeling boards, 68–69

modeling real-life games, 74

Moore’s law, 51

moveTo(), 38

Mozilla Firefox, 175

multitasking, 155

myString.replace(), 149

N

NASA, 40, 52

National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC), 120

n-back tasks, 20

nested code, 165

NetBeans, 106

Netscape Navigator, 103

Nevada Department of Education standards, 3, 15

New Math, 13

Node.js, 90

NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA), 7

Notepad++, 106

O

online code playgrounds. See code playgrounds

online forums, 154, 167, 175

open source software, 100. See also specific software

open source technology, 24–25, 48, 102

operating systems, 175. See also specific operating systems

opportunity cost, 31

P

pair programming, 166, 167

Palumbo, David, 18

parts-of-speech games, 56

passwords, securing, 120–121

PB&J algorithm game, 65, 67

peer review, 25, 137, 140, 141

Pennington, Nancy, 24

Personally Identifiable Information (PII), 169

PHP, 90

Phylo: The Trading Card Game, 73

Pixar Studios, 51

poetical science, 48

Pokémon, 73

portability, 100

primes, 11, 12

privacy issues, computers, 28

probability, in board games, 68

problem-solving, 152–153

assessment of, 20–21

bilingualism, relationship between, 20

cognitive benefits of, 18–19

mathematical, 4

tenacity, relationship between, 21

toolkit, 31–32

professional benefits, computer science, 17, 28–29, 29–30, 31, 32

professional development services, 175–176

programmable looms, 50, 52

programmers

close reading by, 24

communication between, 24–25

importance of, 29

programming languages, 19. See also specific languages

programming style, 165

project-based learning (PBL), 23

academic focus, 135

benefits, 134

description, 134

design, 137–138

development, 137–138

flexibility of, 145

popularity of, 129

requirements, 136–137

skill development, 134

project-management methodologies, 138–139

proprietary software, 104

punch cards, 48

Python, 89, 90

Q

quality assurance (QA), 132, 135, 137, 140–141

R

random(), 66

randomized depth-first search algorithm, 122

reactive documents, 130

real-life games. See modeling real-life games

recursion, 114, 150

refactoring, 153

register, storage, 46

regular expressions, 118

Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 97

replace() function, 149

repositories, 172

reputation scores, 167–168, 175

resilience, 159–160

resource challenges, in teaching kids coding, 157–158

reversedString, 113

Robert’s Rules of Order, 164–165

Rosetta Code, 122–123

Rubik’s Cube, 65

rubrics, 22

S

Safari, 101, 175

school code repository, 172

science, technology, engineering, art, and math (STEAM), 11

Scratch, 89

scripts.js, 105, 106

scrum methodology, 139

search, brute force. See brute force search

Searle, John, 47

sets, 8

set theory, 4

shadow IT, 170–171

Shannon, Claude Elwood, 42, 45, 46, 52

simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), 108

Siri, 8

Skinner boxes, 14

slide rules, 36, 173

snake case, 165

Snakes and Ladders, 69, 70–71, 72, 86

Snyder, Elizabeth, 44

social media, bots on, 48

software development. See development, software

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), 129

deployment, 141–142

design and development phases, 137–138, 139

quality assurance (QA) phase (see quality assurance (QA))

stages, 135–136

testing phase, 140

software frameworks, 103, 104, 106

software license agreements, 100–101. See also licensing

Sources, 112

speechSynthesis, 103–104

Spraul, V. Anthony, 155

Stack Overflow, 2, 151, 154, 175

stakeholders, 12, 14, 136, 137

standards, computer science. See also specific standards

advocating for, 12

classroom, incorporating into, 2

computational artifacts (see computational artifacts)

computational thinking (see computational thinking)

computer systems (see computer systems)

concepts, 1

digital citizenship (see digital citizenship)

implementing, 12–13

K-12 standards, overview, 2–3

stakeholder buy-in, 12, 14

state of machine/computer, 46

Stevens, Karen, 6

String.fromCharCode(), 118

stringToReverse, 114

str.match(), 118

Structured Query Language (SQL), 9–10

subject matter experts (SMEs), 134, 174

Sublime Text, 106

syntax highlighting, 98

T

tags

*/, 102

body, 88

closing, 102

defining web page, 80

doctype, 107

html, 107

HTML, as part of, 80

meta, 107

opening, 102

pre, 125

script, 106

technical challenges, coding, 146

technology strategic plan, 171, 172

tenacity, trait of, 21, 32

Terms of Service (ToS), 100–101

text editors, 106

tic-tac-toe, 115, 150

Time Machine books, 58, 59

transistors, 44, 45

translate(), 38

troubleshooting, teaching technique of, 146, 147–148, 152

Turing, Alan, 46, 47, 48, 52

Turing machine, 46

Turing test, 47

Turing Tumble, 36

U

Unicode, 118

user-acceptance testing (UAT), 140

user interfaces (UI), 37

adding, 122

alerts, incorrect code, 99

development platforms, on, 98–99

icons (see icons)

user satisfaction surveys, 172–173

utilitarian view of computer science, 2

V

vacuum tubes, 44

variables

board games, in, 68, 69

Boolean (see Boolean variables)

case sensitivity, 89

contents, 55

defining, 54

math versus programming, 54–55

outputs, effect on, 56

versioning, 99

Victor, Bret, 130, 131

Vim, 106

Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) standards, 3, 15

virtual manipulatives, 130

visually impaired computer users, 5, 6–7, 97

W

W3Schools, 96

Waterfall methodology, 138, 139

web browsers, 37. See also specific browsers

cross-browser compatibility, 90, 103–104

developing in, 78–79

web crawlers, 98–99, 107

web development

Cascading Style Sheets (CSSs) (see Cascading Style Sheets (CSSs))

code playgrounds (see code playgrounds)

consoles (see consoles)

cross-device compatibility, 97

Document Object Model (DOM), 79–80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90

hacks, 81

hierarchy, 80

HTML (see hypertext markup language (HTML))

organizational structure, 81

page elements, 79

tags (see tags)

tools, 78, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88, 96, 112, 148, 151

while loop (while in code), 60, 63, 114

Wikipedia, 78, 81, 82–83, 87

Windows

license agreement, 101

operating system, 78, 175

Wing, Jeanette M., 7

wolf fence, 18

women’s contributions in computer science, 41–42, 44, 48, 49, 52

wonder, sense of, 160

workforce, modern, 2

World Wide Web (WWW), 108

Wright, Hannah, 20