Index
- 21st Century Fox 30, 34, 35, 48
- 60 Minutes (TV show) 78–9
- 100, The (TV show) 382–4
- 1984 (1949) 339
- ABC News 80
- ABC television 97, 236, 242
- abjection 308, 388
- accessibility 390–2
- accuracy 106–7
- Ace of Base 121
- acoustic space 334–5, 347
- active audiences 267–8, 274, 306, 309–21, 347, 389
- active/passive binary 211–12, 213, 215, 222
- Adbusters 361
- Adele, “Send My Love (To Your New Lover)” 263, 264–5
- Adonis Complex 222
- Adorno, Theodor W. 53, 54, 301
- advertising 26, 48–53
- and commercial “zapping” 51
- and conspicuous consumption 159–60
- and culture jamming 361–2
- and diversity promotion 102–3
- and Feminist analysis 216–17
- and gender stereotypes 211–12, 216–18, 222
- and Psychoanalytic analysis 182–3, 189–91, 198, 199, 377–9
- and Queer analysis 237–9
- and Rhetorical analysis 126–9
- sexual 377–9
- spending on 49–51
- aestheticism 245–6, 247–8
- aesthetics 137–9
- affect 135–9
- affective logic 347, 348
- Affleck, Ben 163
- African Americans 166–8
- struggle of 384–6
- agency 267, 282–3
- agenda‐setting 55, 80, 261
- aggressor effect 109–10
- allegory 119, 183, 195, 353, 384–5
- Allen, Woody 237
- AllSides 82
- almanacs 3
- Althusser, Louis 150
- Amazon 100
- ambiguity 166
- strategic 268
- ambivalence 309
- AMC 25, 280
- American Apparel advertisement 217
- American Dream 158–9, 160, 166, 375, 376
- American Magazine (magazine) 4
- American Revolution 71
- American Society of Newspaper Editors, code of ethics 72
- anal stage 177–8
- anchorage 126
- Ancient Egyptians 331–2
- Ancient Greeks 120–1
- Ang, Ien 301
- Annie Hall (film, 1977) 237
- Anthony, Susan B. 218
- Aoki, Eric 290
- AP see Associated Press
- apparatus theory 182–6, 195, 198
- appearances 284–5
- applied media studies 359–65
- AR see augmented reality
- arbitrariness 122–3
- archetypes 247, 264
- Argo (film, 2012) 163
- Aristotle 120–1
- Armageddon (film, 1998) 80
- Armstrong, Neil 79
- Arnold, Matthew 155
- Arrival (film, 2016) 291
- art, fan 318, 320
- artifacts 145, 146, 147, 156
- Arts and Entertainment (A&E) channel 327
- assimilation 164–7, 375, 376
- Associated Press (AP) 71, 74
- associational logic 344–6, 348
- AT&T 30–3, 36, 40, 48
- attitude 16–17, 290
- attitudinal culture 146
- Atton, Chris 314–15
- audience share 76
- audiences 19, 257–351, 353, 357–9
- active 267–8, 274, 306, 309–21, 347, 389
- agency 267
- and the co‐creation of texts 347
- as commodity 52
- and Ecological analysis 327–51
- and Erotic analysis 300–26
- participation 389
- passive 261, 305, 310, 347, 358
- and Reception analysis 259–79
- size 2–3
- and Sociological analysis 280–99
- transgressive practices 358–9
- and violent media 109
- augmented reality (AR) 313
- Austen, Jane 281
- authority–disorder tension 77, 78, 85
- Babuscio, Jack 245–7
- Bachelor, The (TV show) 236
- Bachelorette, The (TV show) 236
- backwards compatibility, prevention 43
- Bacon‐Smith, Camille 315, 317, 319
- Bagdikian, Ben 47
- Bakhtin, Mikhail 306–7, 309
- bandwidth limitations 11
- Banksy 303
- Barbie Liberation Organization (BLO) 362, 363
- Barnhurst, Kevin G. 241
- Barratt, Thomas J. 49
- Barry, Ann Marie Seward 138
- Barthes, Roland 68, 125–6, 151, 302, 304–5, 310
- base, economic 27, 28
- Batterham, Elizabeth 292
- Batterham, Lily Mary 292
- Baudrillard, Jean 13
- Baudry, Jean‐Louis 183–5, 186
- Bay Psalm Book 3
- Baym, Nancy 316
- beauty myth 215
- belonging 66–7
- Bennett, Lance 76, 81, 82
- Benshoff, Harry M. 167
- Berg, Charles Ramírez 290–1
- Berger, Arthur Asa 137–8
- Bertelsmann 38–9, 48
- Bial, Henry 311
- bias 15, 80, 121
- Bible 330
- Bieber, Justin 54–5
- big business 28
- Big Four (music companies) 48
- Big Six 30, 32–4, 56–7
- Big Three (music companies) 48
- Bimon, Bob 79
- Biography (TV show) 327
- BioWare 228
- bisexuality 229–31, 239, 244
- bitcompression technologies 6
- bits 342
- Black, Edwin 248
- Black Lives Matter movement 386
- “blackness” 375–6
- Blast Theory 313
- BLO see Barbie Liberation Organization
- blogging/blogs 314, 339, 364
- Blu‐ray Disc 42
- Blumer, Herbert 282
- bodily experience 136, 139
- body
- book publishing industry 4–6
- Bornhoff, Ron 78
- Bourdieu, Pierre 151–2
- bourgeois 153
- bourgeoisie 28, 157, 232
- Bradley, Ed 79
- Brady Bunch, The (TV show) 287
- brain 91, 136
- Bratz dolls films 220
- Bravo television network 158
- British Cultural studies 145, 154–7
- broadband internet access, regulation of 89–90
- broadcast media 3, 7–8
- broadcasting licenses 364
- broadsides 70–1
- Brousse, Marie‐Hélène 179
- Brown, Michael 77
- Browning, Frank 243
- Brummett, Barry 126, 295
- Buffy the Vampire Slayer series 320–1, 387
- Bulger, Monica 360
- Bündchen, Gisele 164
- Bureau of Labor Statistics 62
- Burke, Karey 26
- Burke, Kenneth 18, 63, 121, 127, 129, 131–2, 291–4, 372
- Bury, Rhiannon 318
- Butler, Judith 232–4, 248, 252
- bystander effect 110
- Cabin in the Woods, The (film, 2011) 246–8
- calendars, Egyptian 332
- camera angles 138–9, 373
- camera movements 138–9
- camera shots 187–9
- “camp” 229, 244–8, 357
- Campbell, Richard 78–9
- Candie Fragrances advertisement 128–9, 198, 199
- capitalism 28, 53, 149–50, 157–8, 159
- caricature 306, 388
- Carlin, George 104
- Carl's Jr. advertisement 377–9
- carnivalesque texts 307–9, 322, 358
- castration anxiety 186, 189
- catharsis 110, 386
- CBS Corporation 7, 30, 34, 37, 48, 50, 52, 97
- CBS News 288
- CDs see compact discs
- Ceccarelli, Leah 268, 269
- celebrity 46–7
- cell phones 9
- see also mobile telephony
- Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies 154, 156
- Chan, Jackie 211–12
- change
- financial risks of 43–4
- see also social change
- characters 133
- Charlie Chan series 162
- Chbosky, Stephen 259–60
- child development
- children, and violence in the media 355
- chirographic culture 344
- choice 220–1
- Church 330
- citizen journalism 364
- Civil Rights Act 1964 244
- clairvoyants 249, 251, 252
- class 155, 157–60
- see also specific social classes
- class struggle 26
- class warfare 232
- Clear Channel Communications 364
- Clinton, Bill 47
- Clinton, Hillary 101
- Clinton administration 101
- closed texts 305
- closure 336
- Club Kids 147
- clusters 127–9
- CNN 160, 281
- codes 263, 273
- Colonial America 70–1
- color 138
- Columbia Records 6
- Comcast 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 48
- comedy 294, 306
- Comedy Central 48
- comic verbal compositions 307
- “coming out” 241
- common/uncommon binary 236, 243
- communication
- communication environment 329–30, 391
- communication technologies 2
- communicative practices, assessment 63–6
- communities
- compact discs (CDs) 6
- compact/audio cassettes 6
- computers 8–9
- concentration
- Condit, Celeste 267
- conglomeration 26, 31–5, 38, 55–6
- Congress 99, 110, 111, 364–5
- connectivity 343, 344
- connotation 125–6
- Conover, Craig 158
- consciousness 175–6, 180, 192–3, 390–1
- consequences, and Pragmatic analysis 94–5, 96, 102–3, 105–6, 108–10, 355
- conservative cultures 337
- conspicuous consumption 159–60
- Constantin Film 25–6
- consumer spending 28–9, 42
- consumer usage 29
- consumerism 220
- consumption
- conspicuous 159–60
- and pleasure 302
- see also media consumers
- “container and thing contained” 63
- content see media content
- contextualism 157
- contingencies, and Pragmatic analysis 94–6, 98, 102–3, 105–6, 108–11, 355
- contingent logic 346–7, 348
- control
- conventions
- convergence 11
- Cooper, Anderson 241
- copyright 99, 100, 319, 339
- Copyright Law 1978 99
- Coraline (Gaiman) 195–6
- Cosby Show, The (TV show) 166, 287
- covers 44, 45
- Cowie, Elizabeth 192, 193
- creative appropriation 306
- crime stories 81, 109, 129
- critical perspectives 18–19
- Cronkite, Walter 346
- cruising 310
- Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly 312
- Cultivation analysis 261
- Cultural analysis 19, 144–72, 354–6
- and the functions of ideology 148–51
- and ideological processes 151–4
- and ideology and media representation of class 157–60
- and ideology and media representation of race 161–9
- and Media Lab 5: doing Cultural analysis 170
- overview 145–8
- sample student essay 374–7
- and Sociological analysis 358
- see also Cultural studies
- cultural bias 272
- cultural codes 273
- cultural fragmentation 12
- cultural imperialism 13, 26, 56
- cultural norms 229
- cultural objects 151
- cultural production 315–21, 322
- cultural resistance 320, 321, 322
- Cultural studies 144–5, 154–7, 161, 169, 356
- cultural superstructure 27
- cultural values 56
- culturalism 156
- culture
- attitudinal 146
- building blocks of 145–6
- collective nature 146
- conservative 337
- defining 145–7, 155–6
- as exclusive realm of the upper classes 155
- historical aspect 147
- ideological nature 145, 147–8
- local 56
- mass‐culture 156
- physical 145
- popular 155–6
- print 337–41, 344, 346–7
- production 158
- professional 66
- rhetorical nature 146
- social 145–6
- and a structure of feeling 156
- televisual 344
- third‐wave 341
- see also organizational culture
- culture jamming 361–3, 364, 365
- customization 10
- CW Television Network 48, 382
- cyberspace 197
- data‐compression techniques 11
- dating programmes 236
- Davis, Viola 374
- DC Universe 40
- de Beauvoir, Simone 215
- de Certeau, Michel 39–40, 311, 316, 321
- de Lauretis, Teresa 194–5
- “de‐massification” 12
- Dean, Jodi 197
- death drive (Thanatos) 177, 178
- Debord, Guy 46, 361
- decision‐making 289
- decoding see encoding/decoding model
- DEG see Digital Entertainment Group
- DeGeneres, Ellen 241–2
- dehumanization 290, 291, 386
- demands 179, 180, 195
- democracy
- demonization 290
- denial 178
- denotation 125–6
- Department of Defense 9
- Depp, Johnny 162
- deregulation 97, 98
- Descartes, René 136
- desensitization 110
- desire 129, 179–81, 186–7, 193–5, 372–4, 377–9
- deterministic models 28
- Deuce, The (TV series) 239
- deviance 239–40, 243
- Dewey, John 92–3, 94
- diachronic analysis 123
- dialectical approaches 28
- dialogic texts 306–7
- Diana, Princess of Wales 47
- diaries 339
- Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie 6
- Diesel advertisement 182, 183
- difference
- differentiation 63
- Digital Entertainment Group (DEG) 42
- digital rights management (DRM) 100
- digital role‐playing games 313
- digitality 342, 344
- digitization 11
- Diomedes 132
- directorates, interlocking 49
- discourse 132, 133, 135
- discrimination 243–4, 384, 386
- disinhibition 109
- Disney 25, 45, 80, 215, 369–71
- diversity
- Doctor Strange series 163
- documentaries 121
- Dolce & Gabbana advertisement 189, 191, 238–9
- Dole, Bob 107–8
- domestic violence 223
- dominant ideology 27–8, 56, 151–4, 158–9, 161, 167, 263–7, 273, 302, 304
- dominant meanings 267, 273, 274
- dominant media 370–1
- dominant reading positions 264–5, 273
- dominant worldviews 145, 153
- Dostoevsky, Fyodor 306
- Doty, Alexander 229
- Dow, Bonnie J. 241
- doxa 151–2, 154, 156
- Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan 300
- drag 234
- Dragon Age: Inquisition (video game) 228–9
- dramatization 77, 78, 85
- dramaturgy 283–7, 296, 358
- dream symbolism 175
- drifting 310
- Drive (film, 2011) 173–4
- drives 173–9, 181–2, 184–5, 192–3, 196, 198, 377, 379
- DRM see digital rights management
- drug companies 75
- dupes 249, 251, 252
- duration (speed) 134
- DVD 6, 42
- Dyer, Richard 191, 244
- e‐book technologies 6, 100
- eating disorders 222
- Eco, Umberto 305
- Ecological analysis 19, 327–51, 359
- economic base 27, 28
- economic factors 25–6
- economic inequality 160
- Economist, The (magazine) 41
- economy 354
- Edison, Thomas 6
- editing 138
- education 359, 360–1, 365
- ego 175–6, 180
- Egyptian empire 331–2
- Eisner, Michael 32
- elections 101–2
- electric light 333
- electrical telegraph 7, 340
- electronic period 329, 333, 339
- elitism 155
- Ellen (TV series) 241–2
- ellipsis 134
- EMI 48
- emotion 136–8
- empathy 338
- empowerment 360
- encoding/decoding model 262–7, 271, 276
- encryption 100–2
- enculturation theory 64, 109
- Engels, Friedrich 26, 28
- entertainment, era of 340–1
- Entman, Robert 290
- enunciative productivity 316–17
- epistemology
- equal‐time rule 102–3
- equality
- racial 384–6
- see also inequality
- equipment for living 291–5, 296, 358, 386
- Eros (Greek god) 303
- Eros (sex drive) 379
- Erotic analysis 19, 300–26, 358–9
- Escrowed Encryption Standard 1994 100–2
- essentialism 346
- gender 206
- ethics, codes of 72, 107
- ethnic minorities see racial/ethnic minorities
- ethnicity
- media representations 161–9
- see also racial stereotypes
- ethnographic research 272, 272–6, 358
- events (stories) 132–3, 135
- Ex Machina (film, 2014) 188–9
- exegesis 317
- existents 133, 135
- exoticism 169
- experience 1, 14, 136, 139
- exploitation 28
- extension 336
- Facebook 101–2, 285–6, 316, 364
- fair comment, doctrine of 106–7
- Fairness Doctrine 1949 102, 103
- fairy tales 133
- fake news 83–4, 85, 360, 391–2
- false consciousness 54, 153
- families 230–1, 242
- Family Guy (TV show) 294
- fan art 318, 320
- fan communities 317
- fan fiction (fanfic) 301, 318–21
- fandom, and cultural production 315–21, 322
- Fanfiction.net 301
- fantasy 182–3, 192–5, 356, 377, 379
- fantasy theory 192–5, 198
- Farnsworth, Philo T. 7
- Fast and The Furious film franchise 51, 54
- fathers 185, 196
- fear 305
- Fear the Walking Dead (TV show) 280
- Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 7, 89–90, 96–8, 102, 104, 111, 363–5
- Federal Radio Commission (FRC) 72
- Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 89, 96, 102, 105
- female 204–6
- feminine 206
- femininity 187, 204, 206–7, 223, 357
- feminism
- Feminist analysis 19, 204–27, 235, 355, 356–7
- fertilization 148–9
- fetishism 184, 185–6, 189, 377–8, 379
- Feuer, Jane 132
- fidelity 93
- Fight Club (film, 1999) 196
- film
- film critics 267
- film formats 41–2
- film projection 6
- Financial Interest and Syndication Rules (Fin‐Syn Rules) 97, 98
- financial risk avoidance 43–4, 47–8
- first‐wave feminism 218
- Fish, Stanley 269–71
- Fiske, John 154, 265–7, 269, 302, 315
- flash forwards (prolepses) 134
- flash mobs 362–3
- flashbacks (analepses) 134
- Florida Georgia Line, “H.O.L.Y.” 240–1
- flow 312
- folk humor 307
- form 15, 129–30, 372–3
- formalization 63
- Foucault, Michel 147, 232–3, 234, 252
- Fourth Estate 71, 90
- fourth persona 229, 244–5, 248–52, 357
- Fox 31 78
- Fox Broadcasting Company 36
- Fox Channel 34 371
- Fox network 52, 251, 372
- Fox News Channel 82–3
- fragmentation 12, 77, 78, 85
- frame analysis 55–6, 283, 287–91, 296, 358, 385
- and cameras 138–9
- emphasis 288–9, 290
- episodic 81–2
- and frames as social constructs 287
- and the functions of frames 290
- and generic news frames 290
- and issue‐specific news frames 290
- and natural frameworks 288
- and news stories 81–2, 290
- presentation 289–90
- and primary frameworks 288
- salience 290
- selection 288, 290
- and social frameworks 288
- thematic 81–2
- and violence 108
- Frankfurt School 53, 53–4, 301, 354
- Franklin, Benjamin 3
- FRC see Federal Radio Commission
- free market 363
- free press 71, 363
- Free and Responsible Press, A (report) 72–3
- free speech 95
- free‐market approach 98
- Freeform 25–6
- frequency 134
- Freud, Sigmund 174–82, 184–5, 193–6, 198, 356
- Freudian slips 175
- Friedan, Betty 218
- FTC see Federal Trade Commission
- Furno‐Lamude, Diane 47
- Galician, Mary‐Lou 286
- Game Informer Magazine (magazine) 4
- gaming consoles 9
- gangsta rap 46–7
- Gans, Herbert 73–4
- Garland, Judy 244
- Garnham, Nicholas 43
- gatekeeping 55, 80
- Gates, Bill 159
- gay men 228–30, 231, 239, 241, 244, 250, 319–20
- gaze, male 182–3, 186–95, 198, 302, 377–9
- gender 205, 206, 210, 224
- conventions 233, 234
- cultural construction 206, 231
- and cultural expectations 204
- enactment of the social rules of 217
- essentialism 206
- expectations 206, 208
- and Hollywood 275–6
- ideologies 149
- misperceptions of 205
- performativity 232–4
- and power relations 182, 185–6, 190, 210–11, 215–17, 220, 223–4
- privilege 204, 208, 209
- and Queer theory 231, 233–4, 242
- gender identity 220, 231, 233, 234–5, 240
- gender norms 149, 208, 210, 220, 233, 381
- gender roles 224
- gender stereotypes 205, 208–24, 263, 357, 361, 380, 381
- gender subordination 208
- Genette, Gérard 132, 133, 134–5
- genre 130–2, 372–3
- Gerbner, George 109, 261
- German Expressionism 387
- Ghost in the Shell (film, 2017) 163
- Ghostbusters (film, 1984) 204
- Ghostbusters: Answer the Call (film, 2016) 204
- Gifted, The (TV show) 251–2
- Gill, Rosalind 219
- Gilmore Girls' (TV show) 287
- Giroux, Henry A. 108–9
- Gitlin, Todd 45, 288, 290
- globalization 12–13, 38
- Glover, Donald 144
- Godfather, The (film, 1972) 35
- gods 332
- Goffman, Erving 283–5, 287, 288
- Gomez, Selena 286
- “goodness” 355
- Google 346
- Gordon, Jeff 373
- Gosling, Ryan 61–2
- government regulation of the media
- Gramsci, Antonio 151, 152–3
- Grand Theft Auto V (video game) 217
- gratification 168–9
- Gray, Jonathan 315
- Greimas, A.J. 133
- grids 344–5
- grotesque realism 307–9, 387, 388–9
- guilt 292–4
- Gunn, Joshua 196
- Gutenberg, Johannes 3, 327, 333
- habit 91–2
- hailing 150
- Hall, Stuart 156, 262–6, 268–9, 273, 316
- Hannity, Sean 82–3
- harmony 136
- Harold, Christine 362
- Harris, Benjamin 70
- haunted‐house films 295
- Hawhee, Deborah 137
- HBO 239
- Hearst, William Randolph 4, 71
- Hebdige, Dick 153
- hegemony 151–4, 156, 158–9, 167
- Heliopolis 332
- hermeneutic depth 268, 269
- hermeneutics of suspicion 17
- heterodoxy 152
- heteronormativity 230–1, 235–9, 241–8, 250, 252, 357
- consequences of heteronormative media representations 242–4
- heterosexual privilege 230–1
- heterosexuality
- heterosexualization 243
- heterosexuals, first use of the term 231
- Hewitt, Don 78
- hierarchy 63, 149, 292–3, 307, 354, 374–6
- hieroglyphics 332
- Hilton, Paris 308
- hip‐hop 168
- historical context 27, 294–5
- historical materialism 26–7, 29
- historical violence 108–11
- Hitchcock, Alfred 178, 240
- Hoggart, Richard 155
- Hollywood
- homeostasis 338
- Homer 338
- homogenization of the media 53–4, 80–1, 371
- homophobia 384
- homosexuality 232, 319–20
- see also gay men; lesbianism; Queer analysis
- hooks, bell 167, 205
- Hoover, Herbert 72
- Horkheimer, Max 53, 301
- horse racing, live broadcasts 371–2
- How to Get Away with Murder (TV show) 374–6
- Hudson, Rock 192
- Hulu 42, 48, 104
- humanistic approaches 17
- humanities 17
- humanistic approaches 17
- humor
- Hunger Games, The series 220–1
- Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press 1942 72
- Huxley, Aldous 339–40
- hyper‐masculinity 380
- hyper‐partisanship 82
- hyper‐real violence 108–11
- hyper‐spectacle 47
- hyperconscious television 295
- hyperlinking 197, 346
- “hypodermic needle” approach 261
- I Like Frank (mobile game) 313
- icons 125
- id 175–6
- idealism 27
- ideas 27
- identification 184–7, 190, 192–4
- identity
- ideological processes 151–4
- ideology 27, 354
- and culture 145, 147–8
- of difference 167–9
- dominant/hegemonic 27–8, 56, 151–4, 158–9, 161, 167, 263–7, 273, 302, 304
- and doxa 151–2, 154
- functions of 148–51
- and gender 149
- and hailing 150
- and interpellation 150
- and limitation 148–9
- and media representations of class 157–60
- and media representations of race 161–9
- and myth 151, 154
- and normalization 149
- and privilege 149–50, 151, 161
- status quo 302, 303
- unconscious 148–9
- Iger, Robert 32
- IGN 228–9
- image management 74
- images 16
- Imaginary (Lacanian concept) 179–82, 184, 195
- imitation 109
- immersion 312–13
- impartiality 72
- impression management 283, 285
- impulsive assessment 391
- incest 178
- indecency 104–5
- indices (stories) 125, 133
- individuality, expression 251
- inequality, economic 160
- informants 133
- information 15–16
- information technology 65–6, 158
- infotainment 81
- inner space 233
- Innis, Harold A. 330–2, 333
- innovation
- Instagram 301
- integration
- Intel Pentium Pro 8
- intellectual property, protection 98–100
- intent 164
- interactionist approaches 287
- interactivity 312–13, 342–4
- internalization 207, 222
- internet 9
- interpellation 150
- interpretant 124
- interpretive communities 269–71, 276
- interpretive play 310–11, 322
- intersectional analysis 208
- intersectionality 208
- intersex 206
- intertextuality 305–6, 387–9
- invisibility, and queerness 245–9, 252
- Iron Man (film, 2008) 369
- ironism 93, 95
- irony 93, 245–6, 248
- Iser, Wolfgang 260
- “It Gets Better” project 251
- Iyengar, Shanto 81
- James, LeBron 164
- James, William 91–2, 94
- Jameson, Frederic 29
- Jaws (film, 1975) 305
- JBS advertisement 237
- jeans 154
- Jefferson, Thomas 71
- Jenkins, Henry 157, 315, 316
- Jensen, Robert 161
- Jimmy Choo advertisement 189–90
- Johansson, Scarlett 163
- Johnson, Mark 136
- joint ventures 47–8, 354
- jouissance 302, 310, 313
- journalism 354–5, 363
- journalistic beats 73–4, 75, 80, 85
- journalistic conventions 70, 73–8, 80
- Jurassic Park franchise 40–1, 44
- Kahneman, D. 289
- Kaider Family Foundation 111
- Katrina, Hurricane 77
- Katz, Ned 231
- Kawthar, Al 315
- Keegan, Rebecca 204
- Kennard, William 364
- Kennedy, Barbara 138
- kernels 132–3
- Kids Are All Right, The (film, 2010) 242
- Kiernan, James G. 231
- Killbourne, Jean 222
- Kim Jung‐un 75
- Kindle 100
- kinetoscope 6
- King Kong (film, 1933) 385
- Kirkman, Robert 280
- knowledge 1–2, 14–16
- Kozloff, Sarah 134
- Kristeva, Julia 308
- Krizek, Robert L. 161
- La La Land (film, 2016) 61–2, 194
- la langue 123
- labor, exploitation of 28
- Lacan, Jacques 178–82, 184–5, 193, 195–8, 356
- lack 180
- Lanco 286
- language 16, 122–3, 179–80, 182, 195
- Laplanche, Jean 192–3
- Latino populations 161–2, 167
- laughter 307
- Lawrence, Britt 25
- Lazarsfeld, Paul 261
- learning 1–2, 14–16
- Leave It to Beaver (TV show) 286–7
- Leavis, F.R. 155
- Leavis, Q.D. 155
- Leibovitz, Annie 164
- lesbianism 229–30, 235, 241–2, 315
- Lévi‐Strauss, Claude 139
- Levinson, Paul 334
- Lewinsky, Monica 47
- LGBTQ population 241, 244
- see also bisexuality; gay men; homosexuality; lesbianism; Queer analysis; transgender
- libel 106–7
- lifestyles 158
- lighting 138, 333
- limitation, and ideology 148–9
- linearity 123, 344–5
- linguistics 122–3, 126
- Lippmann, Walter 72
- literacy 327, 332, 337, 338, 340
- see also media literacy
- Local Community Radio Act 365
- local culture 56
- logic 359, 391
- logical/emotional binary 214–15
- long‐playing (LP) records 6
- looking 185, 186, 189–90
- Los Angeles Times (newspaper) 204
- low‐power FM (LPFM) 364–5
- lower classes 375–6
- see also working classes
- Luce, Henry 72
- Mack, Robert L. 379, 390
- Mad Max: Fury Road (film, 2015) 119–20
- Maddow, Rachel 241
- madness 147
- magazines 4–5, 12, 75
- see also specific magazines
- Magic Mike (film, 2012) 191
- magnetic tape 6
- male 204, 205, 205–6
- as cluster concept 205
- male gaze 182–3, 186–95, 198, 302, 377–9
- male privilege 204, 209
- Maltese Falcon, The (film, 1941) 240
- managerial perspectives 65
- manner (dramaturgy) 284–7
- Manovich, Lev 8, 342
- Marcuse, Herbert 53
- marginalized groups 153, 154, 167, 169, 267, 268
- marketing, niche 52–3
- marriage 150, 230, 235
- Martin, Emily 148–9
- Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) 369–71
- Marx, Karl 26–8, 157–8, 354
- Marxist analysis 19, 25–60, 61, 353, 354
- Mary Sue fiction subgenre 319
- masculine, cultural construction 206
- masculinity 187, 204, 207, 210, 223, 357
- mass media 2–14, 353
- broadcast media 3, 7–8
- categorization 2–9
- government role in 89–112
- and ideology 354
- invention 2
- and Marxist analysis 25–60
- and media literacy 360
- and media messages 355
- and media reform 363
- and motion picture and sound recording 3, 6
- and new media 3, 8–9
- and postmodernity 10–11
- and print media 3–6
- and socialization 14–15
- mass production 10
- mass shootings 244
- mass society 155
- mass‐culture 156
- Massumi, Brian 136
- mastery 317
- masturbation 230
- materialism 26–7
- mayhem index 81
- MCA/Universal 40–1
- McChesney, Robert W. 363
- McCombs, Maxwell 261
- McDonald's advertising 362
- McKinney, Charlotte 377–9
- McLuhan, Eric 334
- McLuhan, Herbert Marshall 16, 328, 332–6, 339, 341
- McRobbie, Angela 219–20
- MCU see Marvel Cinematic Universe
- Mead, George Herbert 281–2
- meaning
- and bodily experience 136, 139
- co‐created 305, 306
- codes as representations of 263
- dominant 267, 273, 274
- and ethnographic research 273
- fans' personal 316
- and interpretive communities 269–71
- and memory 273
- and mind–body dualism 136
- negotiated 264–8, 273–4, 276, 282
- oppositional 264–5, 266, 268, 273, 303, 316
- and polysemy 265–71, 305, 306
- preferred 263–4, 266
- and Reception analysis 259–61, 263–71, 273–6
- shared 121
- and signs 121–3, 126, 133, 139
- and Sociological analysis 281–2, 289, 296
- and symbolic interactionism 281–2
- meaning‐making 310, 358
- media 2
- average time spent with 14
- as Fourth Estate 90
- functions 353
- government role in 89–112
- see also mass media; medium; specific types of media
- media conglomerates 26, 31–5, 38, 55–6
- media consumers, as producers 301, 314, 347
- media content 15
- Media Dynamics Inc. 50
- media ecology 296, 328, 339, 348, 359, 390
- see also Ecological analysis
- media erotics 302–3, 322
- see also Erotic analysis
- media frames 288
- see also frame analysis
- media industries 18–19, 23–115
- media literacy 359–61, 364
- media messages 15–16, 19, 75, 117–256, 353, 355–7
- and Cultural analysis 144–72
- and culture jamming 361
- and Ecological analysis 328
- and Feminist analysis 19, 204–27
- hegemonic/dominant meanings 263
- and media literacy 360
- medium as the message 328, 333–4
- and Psychoanalytic analysis 173–203, 377
- and Queer analysis 228–56
- and Reception analysis 261–5, 268
- and Rhetorical analysis 119–43
- media ownership 26, 28–39
- media policy 364
- media producers
- media production 360
- media reform 363–5
- media representation
- mediated messages 15–16
- medium 1–2, 15–16, 353
- medium theory 328–48, 359, 390–1
- meliorism 92, 94
- melody 136
- Melville, Herman 294
- memory 275–6, 337–8
- Mendes, Shawn 248–9
- merchandise 51–2
- mergers 48
- messages see media messages
- Metz, Christian 184–7, 193
- microprocessor (computer) chip 8–9
- middle classes 157–8, 159, 376
- Middle Eastern peoples 163–4
- Miller, George 119
- Miller, Terry 251
- Miller vs. California 103
- mind–body dualism 136
- minority viewpoints 102
- see also racial/ethnic minorities
- Miramax 45
- mirror stage 180, 181, 184–5, 195–6
- MIT Media Lab 11
- Mitchell, Juliet 182
- mobile telephony 9
- see also cell phones
- mobility 11–12
- Moby Dick (1851) 294
- modernity 10, 346
- Moken people 79
- monogamous/promiscuous binary 236–9, 243
- monopolies 30, 36, 97–8, 363
- mood 134, 135, 138
- Moore, Michael 121
- morality 103–6, 155
- Morley, David, Nationwide audience study 260, 273–5
- Morris, Charles E., III 249
- Morse Code 263
- mortification 293
- Moss, Kate 211–12
- motherhood 206, 286–7
- mothers 178–82, 185, 192–3, 195–6
- Motion Picture Association of America 104–5
- motion picture and sound recording 3, 6, 33–4
- motivation 174–81, 183
- motor sports genre 372–4
- Motorola advertisement 167–8
- Mourey, Jenna (Jenna Marbles) 314–15
- movement, camera 138–9
- MoveOn.org 363
- movie theaters
- MP3 9, 313
- MPEG‐1 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) 6
- muckraking 71
- multinational media conglomerates 26, 38
- multinationalism 36–9
- Mulvey, Laura 186–92, 193, 301
- murder 290
- music 6, 136, 137
- music industry
- Muslims 315
- myth 151, 154, 156
- romantic 286
- Nakayama, Thomas K. 161
- narcissists 286
- narrating 132, 133–5
- narratives 372, 373
- narrativization 77
- narrowcasting see niche marketing
- NASCAR racing, televised 372–4
- National Amusements 30, 34
- National Coalition of Anti‐Violence Programs 244
- National Geographic (magazine) 169
- national interest, maintenance 100–2
- National Socialism (Nazism) 53
- nations 333
- Nationwide (TV show) audience study 260, 273–5
- natural sciences 17
- NBC 97, 308
- Neale, Steve 192
- need 179, 195
- Negroponte, Nicholas 11, 342
- net neutrality regulations 89–90
- Netflix 25, 138, 166, 265, 295, 380
- networks 344–5, 347
- New Left 288
- new media 3, 8–9, 313
- and advertising spend 49–50
- and the Big Six 33–4
- democratic nature 55
- see also third‐wave media
- New York Times (newspaper) 288
- news
- and accuracy regulation 106–7
- as adventure 79
- as arbitration 79–80
- and authority–disorder tension 77, 78, 85
- and codes of ethics 107
- conventions 70, 73–82, 85
- definition 73
- dramatization 77, 78, 85
- fake news 83–4, 85, 360, 391–2
- and fragmentation 77, 78, 85
- and framing 81–2
- hard 81
- homogenization 80–1
- ideal of 73
- and information bias 76–8, 82, 85
- as mystery 79
- narrativization 77
- niche sources 82
- online 4
- and Organizational analysis 70–85
- personalization 76, 77, 78, 85
- and political bias 70–1, 82–4, 85
- professionalization 70, 72, 80, 85
- and profit maximisation 73, 76, 80
- as propaganda 83
- pseudo news 82–4, 85
- and reduction of diversity 80
- and the restriction of democracy 55–6
- soft 81
- standardization 76
- as therapy 79
- news agencies 73, 74, 75–6, 80, 85
- News Corp 37, 39
- news gathering
- news hole 73, 75
- news magazines 78–80
- see also specific news magazines
- news organizations 73–8, 82, 354–5
- news reporting 73, 76–7, 80, 85
- news stories 76
- news whole 73, 75–6
- newspapers 3, 354–5
- newsworthiness 74
- Niantic 313
- niche marketing 52–3
- Nielsen Company 7
- Nike advertising 362
- Nikon advertisement 187–8
- Nintendo 313
- noise 11
- Nolan, Christopher 138
- nonlinearity 344–6
- nonsymbolic motion 292
- normalization 149
- norms 63, 64, 66–7
- class 155
- of the classical body 308
- cultural 229
- and dominant ideologies 153
- gender 149, 208, 210, 220, 233, 381
- heteronormativity 230–1, 235–9, 241–8, 250, 252, 357
- professional 70, 72
- racial 168–9, 386
- social 375, 376
- and transgression 308, 321
- and violent media 109
- whiteness as 161, 162
- see also sexual norms
- Nosferatu (film, 1922) 387
- nostalgia television 295
- novels 3–4
- Obama, Barack 244, 365
- Obama administration 89
- objectification 187–9, 191–3, 215–18, 276, 378–9, 381
- objectivity 72, 121
- objects 177–9, 185–9, 191–4
- objects (semiotics) 124
- obscenity 103–4, 105–6
- O'Connell, Patrick 164
- OECD see Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development
- Oedipus complex 178, 180, 182, 185, 186, 196
- oligopolies 30
- Olivardia, Roberto 222
- Ong, Walter J. 333, 336–9, 341
- open texts 305
- oppositional codes 267
- oppositional readings 264–5, 266, 268, 273, 303, 316
- oppression 209, 220
- oral period 329, 333, 334
- oral stage (Freudian theory) 177–8
- orality 337–9, 344
- second 339
- oratory 120
- order 134
- Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) 314
- organisational structure 30–1
- Organizational analysis 19, 61–88, 354, 354–5
- organizational culture 64–6
- organizations 62–3
- orthodoxy 152
- Ortiz, Luis 158
- Orwell, George 339
- Other
- Othering 167–9, 230, 291
- Ott, Brian L. 290, 295, 306, 308, 318, 378, 390
- Otter Media 31
- ownership
- of the means of production 28
- see also media ownership
- Oxfam International 160
- Panzai products advertisement 126–7
- Papacharissi, Zizi 390
- paradigm shifts 328, 340
- Paramount 62–3
- Paramount Pictures 35
- parasocial relationships 316
- Parker, Trey 166
- parodic allusion 306, 388
- parody 306, 362–3
- parole 123
- part (personal front) 284–5, 286
- participation 312–13, 322, 338, 342–3, 389
- partisan press 71
- passive/active binary 211–12, 213, 215, 222
- passivity
- patriarchy 206–8, 210, 217, 220, 224, 380–1
- Paul, Logan 314–15
- pause 134
- pay, gender differences in 222–3
- Pediatrics (journal) 105
- Peirce, Charles Sanders 91, 124–5, 126
- Penguin Random House 38–9
- penis 182
- Penley, Constance 315, 320
- perception 1, 137–8, 164, 289
- performance
- Perks of Being a Wallflower, The (1999) 259–60
- persona
- personalization 76–8, 85, 316
- perspectives 134, 145, 153
- persuasion 120–1
- petite bourgeoisie 157–8
- Pew Internet and American Life Project 9
- Pew Research Center 365, 390
- phallic stage 177–8
- phallocentrism 182, 186–7
- phallus 178, 180–2, 185–7, 189
- pharaohs, as gods 332
- Philipsen, Gerry 272–3, 274
- phonograph 6
- photography 68–70, 340
- photojournalism 68–70
- Pig Latin 263
- planned obsolescence 41–3
- Plato, cave allegory 183
- play, interpretive 310–11, 322
- pleasure 301, 358–9, 377–8, 388–9
- pleasure principle 174, 193
- Pokémon GO (video game) 313
- policy 364
- political assessments 17–18
- political bias 70–1, 82–4, 85
- political campaigns 56
- political economists 28
- political punditry 73, 74–5, 80, 85
- politics, of performance 64
- pollution–purification–redemption cycle 293
- polyphony 306–7
- polysemy 265–71, 276, 305, 306
- polyvalence 267
- pop music 54–5
- Pope, Harrison G. 222
- popular culture 155–6
- postfeminism 218–21, 224, 357
- Postman, Neil 328, 339–41
- postmodernism 10
- postmodernity 10–13
- Poststructuralism 140
- Potter, Harry 301, 320
- Potter, W. James 360
- power relations 17–18
- PQ Media 28–9
- Pragmatic analysis 19, 89–115, 354, 355
- and consequences 94–5, 96, 102–3, 105–6, 108–10, 355
- and contingencies 94–6, 98, 102–3, 105–6, 108–11, 355
- and diversity promotion 102–3
- and ensuring accuracy 106–7
- and intellectual property protection 98–100
- and maintaining national interest 100–2
- and managing morality 103–6
- and Media Lab 3: doing Pragmatic analysis 112
- and monopoly prevention 97–8
- overview 90–4
- and violence in the media 107–11
- pranking 362
- pre‐conscious 175
- preferred readings 263–4, 266
- prejudice 243–4, 384
- premonition 135
- presence effects 137
- press releases 73–5, 80, 85
- Pretty Little Liars (TV series) 240
- primary caretakers 179, 180, 184
- Prime Time Access Rule 97
- print cultures, Ecological analysis 337–41, 344, 346–7
- print media 3–6
- print period 329, 333, 339
- printing press 3, 327–8, 330, 333
- privacy 101–2
- private space 339, 390
- private sphere 390
- private/public binary 213, 214
- privilege 267
- process 63, 66, 84
- producerly texts 266
- product placement 51, 54
- production
- profanity 104, 105
- professional cultures 66
- “professional queers” 241
- professional societies 70
- professionalization 68–70, 72–3, 80, 82, 85
- professionals 63
- profit maximisation 26, 39–48, 56–7, 354
- profit‐motive 28
- proletariat 28, 157
- promiscuity 236–9, 243, 381
- propaganda 83, 101, 144
- Propp, Vladimir 133
- prosumptive logic 347, 348
- Protestant work ethic 90
- proverbs 291–2
- provider/nurturer stereotype 213
- pseudo events 74–5
- pseudo news 82–4, 85
- Psycho (film, 1960) 178
- Psychoanalytic analysis 19, 173–203, 276, 355, 356
- psychological obsolescence 41, 43
- psychosis 180, 196
- public attitudes/opinions, framing 290
- public interest
- Public Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic (newspaper) 70
- public space 339, 390
- public traumas, framing 290
- public/private binary 213, 214
- publics 333
- Pulitzer, Joseph 4, 71
- punditry 73, 74–5, 80, 85
- punk rock 153–4
- qualitative methods 282
- quantitative methods 282
- Queer analysis 19, 228–56, 355, 356, 357
- and an overview of Queer theory 229–35
- definition 229–30
- and the fourth persona 229, 244–5, 248–52
- and Media Lab 8: doing Queer analysis 253
- and “positive” representation 241–2
- and queerness and invisibility 245–9, 252
- sample Student essay 382–4
- and sexual stereotypes 235–40
- and the “textual wink” 248–52, 387
- and visibility 235–42, 244, 252
- queer representation 382–4
- queerness 229, 231, 235–42, 244–9, 252, 357, 383
- Ra 332
- Rabelais, François 306
- race 157
- racial equality 384–6
- racial stereotypes 163–4, 263, 361, 385–6
- racial/ethnic minorities 167
- racism 165, 166, 385–6
- radio 7–8
- Radio Preservation Act 2000 364–5
- Radway, Janice 270–1, 316
- Ramus, Peter 336
- ratings system 105–6, 110–11
- readerly texts 304–5
- Reader's Digest (magazine) 4
- reading positions
- Real (Lacanian concept) 179–80
- realism, grotesque 307–9
- reality principle 175–6
- reality TV 45–6
- reboots 45
- Reception analysis 19, 259–79, 281, 353, 356, 358
- recombinancy 45
- reductionism 209
- reform 359
- regression 356
- regulation of the media
- relationships
- relativism 93–4
- relays 126
- religion 327, 330, 331, 332
- remakes 44–5
- remote control use 346
- reporter‐tourists 79
- representation see media representation
- repression 175, 181, 182
- rereading 316
- resistance 320, 321, 322, 359
- resistive readings 268, 274, 303, 358–9
- restriction of democracy 55–6, 57
- retrieval 336
- Reuters 39
- reversal 336
- Rhetorical analysis 19, 119–43, 353, 355–6
- and aesthetics 137–9
- and affect 135–9
- and an overview of rhetoric 120–1
- and clusters 127–9
- and form 129–30
- and genre 130–2
- and materiality 135–9
- and Media Lab 4: doing Rhetorical analysis 140
- and narrative 132–5
- sample student essay 371–4
- and texts and rhetorical structures 126–35
- and theories of the sign 121–6
- rhythm 136, 137
- Rich, Adrienne 231
- Richardson, Michael 145
- risk avoidance 43–4, 47–8, 369
- ritual spectacles 307
- ritualistic violence 108–11
- rituals 64
- role‐playing games (RPGs) 313
- romance novels 270–1, 316
- romantic relationships 286
- Rope (film, 1948) 240
- Rorty, Richard 93–4, 95
- RPGs see role‐playing games
- RTL Group 38
- Rubin, Gayle S. 230, 234, 235, 239
- Rudd, David 195–6
- ruling classes see bourgeoisie
- Rushkoff, Douglas 16, 346
- sacred 233
- same‐sex relationships 319–20
- Sandgren, Linus 62
- satellites (stories) 133
- satire 389
- satisfaction 174–5, 177–9, 192
- Saussure, Ferdinand de 122–4, 125, 126
- Savage, Dan 251
- Saxe, John Godfrey, “The Blind Man and the Elephant” 352–3, 357, 365
- scapegoating 290, 293–4
- scene 134
- Schatz, Thomas 41
- Schor, Juliet B. 159–60
- Schwarzenegger, Arnold 103
- science fiction 290–1, 295, 318–21
- scientific method 344
- scopophilia (pleasure in looking) 185–7, 189–90, 356, 377–8, 379
- Scorsese, Martin 68, 70
- Scott Pilgrim vs. The World (film, 2010) 237–8
- Scottsboro Boys 385
- SDS see Students for a Democratic Society
- search engines 346
- second‐tier media companies 30
- second‐wave feminism 218–19, 221
- selective exposure 392
- self
- self‐reflexive reference 306
- semiology 122–4, 125, 126
- “semiotic excess” 265, 266
- semiotic productivity 316
- semiotic terrorism 361, 365
- semiotics 124–5
- Senate 363
- “sending a package” metaphor 328
- sense‐making 310
- senses, and communication technologies 333–6, 347
- sensory balance 333
- sensory perception 1, 137–8
- sequels 44, 45
- settings 133, 284
- sex 204, 205–6, 208
- “sex comedies” 215–16
- sex drive (Eros) 174, 176, 177–8, 185, 192, 377, 379
- sex workers 230, 234, 239
- sexism 205, 206–8, 217
- sexual desire 379
- sexual difference 219
- sexual harassment/assault 223
- sexual identity 231, 234–5
- perverse 232
- sexual norms 230–1, 235–40, 235–9, 241–8, 250, 252
- sexual othering 230
- sexual pleasure 177–8, 185
- sexual stereotypes 235–41, 243
- sexual subject/sexual object binary 215–18
- sexual union, of the mother/father 193
- sexuality 357, 380–1
- Shadowhunters (TV drama) 25–6
- Shape of Water, The (film, 2018) 305
- Shattuc, Jane 157
- Sheeran, Ed 286
- sheet music 6
- Shepard, Matthew 290
- Sherlock (TV show) 300
- Shockwaves advertisement 198, 200
- shootings, mass 244
- signified 122–3, 124, 125–6
- signifier 122–3, 124, 125–6, 129, 137
- signifying systems 125–6
- signs 355–6
- Silence of the Lambs, The (film, 1991) 24
- silent films era 6
- Simpson, O.J. 47
- Simpsons, The (TV sitcom) 213
- simulacra 13
- simulation 13
- Singer, Bryan 250, 251–2
- Sirius XM Radio Inc. 8, 52–3
- Sirk, Douglas 192
- situationalism 157
- skepticism 16–17
- skimming 311
- slander 106–7
- slash fiction subgenre 319–21
- slavery 385, 386
- Sleeping Beauty (1959) 215
- Smythe, Dallas 52
- Snapchat 301
- social action, genres as modes of 130–2
- social anxieties 295
- social change 295
- social commentators 79
- social consciousness 27
- social control 339–40
- social environment 390, 391–2
- social exclusion 161–2
- social expectations 285
- social ills, attribution of responsibility for 81–2
- social institutions 27
- social interactions, as performances aimed at impression management 283
- social inversion 308–9
- social justice 18
- social media 95, 390–2
- see also specific forms of social media
- social networking 285–6, 344
- social norms 153
- social relations 149
- social responsibility theory 72–3, 96
- social roles 149
- social utility 95
- sociality 64, 92
- socialization 272
- socio‐historical context 95
- socioeconomic position 374–6
- Sociological analysis 19, 280–99, 353, 358, 384–7
- Soderbergh, Steven 191
- somatic experience 1, 14
- Sontag, Susan 245
- Sony 6, 48
- Sony BMG Music Entertainment 48
- soul 233
- sound recording 3, 6, 33–4
- formats 41
- and Rhetorical analysis 139
- see also motion picture and sound recording
- South Park series 166, 308, 318
- space
- space‐based media 330–1
- specialization 63
- spectacle 46–7, 57, 184
- spending, consumer 28–9, 42
- Spielberg, Steven 196, 305
- spin‐offs 44–5
- sports genre 371–4
- Stacey, Jackie 260, 275–6
- stage 284
- Stamp Act 1765 70–1
- standardization 54–5, 57, 76
- Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 218
- Star Trek fan fiction 319–20
- Star Trek fandom 317
- Star Trek: The Next Generation (TV show) 214–15
- State of Union address 268
- status quo, ideological 302, 303
- Steinem, Gloria 218
- stereotypes 205, 208–21, 374, 376
- stigma 230, 231, 234
- Stone, Emma 61–2
- Stone, Matt 166
- stories 64, 132–3
- Stranger Things (TV series) 166
- strategic ambiguity 268
- strategy, and profit maximisation 39–48
- stretch 134
- Structuralism 139–40, 156, 287
- structure 63, 66, 84, 282–3
- Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 288
- studio ownership 371
- style 245
- suasory 120, 121
- subcultures 153–4
- subjugation 302
- subscription streaming services (sVOD) 42
- subversion 362–3, 387
- subvertisments 362
- successes, replicating past 44–5, 369
- summary 134
- Summit Entertainment 61
- Sun (New York newspaper) 3
- Super Bowl 377
- superego 175–6, 178
- Supernatural (TV show) 266
- superstructure 27, 28
- surfing 345–6
- Swinton, Tilda 163
- Symbolic (Lacanian concept) 179–80, 181, 182
- symbolic action 281, 292–4
- symbolic experience 1, 14
- symbolic interaction 374
- symbolic interactionism 281–2, 358, 384
- symbolic inversion 308–9
- symbolism
- symbols 14, 292
- synchronic analysis 123
- syndication 97
- synergy 36, 40–1, 370
- taboos 308
- tactics 39–40
- Taken trilogy 44
- talk shows 131–2
- talking pictures (“talkies”) 6
- Taylor, Mark 327
- team (dramaturgy) 285, 286
- Teamsterville 272, 274
- technological obsolescence 41–3
- technology, and organizational culture 65–6
- Telecommunications Act 1996 36, 97–8, 110, 364
- telegraph 7, 340
- telephone 7, 95
- see also cell phones; mobile telephony
- television 7–8
- 4K ultra‐high definition 42
- and advertising spend 50–1
- age of 340–1
- and the Big Six 33–4
- cable television 8
- consumption levels 7
- as cool medium 334
- and Ecological analysis 340–1
- and equipment for living analysis 295
- genres 131
- hyperconscious 295
- and joint ventures 47–8
- and mobility 11
- and ownership 7
- and Psychoanalytic analysis 196–7
- ratings system 105
- and Reception analysis 267
- and regulation 97–8, 102–3, 105, 110–11
- and replicating past success 45
- and Rhetorical analysis 371–4
- satellite 8
- and social change 295
- televisual culture 344
- tense 134, 135
- terrorism 163–4, 196
- texts 126–35, 355
- textual analysis 65, 355
- textual poaching 316
- textual productivity 317–18
- “textual winks” 248–52, 387
- Thaler, Paul 47
- theatricality 245–7, 248
- theory 18
- third‐wave culture 341
- third‐wave feminism 218
- third‐wave media 341–8
- “This is America” (single, 2018) 144
- Thomas, Danielle 220
- Time Warner 36, 37, 48
- time‐based media 330–1
- TNCs see transnational corporations
- To All the Boys I Loved Before (film, 2018) 380–1
- Todorov, Tzvetan 132, 134
- Toffler, Alvin 12, 341, 347
- tokenism 166
- tokens 159
- Tom Ford advertisement 218
- TouTube 301
- trades unions 363
- tragedy 294
- training 68
- transcendence 293
- transgender 230–1, 234, 240, 244
- transgression 301–22
- transnational corporations (TNCs) 38
- Trump, Donald 47, 75, 83, 84, 101, 244
- Trump administration 89
- truth 339–40
- Turner Broadcasting System 31
- Twilight franchise 320, 387
- Twitter 228, 344, 364, 390–2
- “two‐step flow” model 261
- typography, age of 340
- UCC see user‐created content
- Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (TV show) 265
- unconscious 175–6, 180–2, 187, 192–4, 197, 377
- uncrowning 308–9
- Underground Railroad 385
- Underwood, Carey, “Before He Cheats” 240
- Universal 48
- Universal Music Group 48
- “universe of discourse” 152
- “universe of undiscussed” 152
- upper classes 155, 157, 159, 232, 375, 376
- US Civil War 384, 385, 386
- US Constitution
- US presidential election 2016 84, 101, 102, 360, 392
- USA Today 15, 207
- user participation 312–13, 322, 338, 342–3, 389
- user‐created content (UCC) 314–15, 322
- uses and gratifications theory 261–2
- v‐chip technology 110–11
- values, cultural 56
- vampires 320–1, 387–9
- van Dijck, José 390
- variability 342, 3443
- Veblen, Thorstein 159
- VHS tape 42
- Viacom 30, 34, 35, 37, 39, 48
- victim effect 109–10
- victimage 293–4
- video games 151
- video‐on‐demand (VOD) 42
- vids 318
- viewpoints, diverse 15
- violence, domestic 223
- violence in the media 129, 144, 196
- virginity 380
- virtual space 347
- virtuality 343
- visibility, and Queer theory 235–42, 244, 252
- visual space 334–5
- vlogs 314–15
- VOD see video‐on‐demandxsx
- Vogue magazine 164
- voice 135, 136
- voyeurism 184–7, 189, 193, 377–9
- Walker, Rebecca 362–3
- Walking Dead, The (TV show) 280
- Walt Disney Company, The 30, 32–5, 37, 39, 48, 51–2, 369
- War for The Planet of the Apes (film, 2017) 384–6
- War of the Worlds (film, 2005) 196
- Warner Bros. 31, 40
- Warner Brothers Records 40
- Warner, Michael 231
- Warner Music Group 48
- WarnerMedia 30–1, 40, 48
- wealth, distribution 160
- Weber, Max 281
- well‐knownness 46
- West, Kim Kardashian 46
- Wharton, Edith 359
- What We Do in the Shadows (film, 2017) 387–9
- Whedon, Joss 246
- white privilege 162, 163, 166–7, 169
- whiteness 161, 162, 165, 167–9
- whitewashing 162–3, 166
- wholesome/deviant binary 239–40, 243
- Wild Turkey advertisement 216
- Williams, Raymond 155–6
- Winfrey, Oprah 159
- wish fulfillment 192, 193
- WNBT (later NBC) 50
- Wolf, Naomi 215
- women 206–8, 210, 223–4
- word 336–7, 339
- working classes 153, 155, 157, 158, 232
- working hours 62
- World Wide Web 9
- worldviews, dominant 145, 153
- writerly texts 304–7, 322, 358
- writing cultures 337
- writing process 292
- writing/print period 329, 333, 339
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