Here is an exercise for shaping: With quick, circular motions, set half ellipses on top of or next to each other.

These become smaller when turning around an axis

or circling around a ball.

In general, the lightest parts move forward— in this case, creating a ball.

However, light areas can also appear to be farther away, as in a tunnel view.

The shaping of hatching doesn’t have to follow a hard rule to create a spatial impact.

The shifting of the spinning center creates the bulge of the ball.

Slopes and bulges are created with soft hatching. The shaping lines describe the volume as if the pencil is feeling along the outside of the object.

A bulge can be either a dip or a bump

depending on the point of view.

Plasticity is accomplished by adding highlights.

Successful 3-D effects are created almost automatically with the long side of a soft pencil lead.

Put either a little pressure or a lot of pressure on the pencil.

Gray-scale values can emerge by accident or on purpose.