Aarseth, Espen, 274n23
advertising (and ad revenue), 10, 116–19. See also under home studio broadcasters; Twitch
Aereo, 266n35
Albrecht, Matt, 232–33
Alejandre, Christina, 205
Amazon.com, 4, 25, 38, 60, 119, 120, 142, 179, 225, 253; Mechanical Turk program, 125
Andrejevic, Mark, 190
AnneMunition, 91–92, 107–8, 109–10, 113–14
AnyKey Organization, 16, 172, 252, 264n19
API (application programming interface), 60, 130, 179
Astromoff, Kathy, 60–61
audiences. See networked audience; spectatorship
AutoMod, 224–26
Bain, John “Total Biscuit,” 270n37
Banks, John, 243
Baranowsky, Danny, 249
Baym, Nancy, 89–90, 133, 135, 189
Bell, Art, 270n5
Bertino, Phil “inFeZa,” 165
Blackmon, Samantha, 108–9
Blizzard, 3, 177, 180–81, 199–200, 206–7, 209
Bollier, David, 246
Bornstein, Steve, 206–7
“boundary objects,” 15
Bowker, Geoffrey, 15
Bratich, Jack, 46
Breslau, Rod “Slasher,” 180
British Premier League, 56
Brock, Tom, 260–61
Burgess, Jean, 33–34, 245, 258, 265n9, 274n24
Burks, Mike, 139
Burroughs, Benjamin, 55–56
Caillois, Roger, 260–61
cam culture, 29–32, 53; “cam girls,” 31; “social cam” websites, 3
Campbell, Colin, 172
Cassell, Thomas “Syndicate,” 129, 270n41
Chaloner, Paul “Redeye,” 139, 148–49, 166–67
Chamberlain, David, 267n3
Championship Gaming Series (CGS), 139–40
Champions League, 209
Champlin, Alexander, 222
chat windows, 1, 6, 15, 42–44, 67–68, 75, 81, 88–90, 141, 144, 266n24; bots and, 223; “crowdspeak” in, 42; in esports, 171–75; moderators and, 219–20
Citron, Danielle, 171
Cohen, Julie, 239
ComicCon, 137–39
community management, 20, 21, 62, 69, 94, 115, 173–75, 218–27
Conti, Olivia, 246
Coombs, Rosemary, 246
cosplay, 6, 48, 64, 137, 217, 231
Counter-Strike Go (CSGO), 128–29, 170, 180, 205, 206, 210–11
Critical Role, 255
Crittenden, Spencer, 254–55
CU-SeeMe, 29–31
Dave, Paresh, 200
Dayal, Geeta, 249
deathlyiam, 202
DDOS (distributed denial of service), 21, 156, 162, 218, 226
Dibbell, Julian, 264n10
DiGiovanni, Sundance, 180
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 56–57, 212–15, 237, 247–48
Discord, 95, 104, 111–12, 132, 204, 220
diversity, 105–13, 172, 175, 234
djWHEAT.tv, 149
Domise, Andray, 109
Dota 2, 170, 181, 182, 184, 192, 206
Dovey, Jon, 151
DreamHack, 3, 148, 149, 172–73, 203, 204–5, 271n15
du Gay, Paul, 51
Dungeons and Dragons, 217
Electronic Arts, 128
Ellis, Stephen “Snoopeh,” 206
emoticons, 1, 9, 42, 43, 73, 94, 112–13, 181, 223, 269nn23–24
engineering, 59–63
ESL (Electronic Sports League), 3, 17, 137, 200–201, 203–5, 273n45
esports, 1, 3, 14, 132, 136–211; audiences (and markets) for, 140–43, 145, 167–69, 175, 185–99; in China, 266n28; DIY roots of, 145–57; economics of, 154–57, 167, 185; gambling on, 129; growth of, 138–42; history (waves) of, 4, 136–37; industry competition in, 199–207; licensing and rights in, 208–10; live streaming impact on, 16–17, 20–21, 46–47, 82, 140–42, 199–200; as media events, 2, 137, 157–58; moderators in, 172–73; oversaturation and churn in, 210–11; production techniques of, 146–52; revenue generation in, 175–85; technological advances in, 158–63; television and, 20, 138–44, 208; Twitch and, 64, 125, 141, 179, 181, 201–2, 206, 207. See also tournament broadcasting; women in game culture
esports broadcasters, 68–69, 71, 75, 82–84; audience relationships of, 92–93, 99; branding of, 83; expertise of, 82; motivations of, 99; performative aspects of, 86, 88, 99; public/private balance of, 103; technicity of, 151
Facebook, 3, 13, 16, 20, 46, 53, 64, 69, 206–7, 271n16
Fairfield, Joshua, 248, 274n25
fanwork, 240–41
fighting game broadcasts, 49, 50, 147, 153, 184
Filewich, Carling “Toastthebadger,” 173
Ford, Colin, et al., 42
FTC guidelines, 127–28
Full Sail, 180
gambling streams, 127–30
game cafes, 268n19
game consoles, 4, 37, 59, 198; PlayStation 4, 4, 26, 71
game culture, cultural significance of, 10–14, 38
game live streaming: beginnings and growth of, 1–4, 6, 10, 23–65; benefits of, 4, 6, 21; definition of, 27–28; future of, 22; heterogeneity of, 15; marketing uses of, 9, 21; motivations for watching, 39–42, 265n22. See also esports; home studio broadcasters
Game of Thrones, 142
GamerGate, 233–34, 236, 270n37
Garazzo, Heather “sapphiRe,” 165
Garfield, Alex, 64
Giddings, Seth, 250
Gill, Keaton “Chakki,” 172
Gillespie, Tarleton, 58, 63, 124, 217, 263n4, 263n6
Global eSports Management, 205
Good Game Agency, 64
GotFrag, 149
Graham, Marcus “djWHEAT,” 139, 149–50, 271n12
Green, Joshua, 33–34, 258, 265n9
Gregg, Melissa, 133, 134–35, 267n11
Haag, Matthew “NaDeSHoT,” 201–2
harassment, 20, 21, 72, 103–4, 105, 110–11, 114–15, 171–74, 221–23, 236; DDOSing, 226; “e-stalking,” 214; swatting, 103, 222. See also trolls
Harding, James “2GD,” 184
HarmonQuest, 254–55
Harris, Josh, 32
Harry, Drew, 42
Hearthstone, 172–73
Hills, Matt, 36
home studio broadcasters, 66–135; ads and, 68, 79, 117–19, 122; audience relationships of, 88–95, 120; “crowd work” by, 81, 267n7; economics of, 67–68, 72, 79, 90, 95–97, 115–35, 244; emotional demands on, 84–86; entertainment and performative aspects of, 80–84, 86–88, 98, 120, 243–44; moderators and, 68, 93, 94–95, 112, 113, 115; motivations of, 69–70, 91, 134; production demands on, 72–80, 100, 115; promotional power of, 126–27; public/private balance of, 99–104; safety concerns of, 103–4; viewer expectations and stereotypes of, 105–15
House of Cards, 25
HUDs (heads-up displays), 160–61
Hughes, Linda, 261
Hulu, 25
Humphreys, Sal, 243
Hwang, Tim, 118
Intel Extreme Masters, 159, 165, 178, 181, 192
intellectual property and ownership issues, 10, 11, 19, 22, 55, 58, 208, 237–39, 245–48, 250–51; fair use policy, 237, 239–42, 247, 274n15; SpectateFaker case and, 213–16. See also Digital Millennium Copyright Act
IRL (in real life) broadcasting, 6, 22; Twitch and, 64–65
IRC (Internet Relay Chat), 1, 42
Ismail, Rami, 9
Iwuanyanwu, Chinemere “Chinny,” 111, 113, 114
Jarrett, Kyle, 46
Jefferson, Mychal, 112–13, 269n23
Jenkins, Henry, 33, 47–48, 259
Jhally, Sut, 45
Johnson, Mark, 135
Justin.tv, 3, 6, 53–58, 61, 64, 157, 265n14, 266n37
Kaceytron, 268n22
Kamdar, Adi, 118
Kane, Mary Jo, 195
Karbum, Philipp “Moldran,” 264n21
Kennedy, Helen, 151
Kjellberg, Felix “PewDiePie,” 127
Kraft, Robert, 209
Kreiss, Daniel, et al., 260
labor in digital economy, 34–36, 46–47, 115–16, 133–35, 260; in esports, 163–67
Laksh, Russell “Horror,” 228–29
Langenscheidt, Leonard, 208–9
LAN parties, 145, 171, 204, 271n15
League of Legends, 21, 167, 168, 177, 181, 187, 192, 200, 210–11, 212, 215, 234, 268n22
leisure, 11–12, 37, 186, 191–92, 193–94; “serious,” 16, 154, 241, 261
Lembo, Ron, 2
Leslie, Callum, 128–29, 204, 235
Lessig, Lawrence, 264n10
Levine, Craig, 139
Lin, Kevin, 116–17
Livant, Bill, 45
“liveness” (simultaneity), appeal of, 24, 105, 144, 264n2, 270n5
Lotz, Amanda, 26–27, 188, 190, 266n26
MacCallum-Stewart, Esther, 35–36
“mafia” (game), 263n7
Magic: The Gathering, 6
Major League Baseball (MLB), 25, 55, 56, 177
Major League Gaming (MLG), 3, 177, 180, 200–203, 206
Maker Studios, 131
Martin, Steve, 268n12
Martin, Trevor “TmarTn,” 129
Marwick, Alice, 39
Mathewson, Jordan “Kootra,” 222
McDaniel, J. P., 87–88, 93–94, 267n9
Merrill, Mark “Tryndramere,” 213–16
Miller, Terrance “TerranceM,” 172
Miller, Toby, 186, 188, 256–57
Minecraft, 192
Moblord, 269n32
moderators, 172–73, 219–21, 228, 271n22; nonhuman, 223–26, 272n22
Modern Times Group (MTG), 201, 204–5
Morley, David, 39
Mulligan, Jessica, 174
multichannel network (MCN) structures, 35, 130–32, 227, 270n42
multiplayer gaming, 4, 11, 12, 37–38
Munroe, Randall, 44
Myerscough, Kaelan Clare, 268n14
Mykles, Christopher “MonteCristo,” 167, 205
NASA, 29
NBA2K, 275n1
Neff, Gina, 133–34
networked audience, 38–48; commodification of, 46–47
networked broadcasting, 4, 10, 22, 23–65
Newbury, Elizabeth, 170, 271n20
Newman, James, 38
NFL (National Football League), 55, 139, 160, 197
NGE (formerly Hitbox), 64
Nissenbaum, Helen, 104
Nixon, Sarah, 114–15
Nixon, Sean, 51
Nuclear Throne, 9
Nygård, Kristian, 84–85
Obama, Michelle, 248–49
on-demand modes, 142
OnGameNet, 167
Online Performers Group, 132
Orange Is the New Black, 25
Organization for Transformative Works, 240
ownership. See intellectual property and ownership issues
Papert, Seymour, 145
Parks, Lisa, 26
“participatory culture,” 33, 45, 258–60, 265n9
Partin, William, 184
“payola” scandals, 127–29, 270n37
pay-per-view (PPV), 57, 176, 180–81
PAX expos, 48–52, 124, 198, 252–54
peer-to-peer networks, 55–56
PGL, 3
Penny Arcade Expo, 17
platforms, defined, 263n4
Pokémon, 43–44; Pokemon Go, 192. See also Twitch Plays Pokémon
pornography, 152, 228, 229, 232, 265n12, 265n17
Professional Gamers League, 182
Proletariat Inc., 9
Quinn, Zoë, 233
Radio ITG, 149
Rea, Jared, 228
ReedPOP, 49
regulatory and policy issues, 19, 21–22, 55–57, 212–51; automated enforcement of, 247–50; “vernacular law,” 245–47. See also intellectual property and ownership issues
Reichert, Ralf, 204
Rice, Andrew, 54
Riot Games, 3, 167, 177, 200, 209, 213, 215–16
Rizzo, John, 61
Robida, Albert, 23–24
Rodriguez, Carlos “ocelote,” 205
Romine, Morgan, 172
Ross, Bob, 63
Rugg, Adam, 55–56
SaltyTeemo, 216
Sang-hyeok, Lee “Faker,” 212–16
Sarkeesian, Anita, 233
Sattler, Michael, 29–30
Saturday Night Live, 2
Saw, Stuart “Tosspot,” 149
Schmidt, Trevor “gfmidway,” 149
SDKs (software development kits), 59, 60
Seigworth, Greg, 267n11
Sell, Jesse, 169
Sepso, Mike, 206
sexism and racism. See harassment
Sherr, Ian, 128
Shimpach, Shawn, 46
Silbey, Jessica, 245
Silver, Adam, 258
Skype, 16, 29, 66, 68, 95, 104, 204, 220, 226, 271n16
Smite, 48
Smith, Scott “SirScoots,” 149
“social justice warriors,” 233–34, 268n21
social media, 12, 20, 25, 34, 43, 58, 69, 84–85; celebrity and, 39, 89
social networking, 12, 16, 28, 32
software transformation, 237, 241
Sørenson, Henrik Aasted, 117
South Korean gaming, 138–39, 153, 167, 178, 270n7; Korean Esports Association, 212. See also SK Telecom T1
Spawn on Me, 109
SpectateFaker case, 212–17, 238
spectatorship, 1–2, 6, 19, 20, 37–38, 45, 54–55, 158, 167. See also networked audience
Star, Susan Leigh, 15
StarCraft, 1, 150, 160, 180, 210–11, 265n22
StarLordLucian, 212–16
Steam, 9, 69, 78, 111, 115, 128
Stebbins, Robert, 261
Sterne, Jonathan, 46
Stevens, Phillips, 261
StreamLabs, 120
Streamline, 9
Stream Tip, 122
Szablewicz, Marcella, 266n28
“table-top” role-playing games, 6, 254–55
Taylor, Nick, 46
Team Liquid, 116
Team Sportscast Network, 149
television, 2–3, 23–29, 38, 105, 231, 256–57, 263n2; advertising on, 269n27; children’s shows, 27; esports and, 20, 138–44, 208; interactive programs, 27; reality TV, 26, 27, 32, 53; rights and regulations relating to, 55–56; 21st-century changes to, 142, 144
Terranova, Tizania, 34
text-based games, 12
Title IX, 193–94
tournament broadcasting, 1, 3–4, 16, 17, 20–21, 47, 48, 64, 69, 82–83, 95, 123, 133, 137–38, 140–42, 157–58, 192; scale of, 181; structure of, 169–71
transformative work of play, 22, 28, 239–47, 250–51, 259, 261
trolls, 112, 113, 229, 269n22; “Forsen Army,” 235–36
Turkle, Sherry, 145
Turner, Graeme, 258, 264n3, 275n3
Turner Broadcasting System, 4, 205–6
Turtle Entertainment, 18, 137–38, 203–4
Tushnet, Rebecca, 238
Twin Galaxies, 146
Twitch: adult content policy of, 228, 229–31, 232; advertising and, 116–20, 123; Affiliates Program, 3, 63, 79, 116, 269n34; Amazon purchase of, 4, 60, 64, 225, 253, 256, 263n6; audience interaction (and chat) on, 20, 42–43, 46, 69, 223–24, 227–29, 254–56; Bits system of, 79, 123, 183–84, 256; “black Twitch,” 109; bots on, 223–24; communities on, 112; content and services of, 4, 6, 9, 26, 28, 63–65, 78–79, 123–25, 131, 224, 228, 231; convention presence of, 48–52, 252–55; dress code on, 231–36, 273n12; esports and, 64, 125, 141, 179, 181, 201–2, 206, 207; financial aspects of, 116, 122–23, 125, 256; front page of, 63, 67, 112, 124, 125; future of, 256–58; and licensing and legal issues, 212, 236–37, 246–48, 249–50; media coverage of, 65; motto of, 124; origin and development of, 3, 14, 51, 53–65, 157; Partner Program, 3, 63, 79, 116, 124, 267n4; /r/Twitch subreddit, 71, 78, 96, 234; SureStream system, 118, 269n29; user relationships and input to, 60–62, 123–25, 134, 256; viewership statistics for, 3, 5, 64
Twitch Plays Pokémon (TPP), 43–44, 61, 120, 217
Twitter, 2, 13, 16, 20, 46, 54, 69, 112, 115, 174, 216
UGC (user-generated content), 10, 12–13, 22, 26, 32–37, 53, 257; regulations and, 57–59, 246
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), 55, 56–57
Ultra Music Festival, 64
Uricchio, William, 23–24
Vacas, Ben “Braindeadly,” 131
Valve Corporation, 3, 128–30, 182–83, 184, 205. See also Steam
variety streamers, 3, 6, 14, 35, 47, 68–69, 82, 133. See also home studio broadcasters
“vernacular creativity,” 33–34
video on demand (VOD), 4, 36, 107, 141
viewbots, 273n5
Vlambeer, 263n8
Vogt, Michael, 53
We Live in Public (documentary), 32
Westen, Burns, 246
Westworld, 26
White, Michelle, 221
white label products, 177–78
William Morris Endeavor–International Management Group, 205, 273n42
Winamp, 146
Wirman, Hanna, 243
women in game culture, 114, 172, 175, 186–87, 196–98, 232–35, 268n22; “grills” as a term for, 232, 236; historical background to, 193–96, 198; surveys and 191, 192–93. See also harassment
World of Warcraft, 11, 192, 268n16
World Series of Video Games, 157
Wyatt, Ryan “Fwiz,” 202
xkcd (webcomic), 44
Yang, Robert, 230
Yogscast, 35–36
YouTube, 3, 4, 6, 20, 22, 26, 33–35, 40, 53, 56, 64, 69, 115, 124, 127–28, 132–33, 242, 248–49, 253, 270n42; comments field on, 43; ContentID system of, 248; esports and, 147; MCNs and, 35, 130–31; monetization of, 35–36, 124, 129; participation gap with, 259; viewership figures for, 33; YouTube Gaming, 202
Zuckerman, Ethan, 269n31