(See Chapter 15.)
Funding/Financing Organizations
| EU-Based |
U.S.-Based |
| EU pre-accession funds |
World Bank Group (includes the IBRD) |
| EU structural and investment funds |
USTDA |
| EIB (European Investment Bank) |
EXIM |
|
USAID |
Characteristics of Funding/Financing Options
| Grant Aid |
Soft Loans |
Export Credit Guarantees |
Commercial Financing |
- No need to repay
- Given subject to social/political policy objectives
- Gov'ts are main sources
|
- Long-term: 5–25 years
- Below commercial rates
- The main vehicle for EM funding
|
- Created to drive exports
- Reduces interest rates due to lower country risk
|
- Profit driven
- Availability always a challenge in EMs due to country risk
|
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