Notes

Introduction

1. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Entrepreneurship and the U.S. Economy.” Last modified April 28, 2016. https://www.bls.gov/bdm/entrepreneurship/bdm_chart3.htm.

Chapter 1

1.   Sandro Galea, “Mental Health Should Matter as Much as Physical Health, Psychology Today, March 25, 2019, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/talking-about-health/201903/mental-health-should-matter-much-physical-health.

2.   James Lake, “Urgent Need for Improved Mental Health Care and a More Collaborative Model of Care,” Permanente Journal, 21 (2017).

3.   Tim Newman, “The Neuroscience of Creativity,” Medical News Today, February 17, 2016, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/306611.php.

4.   R. Siva Kumar, “Animals Are Creative Like Humans, But Do Not Take It Forward,” Science Times, April 25, 2017, https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/13424/20170425/animals-creative-humans-sonnets.htm.

5.   In one example, as described by Normal Doidge, MD, a man who lost his sight as an adult as a result of an autoimmune condition in the eyes was able through neuroplastic exercises to rewire his visual system and see again. Norman Doidge, The Brain’s Way of Healing: Remarkable Discoveries and Recoveries from the Frontiers of Neuroplasticity (New York: Viking, 2015).

6.   Bryan Kolb and Arif Muhammad, “Harnessing the Power of Neuroplasticity for Intervention,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, June 27, 2014, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00377/full.

7.   Michael Rugnetta, “Neuroplasticty,” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/neuroplasticity. Updated March 28, 2019.

8.   Theodor Herzl, The Old New Land (Leipzig, Germany: Hermann Seemann Nachfolger, 1902).

9.   The Messerli Research Institute in Vienna did a study with older dogs using touchscreen tables. Their argument was that even though older dogs may not be as physically able to be trained, they can do cognitive problem solving, which will keep them mentally fit. See Amanda Carrozza, “You Can—and Should—Teach Old Dogs New Tricks,” American Veterinarian, February 16, 2018, https://www.americanveterinarian.com/news/you-canand-shouldteach-old-dogs-new-tricks.

10. Nicholas Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (New York: Norton, 2011), 26.

11. Edythe McNamee and Jacque Wilson, “A Nobel Prize with Help from Sea Slugs,” CNN.com, May 14, 2013, https://www.cnn.com/2013/05/14/health/lifeswork-eric-kandel-memory/index.html.

12. Eric Haseltine uses the example of “functional fixedness,” something people develop that prohibits creativity. He presents an example of someone wanting to make pancakes but not having a mixer. Instead, that person uses a drill and a pair of scissors. Our analytical brains see only the common functions of those tools, but by “quieting” that side of brain and enhancing the creative side, we can envision different mechanisms that would work as a mixer. See Eric Haseltine, “7 Extraordinary Feats Your Brain Can Perform,” Psychology Today, November 2018, 54–63.

13. Franz Röösli, Michael Sontag, and Doug Kirkpatrick, “Management Plasticity: Neuronal Networking as the Organizing Principle for Enterprise Architecture to Unfold Human Potential and Creativity,” Challenging Organizations and Society: Reflective Hybrids (COS), 4:1 (2015): 684–736. Accessed June 4, 2019. https://www.cos-collective.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/COS_2015_Volume_4_Issue_1_Management_Plasticity-1.pdf. The authors propose that organizations can facilitate neuroplasticity by retraining the way the brain understands traditional organizational structures and practices, allowing for creative solutions to improve business. The authors define this as “management plasticity,” meaning “the ability of organizational management to engage the energy and potential of each member to collaboratively, creatively and effectively learn from and adapt to dynamic internal or external changes, opportunities or threats.”

Chapter 2

1.   Cathy Booth, “Steve’s Job: Restart Apple,” Time, August 1997, 28–34.

2.   Mat Honan, “Remembering the Apple Newton’s Prophetic Failure and Lasting Impact,” Wired, August 5, 2013, https://www.wired.com/2013/08/remembering-the-apple-newtons-prophetic-failure-and-lasting-ideals/.

3.   Doron P. Levin, “Grim Outlook of Early 1980’s Is Back for U.S. Auto Makers,” New York Times, December 7, 1989, https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/07/business/grim-outlook-of-early-1980-s-is-back-for-us-auto-makers.html.

4.   Lawrence M. Fisher, “Apple Plans 1,300 Layoffs and Takes Loss,” New York Times, January 18, 1996.

5.   Booth, op cit.

6.   For more information on the Apple deal with Microsoft, see Booth, op cit., and Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 323–326.

Chapter 3

1.   Sandra W. Russ, “Play and Creativity: Developmental Issues,” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 47(3), (2010): 291–303.

2.   Adele Diamond, “Development of Cognitive Functions Is Linked to the Prefrontal Cortex,” in The Role of Early Experience in Infant Development, ed. Nathan A. Fox, Lewis A. Leavitt, and John G. Warhol (Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies), 131–133. Diamond presents an example of how infants become creative problem solvers when they are around 8.5 to 9 months old. A toy is placed in a transparent box with one side open. Infants age six to eight months tried to put their hands straight through the box from the point where they were looking to reach the toy, but slightly older infants knew to reposition their arms around the box to reach the opening.

3.   Amanda Habermann, “Why We Resist Change,” Psychology Today, January 25, 2017, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-truisms-wellness/201701/why-we-resist-change.

Chapter 5

1.   Although some companies and individuals had tested AI in the early 1950s, the birth of AI research is often credited to the Dartmouth Summer Research Project in 1956, which was proposed by individuals at Dartmouth College, Harvard University, IBM, and Bell Telephone Laboratories. See James Moor, “The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years,” AI Magazine 27, 4 (2006)4, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d486/9863b5da0fa4ff5707fa972c6e1dc92474f6.pdf, and “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Coined at Dartmouth,” Dartmouth College 250th anniversary website, accessed August 4, 2019, https://250.dartmouth.edu/highlights/artificial-intelligence-ai-coined-dartmouth.

2.   Liqun Luo, “Why Is the Human Brian So Efficient?” Nautilus, April 12, 2018, http://nautil.us/issue/59/connections/why-is-the-human-brain-so-efficient.

3.   Jennifer Kite-Powell, “How Do We Create Artificial Intelligence That Is More Human?” Forbes, March 19, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2019/03/19/how-do-we-create-artificial-intelligence-that-is-more-human/#1eff8b811492.

4.   Peter Sarnoff, “A New Amazon Patent Reveals Alexa Could Become Emotionally Intelligent,” Business Insider, October 17, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-patent-alexa-emotional-intelligence-2018-10.

Chapter 6

1.   Helen Briggs, “Did Our Ancient Ancestors ‘Kill the Cat’?” BBC News, December 2, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34944560.

2.   Sindya N. Bhanoo, “Life Span of Early Man Same as Neanderthals’,” New York Times, January 10, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/11/science/11obneanderthal.html.

3.   Steven Mithen, Problem-Solving and the Evolution of Human Culture, Monograph Series No. 33 (London: Institute for Cultural Research, 1999), http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.520.2184&rep=rep1&type=61;pdf.

4.   “History of Salk,” accessed August 9, 2019, https://www.salk.edu/about/history-of-salk/jonas-salk/.

5.   Drake Baer, “The Making of Tesla: Invention, Betrayal, and the Birth of the Roadster,” Business Insider, November 11, 2014, https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-the-origin-story-2014-10.

6.   Jim Taylor, “Is Our Survival Instinct Failing Us?” Psychology Today, June 12, 2012, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-power-prime/201206/is-our-survival-instinct-failing-us.

Chapter 7

1.   Yogendra Kumar Gupta, Meenakshi Meenu, and Prafull Mohan, “The Tamiflu Fiasco and Lessons Learnt,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 47, 1 (2015): 11–16, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375804/.

2.   Nancy Colier, “Why Negative Thinking Is Such a Dangerous Habit,” Psychology Today, April 15, 2019, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inviting-monkey-tea/201904/why-negative-thinking-is-such-dangerous-habit.

Chapter 9

1.   “How Managers Are Killing Productivity with Useless Meetings That Cost $37 Billion/Year,” Digital Synopsis, accessed March 6, 2020, https://digitalsynopsis.com/tools/meetings-are-a-waste-of-time/.

2.   Sophia Epstein, “Meetings Are a Total Waste of Time: Here’s How to Make Them Useful,” Wired, December 2, 2019, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/how-to-make-meetings-productive.

3.   Ronald B. Adler, George Rodman, and Carrie Cropley Hutchinson, Understanding Human Communication, 11th ed., (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199747382/student/chapter5/.

Chapter 10

1.   Ray Kroc and Robert Anderson, Grinding it Out: The Making of McDonald’s (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1977), 5–11.

Chapter 11

1.   “Adolf Hitler,” History.com, updated May 28, 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/adolf-hitler-1.

2.   The Discovery and Development of Penicillin, 1928–1945 (London: Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum, 1999).

3.   Ibid.

4.   Joseph Henry, Scientific Writings of Joseph Henry (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1886).

5.   “Who Invented Sticky Notes?” Wonderopolis, accessed April 20, 2020, https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/who-invented-sticky-notes.

6.   Barbara Bouffard, “Inventor of the Month—Who Is Edouard Benedictus?” Innovate Product Design, November 12, 2013, https://innovate-design.com/inventor-month-edouard-benedictus/.

7.   Sam Roberts, “Overlooked No More: Ruth Wakefield, Who Invented the Chocolate Chip Cookie,” New York Times, accessed March 6, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/obituaries/overlooked-ruth-wakefield.html.

Chapter 15

1.   Joseph Mazar, Yujia Li, Amy Rosado, Peter Phelan, Kritika Kedarinath, Griffith D. Parks, et al., “Zika Virus as an Oncolytic Treatment of Human Neuroblastoma Cells Requires CD24,” PLOS One, 13, 7 (July 25, 2018), e0200358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200358.

2.   Joel Rose, “How to Break Free of Our 19th-Century Factory-Model Education System,” The Atlantic, May 9, 2012, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/how-to-break-free-of-our-19th-century-factory-model-education-system/256881/.

Chapter 16

1.   Nitasha Tiku, “The WIRED Guide to Internet Addiction,” Wired, April 18, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/wired-guide-to-internet-addiction/.

Chapter 17

1.   James Estrin, “Kodak’s First Digital Moment,” New York Times, August 12, 2015, https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/kodaks-first-digital-moment/?auth=login-email.

2.   John Aldred, “The World’s First Digital Camera, Introduced by the Man Who Invented It,” DIY Photography, August 2, 2016, https://www.diyphotography.net/worlds-first-digital-camera-introduced-man-invented/.

3.   Ibid.

Chapter 18

1.   Howard Markel, “How the Tylenol Murders of 1982 Changed the Way We Consume Medication,” PBS News Hour, accessed June 23, 2019, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/tylenol-murders-1982.

2.   Sara Olkon, “Tylenol Incident ‘Never Goes Away’ for Family That Lost 3,” Chicago Tribune, February 6, 2009, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tylenol-janus-06-feb06-story.html.

3.   Ed Baumann and John O’Brien, “Getting Away with Murder,” Chicago Tribune, April 21, 1991, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-04-21-9102050598-story.html.

4.   During the two years preceding the incident, Johnson & Johnson’s stock price rose from the low 20s to 46 1/8 the night before the poisonings. See Thomas Moore, “The Fight to Save Tylenol,” Fortune, October 7, 1982, https://fortune.com/2012/10/07/the-fight-to-save-tylenol-fortune-1982/.

5.   Judith Rehak, “Tylenol Made a Hero Out of Johnson & Johnson: The Recall That Started Them All,” New York Times, March 23, 2002, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/your-money/IHT-tylenol-made-a-hero-of-johnson-johnson-the-recall-that-started.html.

6.   N. R. Kleinfield, “Tylenol’s Rapid Comeback,” New York Times, September 17, 1983, https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/17/business/tylenol-s-rapid-comeback.html.

7.   IESE Business School, “Why Communication in Companies Is So Poor (and How to Get It Right),” Forbes, March 21, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/iese/2016/03/21/why-communication-in-companies-is-so-poor-and-how-to-get-it-right/#7ea50c025ed6.

8.   Steven Fink, “The Johnson & Johnson/Tylenol Crisis,” in Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable (New York: AMAZON, 1986), 216.

9.   Howard Markel, “How the Tylenol Murders of 1982 Changed the Way We Consume Medication,” PBS News Hour, accessed June 23, 2019, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/tylenol-murders-1982.

Chapter 19

1.   Michael Corkery, “Charles P. Lazarus, Toys ‘R’ Us Founder, Dies at 94,” New York Times, March 22, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/obituaries/charles-p-lazarus-toys-r-us-founder-dies-at-94.html.

2.   Susan Berfield, Eliza Ronalds-Hannon, Matthew Townsend, and Lauren Coleman-Lochner, “Tears ‘R’ Us: The World’s Biggest Toy Store Didn’t Have to Die,” Bloomberg Businessweek, June 6, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-06-06/toys-r-us-the-world-s-biggest-toy-store-didn-t-have-to-die.

3.   “What Went Wrong: The Demise of Toys R Us,” Knowledge @ Wharton, March 14, 2018, https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-demise-of-toys-r-us/.

4.   Laura Wagner, “‘8 CDs for a Penny’ Company Files for Bankruptcy,” NPR The Two Way, August 11, 2015, https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/11/431547925/8-cds-for-a-penny-company-files-for-bankruptcy.

5.   Ibid.

6.   Jack Hamilton, “Columbia House Offered Eight CDs for a Penny, but Its Life Lessons Were Priceless,” Slate.com, August 12, 2015, https://slate.com/culture/2015/08/columbia-house-bankrupt-mail-order-cd-clubs-owner-finally-going-out-of-business.html.

7.   University of Miami Libraries, “A Brief History of Pan Am,” Cleared to Land: The Records of the Pan American World Airways, accessed March 6, 2020, http://scholar.library.miami.edu/digital/exhibits/show/panamerican/history.

8.   Barnaby Conrad III and Tom Morgan, Pan Am: An Aviation Legend (San Francisco: Council Oak Books, 2013), 17.

9.   Michael Lombardi, “Seventh Heaven,” Boeing Frontiers, July 2008, http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2008/july/i_history.pdf.

10. Conrad and Morgan, op cit.

11. John H. Cushman, Jr., “U.S. Panel Is Told of Pan Am Security Flaws,” New York Times, April 5, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/05/world/us-panel-is-told-of-pan-am-security-flaws.html.

12. Ron Chernow, Grant (New York: Penguin Press, 2017), 330.

Chapter 20

1.   Mike Ciopyk, letter to the editor, Porsche Panorama, June 2019.

2.   Ofer Aderet, “Details of Porsche’s Nazi Ties Spoil Centennial Bash,” Haaretz, November 10, 2009, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/1.5348608.

3.   “Volkswagen,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed August 2, 2019, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/volkswagen-1.

4.   Ibid.

5.   Aderet, op cit.

6.   Wolfram Pyta, Nils Havemann, and Jutta Braun, Porsche: From Engineering Office to Global Brand (Munich: Siedler, 2017).

7.   World Bank, “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years),” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN.

8.   The chart is based on data collected between 2007 and 2015 from 24 countries. An average of the countries apart from the United States was used to determine the value for other countries. See Charities Aid Foundation, Gross Domestic Philanthropy: An International Analysis of GDP, Tax, and Giving, January 2016.

9.   William Freehand, Ben Wilterdink, and Jonathan Williams, “The Effect of State Taxes on Charitable Giving,” The State Factor, September 2015.

10. Giving USA 2017, “Total Charitable Donations Rise to New High of $390.05 Billion,” https://givingusa.org/giving-usa-2017-total-charitable-donations-rise-to-new-high-of-390-05-billion/.

11. Our World in Data, “Share of the Population with Access to Improved Drinking Water, 2015,” accessed August 22, 2019, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-the-population-with-access-to-improved-drinking-water.

12. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2005–2016,” February 27, 2019, https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/analysis/.

A Note on the Type

1.   “In Honor of the 100th Birthday of Jan Tschichold,” Font Magazine, accessed April 21, 2020, https://www.linotype.com/794-12597/return-to-switzerland.html.

2.   Ibid.

3.   “Jan Tschichold, 1902–1974,” Visual Visionaries, accessed April 21, 2020, https://design.cmu.edu/sites/default/files/book_rnd_6.pdf.

4.   Martin McClellan, “Tschichold, Nazis and Allen Lane: The Modernist Politics of Type,” McSweeney’s, January 27, 2010, https://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/tschichold-nazis-and-allen-lane-the-modernist-politics-of-type.

5.   Font Magazine, op cit.

6.   Jan Tschichold, “Clay in a Potter’s Hand,” in The Form of the Book: Essays on the Morality of Good Design (Point Roberts, WA: Hartley & Marks, 1991).