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Previous Chapter

Appendix A: Classfile Grammar

Index

A

field information in

aggregation obfuscations

inline and outline methods

interleave methods

loop transformations

aload non-terminal

protection mechanism for

searching for unlicensed

splitting code in

writing two versions of

simple protection mechanism for

writing two versions of

architecture of JVM

arith non-terminal

arithmetic operations in MathOps.java

<clinit> method

code for decompiler

decompiler results for

getfield non-terminal

<init> method for

putfield non-terminal

putstatic non-terminal

arrays See Also ArrayInit.java; ArrayTest.java

array transformations

handling initialized

aload non-terminal

annotated main method for

decompiler code for

decompiler results for

newarray non-terminal

astore non-terminal

Atari v. Nintendo

classfile method

getLocalHostName() method

SourceFile and InnerClasses

attributes count, field

B

code for decompiler

const non-terminal

conv non-terminal

decompiler results

ipush non-terminal

static main method

type conversion method

Boolean split lookup table

building obfuscators

bytecodes See Also recovering source code from bytecode

breaking into tokens

mapping to opcodes

recovering source code from

C

ignoring problems of decompilation

J2ME obfuscation strategies

protecting consultant’s code

reconstructing lost source code

source code escrow

Cifuentes, Christina

class data section of ClassToXML

class fields See fields

class methods See methods

class transformations

classfiles See Also constant pools

attributes count for fields

bytecode grammar for CUP specification

bytecode to opcode mapping for methods

constant pool count

decompiler design and elements of

design and function of

disassembled XML

JavaDump effects on

method attributes for

minor and major version numbers

SourceFile and InnerClasses attributes

This and Super classes

classname non-terminal

ClassToSource decompiler

ClassToXML output file

ArrayTest.java main method

Basics.java main method

class data section of

constant pool entries for

converting classfiles to XML

exception handling tables ignored by

field data overview of

MathOps.java main method

clone methods for aggregation obfuscations

cmp non-terminal

code fingerprinting

codeattribs non-terminal

compilation flags

compiling with -g flags

decompiled version of HelloWorld.java

effect on HelloWorld.java bytecode

removing information in HelloWorld.classfile with

compiler-compiler tools See Also CUP compiler-compiler tool

computation obfuscation See Also obfuscators

adding redundant operands

extending loop conditions

inserting dead or irrelevant code

parallelizing code

unreducible bytecode control flow

writing sloppy code

conditional statements See Also loops

extending loop conditions for obfuscation

loops and goto statements

resolving with WhileLoop.java

const non-terminal

constant pool count

ClassToXML entries for

CONSTANT_Utf8_info structure

cp_info structure

JVM field descriptors

constantelement non-terminal

constantpool non-terminal

CONSTANT_Utf8_info structure

control obfuscations

computation transformations

ordering transformations

transformations with

conv non-terminal

converting static to procedural data

copyright laws and decompiled code

overview of strategy

cp_info structure

CUP compiler-compiler tool See Also CUP decompiler specification

debugging output for

declarations in

derivative of Yacc parser

CUP decompiler specification

bytecode grammar for

classname non-terminal

codeattribs non-terminal

constantelement non-terminal

constantpool non-terminal

Decompiler.CUP decompiler specification

definitionparts non-terminal

exceptionable non-terminal

fields non-terminal

file non-terminal

interfaces non-terminal

linenumtable and linenummapping non-terminal

listing of all non-terminals

methods non-terminal

miscellaneous non-terminals

opcode terminals for

resolveConstant method

skeleton specification for decompiler

startfile non-terminal

stmts non-terminal

custom class loaders

D

data obfuscation

converting static to procedural data

storage and encoding methods

transformation data via aggregation

transformations with

back-end processing

front-end parser

declarations in CUP

decompiler code

DoWhile.java and IfTest.java

decompilers See Also ClassToXML output file; designing decompilers; implementing decompilers

about decompiling

decompiled fingerprinted code

decompiling exceptions

decompiling interpreters

ignoring problems of decompilation

Java’s vulnerability to

legal implications of

moral issues of decompiling

reconstructing lost source code

virtual machine

definitionparts non-terminal

design of classfiles

designing decompilers

classfile and JVM elements in

design of JVM and

recovering source code from bytecode

using compiler-compiler tools

DFA (deterministic finite automata)

Diettrich, Hans-Peter

digital fingerprinting code

Casting class with dummy method

Casting target class

criteria for good

decompiled fingerprinted code

jmark command-line parameters

recovering fingerprint

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

Digital Rights Management (DRM) software

directives in JLex

disassembled XML classfile

DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act)

DOS decompilers

annotated main method of

cmp non-terminal

decompiler results for

if non-terminal

DRM (Digital Rights Management) software

dummy constructors

E

educational uses for Java decompilation

EU Directive on Legal Protection of Computer Programs

European Union (EU) licensing laws

evaluation copies

evolution of decompilers

exceptionable non-terminal

exception handling tables

F

attributes count

field data section of ClassToXML

field descriptors for constant pool

finding human interface’s

forcing field attributes in Hello localhost

information in access flags

fields non-terminal

file non-terminal

files See Also classfiles

adding line numbers to JLex

divisions of JLex

fingerprinting See digital fingerprinting code

flow analysis tools

decompiler code for

decompiler results for

goto non-terminal for

sample listings

fragile super classes

G

getfield non-terminal

getLocalHostName() method

goto non-terminal

goto statements

breaking out of control loop with

example of poor

pseudocode replacing

transforming into loops and breaks

decompiled HelloWorld.java

H

HAT (Heap Analysis Tool)

hexadecimal dump of

HelloWorld.classfile

HelloWorld.java

basic decompiler operations with

compilation flag effects on bytecode in

decompiled version of

decompiler code for

dummy and main methods for

grammar for decompiled

invoke non-terminal in

load non-terminal in

object non-terminal in

return non-terminal in

store non-terminal in

HelloWorld thread example

hexadecimal dump of Hello.class

hexidecimal editors

high-mode obfuscation

human interfaces for classfile

I

if non-terminal

if-else statements

if_icmp non-terminal

annotated main method of

cmp non-terminal

decompiler code for

decompiler results for

if non-terminal

if_icmp non-terminal

iinc non-terminal

implementing decompilers See Also test suite programs; and programs listed by name

ArrayInit.java in test suite

ArrayTest.java in test suite

Basics.java in test suite

ClassToXML output file

CUP specification

dealing with remaining opcodes

decompiler code for HelloWorld.java

DoWhile.java and IfTest.java in test suite

dummy and main methods for HelloWorld.java

exception handling tables

ForLoop.java in test suite

HelloWorld.java in test suite

JLex specification

MathOps.java in test suite

problems of decompilation

programs in test suite

Recurses.java in test suite

tips for decompiling unparsed opcodes

WhileLoop.java in test suite

for ArrayInit.java

inline and outline aggregation methods

InnerClasses attributes

interface as classfile element

interfaces non-terminal

interleaving aggregation methods

invoke non-terminal

IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) protection schemes

ipush non-terminal

irrelevant code

J

J2ME obfuscation strategies

JAD (Java Decompiler)

bytecode to opcode mapping

decompiler design in

decompiling interpreters

educational uses for decompilation

example of source code

fragile super classes

software protection for

taking advantage of insecure code

vulnerability to decompilation

Java Decompiler (JAD)

Java Native Interface (JNI)

Java Tree Builder (JTB)

Java Virtual Machine See JVM

javap source code output

adding line numbers to files with scanner

breaking bytecodes into tokens with

file divisions in

main method bytecode

regular expression rules for

JNI (Java Native Interface)

JTB (Java Tree Builder)

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) See Also classfiles

architecture of

classfiles and classfile elements

decompiler design and design of

decompiling Java with

field descriptors

Java’s vulnerability to decompilation

obfuscators compatible with

program counter registers

publications about

stack and stack processor

K

Krakatoa decompilation

L

layout obfuscations

legal implications of decompilers

licensing software

linenumtable and linenummapping non-terminal

load non-terminal

breaking out of control

extending loop conditions

goto conditional

implementing while

loop transformations

transforming for aggregation obfuscations

M

main method bytecode for JLex

annotated main method in

arith non-terminal

decompiler code for

decompiler results for

iinc non-terminal

original code for

merging scalar variables

access flags for

annotated Recurses.java

ArrayInit.java <clinit>

ArrayInit.java <init>

ArrayTest.java main

code attributes for exceptions

decompiling getLocalHostName()

dummy and main HelloWorld.java

as element of classfile

method area of JVM

method data in ClassToXML output file

resolveConstant

unraveling <init>

WhileLoop.java main

methods non-terminal

moral issues of decompiling Java

N

Native Method Interface (NMI)

newarray non-terminal

NMI (Native Method Interface)

constantelement

CUP specification

definitionparts

linenumtable and linenummapping

miscellaneous CUP

parsing behavior in CUP

resolving tokens and terminals into

Num.lex scanner

O

obfuscators See Also aggregation obfuscations; computation obfuscation; ordering obfuscations

case study of J2ME obfuscation strategies

control obfuscation

data obfuscation

defeating decompilers with

high-mode obfuscation

layout obfuscation

protecting code with

object non-terminal

dealing with remaining

in JVM instruction set

mapping bytecodes to

tips for decompiling unparsed

ordering obfuscations

reorder statements and expressions

ordering transformations

oStackDebug and finalStackDebug sample listings

P, Q

paint() method attributes

parallelizing code

Parser.cup sample listing

recovering source code with single pass parser

terminals and non-terminals in CUP

p-code (pseudocode)

replacing goto statements

peephole optimization

program counter registers

protecting source code See Also obfuscators

compilation flags

digital fingerprinting code

digital rights management software

selling source code

web services and server-side execution

writing two versions of code

pseudocode See p-code

publications about JVM

putfield non-terminal

putstatic non-terminal

R

Ramshaw’s algorithm

recovering source code from bytecode

Ramshaw’s algorithm

single pass parser

universal decompiling machine

annotated methods of Recurses.java

ClassToXML constant pool output

ClassToXML data output for

annotated methods of

decompiler results for

grammar, code, and output for

redundant operands

registers and decompiler design

regular expression rules for JLex

reorder statements and expressions

resolveConstant method

return non-terminal

reverse engineering

S

sample listings

annotated ArrayInit.java <clinit> method

annotated ArrayInit.java <init> method

annotated Basics.java method

annotated DoWhile.java method

annotated IfTest.java method

annotated MathOps.java method

annotated type conversion method for Basics.java

arr field for ClassToXML

breaking out of control loop with goto statement

Casting target class

classfile structure

ClassToXML constant pool output for recurse

ClassToXML terminals

codeattribs non-terminal

compilation flag effects on bytecode

compilation flags in HelloWorld.classfile

const non-terminal for Basics.java

constant pool entries for ClassToXML

constantelement non-terminal in CUP

constantpool non-terminal in CUP

CONSTANT_Utf8_info structure

conv non-terminal for Basics.java

cp_info structure

Crema-protected code

CUP non-terminals

CUP specification

CUP user routines

custom class loaders

debugging output for CUP

decompiled fingerprinted code

decompiled HelloWorld.java

decompiled output for HelloWorld.java

decompiler code for Basics.java

decompiler code for HelloWorld.java

decompiler code for IfTest.java

decompiler code for MathOps.java

decompiler results for ArrayInit.java

decompiler results for DoWhile.java and IfTest.java

decompiling if statements in Jive

definitionparts non-terminal in CUP

digital fingerprint

disassembled XML classfile

dummy and main methods for HelloWorld.java

exceptionable non-terminal in CUP

fields of human interface

file non-terminal in CUP

Hello.class constant pool

Hello.class methods

Hello Localhost with initializers

HelloWorld thread example

hex dump of test class

human interfaces for classfile

Java source code

javap source code output

jmark command-line parameters

JNI header file

linenumtable and linenummapping non-terminal in CUP

main method bytecode

method non-terminal in CUP

native methods in code

Num.lex scanner

obfuscating strings added to XMLToClass example

opcode terminals for CUP specification

original Basics.java code

original code for MathOps.java

oStackDebug and finalStackDebug

paint method attributes

pseudocode replacing goto statements

recovering fingerprint

recurse method data output in ClassToXML

resolveConstant method

showBalance and emailInvoice

showBalanceEmailInvoice

simple protection mechanism for applications

startfile non-terminal in CUP

stmts non-terminal in CUP

variable obfuscations

variable swapping

XML-RPC client method call

XML-RPC response

XMLToClass example

Sega v. Accolade

selling source code

server-side protection of source

single pass parsers

Digital Rights Management

protection strategies for Java

source code See Also protecting source code; recovering source code from bytecode

compilation flags in

decompiling to understand JVM

digital fingerprinting of

digital rights management software for

example of Java

native methods and

protecting consultant’s code

reconstructing lost

recovering from bytecode

source code escrow

web services and server-side execution of

writing two versions of

SourceFile attributes

operations in goto

resolving CUP constant pool with

stack processor in JVM

startfile non-terminal

stmts non-terminal

storage and encoding methods for data obfuscation

store non-terminal

stretching loops

T

tags, constant pool

terminals See Also non-terminals

parsing behavior in CUP

resolving into non-terminals

test suite programs See Also programs listed by name

HelloWorld.java

breaking bytecodes into

ClassToXML output file

resolving into non-terminals

hexidecimal editors

used for designing decompilers

using compiler-compiler

transformations

data obfuscation and

threads for confusing hackers

TVC (Transient Variable Caching)

U

UDM (universal decompiling machine)

U.S. Copyright Act

user code in JLex

user routines in CUP

V

Van Vliet, Hanpeter

Basics.java handling of

splitting to create obfuscation

variable swapping

version numbers

virtual machine decompilers

virtual methods

Visual Basic decompilers

W

web services and server-side execution

annotated main method of

decompiler code for

decompiler results for

goto non-terminal

sample listings

X

client method call

XMLToClass disassembler

obfuscating strings added to

original sample listing

XMLToSource decompiler

resolveConstant method in CUP specification

skeleton CUP specification for

viewing basic operations in HelloWorld.java

Y, Z

Yacc See Also CUP compiler-compiler tool

CUP as derivative of

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