In calculus, the derivative of a function is “a measure of how a function changes as its input changes” (Wikipedia). For example, if an object is traveling at a constant velocity, that velocity is the same from moment to moment, so the derviative is zero. If an object is falling, its velocity changes a little bit as the object starts falling, and then falls faster and faster as time goes by.
You can calculate the rate of change of a function by calculating:
(f(x + delta) - f(x)) / delta
, where delta
is the interval
between measurements. As delta approaches zero, you get closer and
closer to the true value of the derivative.
Write a module named Calculus
with a function derivative/2
. The
first argument is the function whose derivative you wish to find, and the
second argument is the point at which you are measuring the derivative.
What should you use for a value of delta
? I used 1.0e-10
, as that is a small
number that approaches zero.
Here is some sample output.
iex(1)> c("calculus.ex") [Calculus] iex(2)> f1 = fn(x) -> x * x end #Function<erl_eval.6.17052888> iex(3)> f1.(7) 49 iex(4)> Calculus.derivative(f1, 3) 6.00000049644222599454 iex(5)> Calculus.derivative(fn(x) -> 3 * x * x + 2 * x + 1 end, 5) 32.00000264769187197089 iex(6)> Calculus.derivative(&:math.sin/1, 0) 1.0
f1
function works.
/1
to indicate its arity.
Is it possible to use pattern matching inside a list comprehension? Try it and find out.
Presume you have this list of people’s names, genders, and ages:
[{"Federico", "M", 22}, {"Kim", "F", 45}, {"Hansa", "F", 30}, {"Tran", "M", 47}, {"Cathy", "F", 32}, {"Elias", "M", 50}]
In iex
(or in a module, if you prefer), write a list comprehension
that creates a list consisting of the names of all the people who are male and over 40. Use pattern matching to separate the tuple into three variables, and use two guards to do the tests for age and gender. When you use multiple guards in a list comprehension, you get the moral equivalent of combining the conditions with and
.
Then, write a list comprehension that selects the names of all the people who are male or over 40. You can’t use multiple guards here; you want a single guard that explicitly uses the or
operator.
lists:foldl/3
Add mean/1
and stdv/1
functions to the stats
module which
you created in Étude 6-1 to calculate the mean and
standard deviation for a list of numbers.
iex(1)> c("stats.ex") [Stats] iex(2)> Stats.mean([7, 2, 9]) 6.0 iex(3)> Stats.stdv([7, 2, 9]) 3.60555127546398912486
The formula for the mean is simple; just add up all the numbers and
divide by the number of items in the list (which you may find by using the
Enum.count/1
function).Use List.foldl/3
to calculate the sum of the items
in the list.
The following is the algorithm for calculating
the standard deviation. Presume that n
is the number of items
in the list.
n
times the sum of squares.
n * (n - 1)
.
Thus, if your numbers are 7, 2, and 9, N
would be three, and
you would do these calculations:
N
times the sum of squares is 134 * 3, or 402.
In your code, you can do steps three through seven in one arithmetic expression. You’d have variables in your expression rather than constants, of course.
:math.sqrt((3 * 134 - 18 * 18)/(3 * (3 - 1))
Use List.foldl/3
to calculate the sum and the sum of squares.
Bonus points if you can calculate both of them
with one call to List.foldl/3
. Hint:
the argument for the accumulator doesn’t have to be a single number. It can
be a list or a tuple.
Enum.split/2
Use h Enum.split
to see how the Enum.split/2
function works, or try
the following example and see if you can figure it out. Experiment to see
what happens if the second argument is zero or greater than the length
of the original list.
iex(1)> Enum.split([110, 220, 330, 440, 550, 600], 4) {[110,220,330,440],[550,600]}
Use Enum.split/2
and List.foldl/3
to rewrite the
Dates.julian/1
function from
Étude 6-2. Hint: you’ll use those functions when
calculating the total number of days up to (but not including)
the month in question.
Back to list comprehensions. You can have more than one generator in a list comprehension. Try this in iex
:
iex(1)> for x <- [3, 5, 7], y <- [2, 4, 6], do: x * y [6,12,18,10,20,30,14,28,42]
Using what you’ve learned from this example, write a module named Cards
that contains a function make_deck/0
. The function will use a list comprehension with two generators to create a deck of cards as a list 52 tuples in this form:
[{"A","Clubs"}, {"A","Diamonds"}, {"A","Hearts"}, {"A","Spades"}, {2,"Clubs"}, {2,"Diamonds"}, {2,"Hearts"}, {2,"Spades"}, ... {"K", "Clubs"}, {"K", "Diamonds"}, {"K", "Hearts"}, {"K", "Spades"}]
You need a way to shuffle the deck of cards. This is the code for doing a shuffle, adapted from the Erlang solution at the Literate Programs Wiki.
def shuffle(list) do :random.seed(:erlang.now()) shuffle(list, []) end def shuffle([], acc) do acc end def shuffle(list, acc) do {leading, [h | t]} = Enum.split(list, :random.uniform(Enum.count(list)) - 1) shuffle(leading ++ t, [h | acc]) end
Wait a moment. If I’ve just given you the code, what’s the purpose
of this étude? I want you to understand the code. The object of this
étude is to write the documentation for the algorithm.
If you aren’t sure what the code does, try adding some
IO.puts
statements to see what is happening. If you’re totally
stuck,
see the original explanation of the method at Wikipedia.
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