Chapter 12

Accounting for Hire - Purchase and Installment

INTRODUCTION

One’s needs are many and varied, but resources to achieve such wants are scanty and scarce. In an era of electronic world, markets are flooded with so many articles with utility values. They induce the customers to purchase for their daily use in life. But resources (money) to acquire them are not within the reach of common man. Understanding this psychological concept of humanity, trading institutions (trading with goods and dealing on money matters) exploit the situation by adopting a technique or device to sell the goods under easy terms and conditions for those buyers who have no or minimum amount of money. Such a system is known as Hire-Purchase System and Installment System.

Under such scheme, one may come across with so many attractive captions – interest free loan; no hidden cost; no margin money; low EMI rates and so on. One has to understand, Is it really interest free? Are they selling products without profit? What is margin amount? How installment amounts are calculated? What will be the consequence of default in installment payment? Is there any statutory law to govern such system? How do the purchaser and buyer enter into an agreement? How accounting treatment is carried on with respect to buyer and seller? Is there any difference between Hire-Purchase System and Installment System? Answers to such questions and other related activities pertaining to this system form the major part of this chapter.

OBJECTIVE 1: DEFINITION OF HIRE-PURCHASE SYSTEM

Hire-Purchase System is defined as, “A system whereby the owner of the goods lets them on hire for periodic payments by the hirer upon an agreement that when a certain number of payments have been completed, the absolute property in the goods will pass to the hirer, but so that the hirer may return the goods at any time without any obligation to pay any balance of rent accruing after return; until the conditions have been fulfilled the property remains in the owner”.

1.1 Explanation of Important Terms

To understand this fully the following terms should be understood prior we proceed further:

1. Hirer: A “Hirer” means a person who obtains or has obtained possession of the goods from an owner under a Hire-Purchase Agreement.
2. Owner (or) hire vendor: Hire vendor means a person who delivers or has delivered the possession of goods to the hirer under a Hire-Purchase Agreement.
3. Down payment (or) Option amount (or) Initial payment or Deposit: All the terms denote the same meaning that the sum of money paid by the hirer at the time of taking possession of the property (goods), i.e. at the time of entering into a Hire-Purchase Agreement.
4. Hire: It means the sum payable periodically by the hirer under a Hire-Purchase Agreement.
5. Cash Price: It means the total amount as price payable at the time of purchase. It is composed of cost to the owner PLUS profit margin.
6. Net Cash Price: It means the cash price of the goods comprised in a Hire-Purchase Agreement LESS any deposit.
7. Cash Price Installment: Cash Price Installment = Net Cash Price × Hire-Purchase Installment / Hire-Purchase Price.
8. Hire-Purchase Price: It can be understood easily in the form of equation:
   Hire-Purchase Price = Cost Price + Profit Margin + Interest on Outstanding Balance.
9. Hire-Purchase Charges: It means the difference between hire-purchase price and net cash price as stated in the Hire-Purchase Agreement. It is also called as “Interest”.
10. Hire-Purchase Agreement: Hire-Purchase Agreement means an agreement under which the goods are let on hire. The hirer has an option to purchase them in accordance with the terms of the agreement. It includes an agreement under which
    1. possession of goods is delivered by the owner to a person who pays the agreed amount in periodical installments,
    2. the property in goods is to pass to such person on payment of such person has right to terminate the agreement at any time before the property so passes,
    3. such person has right to terminate the agreement at any time before the property so passes.

1.2 Contents of Hire-Purchase Agreement

As per Section 4 of the Hire-Purchase Act 1972, every Hire-Purchase Agreement should consist the following contents:

1. The hire-purchase price of the goods.
2. The cash price of the goods.
3. The date of commencement of agreement.
4. The number of installments by which the hire purchase is to be paid, the amount of each of those installments, the date upon which it is payable, the person to whom and the place where it is payable.

Now, going back to the definition part again, at this stage we will be able to know the salient features of Hire-Purchase System, which we can infer from the definition stated and the meaning and explanation of some specific terms explained so far.

1.3 Salient Features of Hire-Purchase System

Salient features of Hire-Purchase System,

1. Hire-Purchase System is governed by Hire-Purchase Act 1972
2. It is an agreement of hiring
3. It is an agreement between Hirer and Hire Vendor
4. Terms and conditions between the parties are entered and recorded in a document called Hire-Purchase Agreement.
5. Cash price of goods is paid in installment on agreed terms.
6. The title to goods passes on last payment
7. The Hire Vendor (Seller) can take possession of goods if Hirer fails to pay installment
8. The Hirer is not responsible for risk of loss of goods, till the ownership is transferred.
9. The Hirer cannot mortgage, hire or sell or pledge the goods
10. The Hirer has got a right to terminate the agreement at any time before the property so passes.

OBJECTIVE 2: PROCESS OF CALCULATION AND ALLOCATION OF INTEREST

Under Hire-Purchase System (sold or purchases), the price quoted is more than what it ought to be when such sale or purchase is on cash (one single payment in cash at the time of sale or purchase).

In accounting procedure, the excess of total hire-purchase price over cash price denotes the payment for interest. To put it in a simple form of equation: Interest = Total Hire-Purchase Price – Total Cash Price. In the real sense, the total hire price consists of two components: (1) Payments towards cash price – this is treated as purchase of asset – hence, this component, in the accounting concept, is treated as capital item and so Capital Expenditure. (2) The second component, i.e. interest is a financial gain or loss – for seller it is gain and for buyer it is loss. In such case, it is of revenue nature, it has to be recorded in Profit and Loss Account only.

Hence, the necessity arises to separate the two. After separation, it will then be allocated between revenue and capital.

This process of calculation and allocation involves a tricky task as it attracts many different situations which we will discuss in the forthcoming illustrations.

2.1 Situation 1

Provided: Rate of interest, total cash price and hire purchase are provided.

Requirement: Allocation of installment money between interest and cash price.

Illustration: 1

Mrs. Renu purchased a washing machine from a retailer. On Jan 1, 2005 paying immediately Rs 10,000 and agreeing to pay three installments of Rs 10,000 each on 31 Dec every year. The cash price of washing machine is Rs 37,250 and vendors charge interest at 5% p.a. Calculate the amount of interest paid by Mrs. Renu to the retailer every year.

Solution

Here, cash price and rate of interest are given. We have to compute interest amount paid every year.

 

		Rs
Step 1:	Total Cash Price (Given)	37,250
Step 2:	Less: Down Payment (Cash)	10,000
		27,250
Step 3:	Add: *Interest on Rs 27,250 @ 5%	1,363
		28,613
Step 4:	Less: First hire-purchase Installment	10,000
		18,613
Step 5:	Add: *Interest on Rs 18,613 @ 5%	930
		19,543
Step 6:	Less: Second year Installment	10,000
		9,543
Step 7:	Add: +Interest (Balancing amount) (Rs 10,000 – Rs 9,543)	457
		10,000
Step 8:	Less: Third hire-purchase Installment	10,000
		Nil

 

 

The above method of calculation of interest may be done through a table, which is also explained now.

2.2 Situation 2

Provided: Rate of interest and installment

Required: Total Cash Price.

Illustration: 2

Mr. Raj purchased a DVD player on Jan 1, 2006 on Hire-Purchase System for Rs 4,400. As per terms, he is required to pay Rs 1,600 down, Rs 800 at the end of first year; Rs 600 at the end of second year and Rs 1,400 at the end of third year interest is charged at 5% p.a.

You are required to calculate the total cash price of the DVD player and interest paid with each Installment.

 

(C.A. Adapted and Modified)

Solution

Note

1. In such a question (Situation 2), where total cash price is not given, interest is calculated from the last year which is third year here. First interest rate is calculated for 3rd year, then for 2nd year and only finally for 1st year. (For easy understanding, it is shown in the following table also in that manner – professionals may excuse for such a reversed presentation).
2. As the installments shown in the problem include interest, the rate of interest has to be modified from “on Cash to Installment”, for which the following method is adopted:

    

   	Rs
   Let Cash Price Installment Outstanding (Assumption)	100
   Then interest @ 5% on Rs 100 for 1 year	5
   Installment paid at the end of 1st year	105
   ∴ Interest on Installment paid 5/105

    

3. First, interest paid for the 3rd year is to be calculated. Here, for Rs 1,400 × 5/105 (as per note: 2) = Rs 66.66 (it may be rounded off to the nearest rupee) = Rs 67.

Cash price paid will be Rs 1,400 – Rs 67 = Rs 1,333.

Then for computing interest for the 2nd year : This cash price amount has to be added to the second installment amount (i.e., Rs 1,333 + Rs 600) on which interest is calculated as Rs 1,933 × 5/105 = Rs 92.04 = Rs 92

Cash Price = Rs 600 – Rs 92 = Rs 508

Finally for computing interest for first year: The cash prices for the 3rd year, 2nd year are added together to the first installment. Here (Rs 1,333 + Rs 508) + Rs 800 = Rs 2,641. On which @ 5/105 to be worked out

Interest = 2,641 × 5/105 = Rs 125.76

(or) Rs 126 Cash Price = 800 – 126 = 674

This is shown in the following tabular column:

	Total Cash Price	=	Rs 4,115
	Total Interest Paid	=	Rs 285
	Hire-Purchase Price	=	Rs 4,400

2.3 Situation 3

Provided: Total Cash Price and Installments

Required: Rate of Interest.

Illustration: 3

A mobile phone, cash price of which is Rs 3,600 is sold on Hire-Purchase System for Rs 4,000 payable in four quarterly installments of Rs 1,000 each. The first payment is made at the end of the first quarter. You are required to compute the calculation of interest.

Solution

First, compute the total interest

 

Total Interest	= Total Installment Price – Total Cash Price
	= Rs 4,000 – Rs 3,600
	= Rs 400

This is divided in the ratio of outstanding balance of installment price = Rs 400

i.e., Rs 4,000 + Rs 3,000 + Rs 2,000 + Rs 1,000 = Rs 10,000

                  = Rs 400/Rs 10,000 = 40/100 or 20/50 or 2/5

1st Quarter = Rs 4,000 × 2/5 = Rs 1,600

2nd Quarter = Rs 3,000 × 2/5 = Rs 1,200

3rd Quarter = Rs 2,000 × 2/5 = Rs 800

4th Quarter = Rs 1,000 × 2/5 = Rs 400

 

Table Showing Calculation of Interest

Note: “Proportion of interest” is to be calculated in advance, and the figures can be obtained directly through the table, as shown above.

2.4 Situation 4

Provided: Installments only

Required: Cash Price and Rate of Interest

Illustration: 4

Gopal purchased a car on Jan 1, 2005 on hire-purchase paying Rs 60,000 cash down and balance in four annual installments of Rs 56,000, Rs 52,000, Rs 48,000 and Rs 44,000, each installment comprising equal amount of cash price, at the end of each accounting period. You are required to calculate total cash price, and amount of interest in each installment.

Solution

As neither cash price nor rate of interest is provided, from the only figure available (i.e) installment, it can be inferred that the difference in installments is due to “interest”. And all payments towards cash price to be equal (assumption). The rate of interest is uniform.

 

	Let Cash Price (paid at each time be)	= x (Assumption)
	Let Interest be	= i (Assumption)

Hence,

 

For the fourth year	x + i	=	Rs 44,000	(1)
For the third year	x + 2i	=	Rs 48,000	(2)
For the second year	x + 3i	=	Rs 52,000	(3)
For the first year	x + 4i	=	Rs 56,000	(4)
Subtract (4) − (3) =	(x + 4i)	=	56,000
	(x + 3i)	=	52,000
	i	=	Rs 4,000	(5)
(i.e.) Interest is Rs 4,000

Substitute the value of i (Eq. 5) in Eq. (1)

 

	x + i	=	Rs 44,000
	x + Rs 4,000	=	Rs 44,000
	x	=	Rs 44,000 – Rs 4,000	= Rs 40,000

Based on these values, hire-purchase price is allocated into cash price and interest as shown in the table below:

 

	Total Cash Price	=	Rs 2,20,000
	Hire-purchase price	=	Rs 2,60,000
	∴ Total Interest	=	Rs 40,000

2.5 Situation 5

Provided: Rate of Interest and Installments

Required: Total Cash Price using Annuity Table

1. Annuity means a series of equal payments at fixed intervals.

   From the annuity table, the present value of annuity for the number of years at a certain rate of interest is found out.

2. Present value means total unpaid cash price.

   Annuity means the periodical installments of Re 1 each spread over a number of years at a given rate of interest.

Note: If the given installments are unequal, present values of each future installment is found out separately and is multiplied by such values and all are added to determine cash price (total).

Illustration: 5

Mr. X purchases a flat on Hire-Purchase System paying Rs 2,00,000 annually for 10 years. The rate of interest is 5% p.a. Calculate the cash price of flats by using annuity tables.

Solution

Reference to annuity tables shows the present value of Re 1 for 10 years as: 7.7217

   (This factor is generally shown in the question it self)

	Total Cash Value	=	Rs 2,00,000 × 10
		=	Rs 20,00,000

	Present value of Re 1 for 10 years @ 5%	=	7.7217
	Then present value of Rs 20,00,000	=	Rs 20,00,000 × 7.7217/10
		=	Rs 14,43,400

   Total cash price, rate of interest and installments are known.

   Interest can be calculated as shown in Illustration 1.

2.6 Situation 6

Provided: Cash Price and Rate of Interest

Required: Installments and Total Hire-Purchase Price

Illustration: 6

1. The cash price of a machine is Rs 3,00,000
2. Rs 1,20,000 is to be paid on signing the agreement
3. The balance is to be paid in annual Installments of Rs 60,000 with interest
4. Interest chargeable on outstanding balance is 10% p.a.

Solution

Interest is calculated on the total outstanding cash price in a usual manner.

The interest calculated is added to the given installment

 

		Rs
Step 1:	Total Cash Price	3,00,000
Step 2:	Less: Down payment	1,20,000
		1,80,000
Step 3:	Add: Interest @ 10% on 1,80,000	18,000
		1,98,000
Step 4:	Less: 1st year installment
	Rs 60,000 + Rs 18,000	78,000
	(Installment)(interest)	1,20,000
Step 5:	Add: Interest @10% on Rs 1,20,000	12,000
		1,32,000
Step 6:	Less: 2nd Hire Purchase Installment	72,000
	(60,000 + 12,000)	60,000
Step 7:	Add: Interest @ 10% on Rs 60,000	6,000
		66,000
Step 8:	Less: 3rd Hire Purchase Installment	66,000
		Nil

Total Hire-Purchase Price = Down Payment + 1st Hire Purchase Installment + 2nd Hire Purchase Installment + 3rd Hire Purchase Installment

= Rs 1,20,000 + Rs 78,000 + Rs 72,000 + Rs 66,000

= Rs 3,36,000

2.7 Rule 78

In case, cash price and hire-purchase price are given and calculation of interest for each installment is required, this procedure, i.e. Rule 78 will be of much use.

To apportion each installment between revenue and capital (i.e., interest and cash price), this rule is applied.

In case, if the installments are paid monthly at regular intervals for 1 year, then the total of series beginning from 1 and progressing by 1 can be calculated by applying the formula:

 

    Suppose there are 12 monthly installments, the total number from 1 to 12 = 12(12+1)/2 = 78.

Illustration: 7

Mr. X buys a moped, the cash price of which is Rs 28,560 on a hire purchase basis paying the 12 monthly installments of Rs 2,640. No down payment was made. You are required to allocate each installment between revenue and capital.

Solution

 

	Hire-Purchase Price	= Rs 2,640 × 12 = Rs 31,680
	Total Interest	= Rs 31,680 – Rs 28,560
		= Rs 3,120

Apportionment of this interest (revenue) Rs 3,120 and price (capital) Rs 28,560 is done in the following way by using Rule 78.

Illustration: 8

Parul purchased a software system on Hire-Purchase System. She pays Rs 30,000 and Rs 8,000 at the end of 2nd year, 4th year and 6th year. Interest is charged by the vendor at 2 yearly rest on the unpaid balance. Calculate interest paid with each installment.

Solution

Note: 2 yearly rest means simple interest at the end of 2 years.

  (If it is given as yearly rest – every year interest has to be added – compounded)

In this question, this means that Rs 100 @ 10% p.a. (simple interest) at the end of 2 years = 100 × 10/100 × 2 = Rs 20, and the Rs 100 will become Rs 120 at the end of 2 years. As already discussed in Illustration 2, interest will be calculated first for the 6th year, and then for the 4th year and finally for the 2nd year.

Here, the difference is that the calculation is done only 2 years once and not yearly as per the direction given in the question.

Multiplying factor is 20/120 to convert cash price to Installment price.

Calculation:

 

For the 6th year	= Rs 8,000 × 20/120	= Rs 1,333
For the 4th year	= Rs (8,000 + 6,667) × 20/120	= Rs 2,445
For the 2nd year	= Rs (8,000 + 6,667 + 5,555) × 20/100	= Rs 3,370

OBJECTIVE 3: ACCOUNTING TREATMENT

Books of buyer (or) Hire purchaser legally speaking, the hire purchaser may not be treated as the owner of goods purchased till the last due (installment) is paid by him. But in accounting treatment this view is ignored and the hire purchase is treated as other ordinary purchase transaction. Only thing the accountants emphasize is to add the term “Hire Purchase” to assets purchased under Hire-Purchase System, to distinguish from the assets purchased by full payment of cash.

There are two methods of recording transactions in the books of buyer (or) hire purchaser.

In the first method.

The Asset Account is debited with the cash price included in each installment. The down payment is fully towards cash price (the main drawback of this method is that assets will not appear in the Balance Sheet at proper value).

In the second method –

At the time of signing contract, the Asset Account is debited with total cash price further, when the first installment becomes due, the treatment differs. For all the other items of transaction, accounting treatment is more or less similar.

Under the first method, vendor’s account shows nil balance after every payment.

Whereas under the second method the vendor’s account will be a running account and becomes nil only after the last payment.

The accounting entries are shown for both the methods in the tabular form as below:

3.1 Journal Entries in the Books of the Buyer (or) Hire Purchase

Note

1. Whenever installment amount becomes due, Transactions 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are to be repeated.
2. In case, installments are not annual, then 6 and 7 are to be recorded once (i.e.) at the time of closing the books.
3. However, in this book, only the second method is used most widely. The first method here is discussed purely from academic interest only as far as this book is concerned.
4. Regarding depreciation, students are asked to provide depreciation on the assets purchased under Hire-Purchase System in the same way as other assets bought for “Cash or Credit” (ignore the controversy on depreciation whether depreciation is to be charged or not). As such, depreciation must be provided on the full cash price.

3.2 Accounting Treatment in the Books of Hire Vendor

1. On signing the Hire-Purchase Agreement:

    

   Hire-Purchaser’s Account	Dr.
   To Hire-Purchase Sales Account
   Amount → Cash Price of Goods.

   (Note:    Hire-Purchase Sales Account is closed by transferring to Trading Account)

    

2. For receipt of Down Payment:

    

   Cash / Bank Account	Dr.
   To Hire-Purchaser’s Account
   Amount → Down Payment amount

    

3. For Installments becoming Due:

    

   Hire-Purchaser’s Account	Dr.
   To Interest on Hire-Purchase Sales Account
   Amount → Interest amount on relevant Installment

    

4. For Receipt of Installment:

    

   Cash / Bank Account	Dr.
   To Hire-Purchaser’s Account
   Amount → Hire-Purchase Price Installment

    

5. For transfer of Interest

    

   Interest on Hire-Purchase Sale Account	Dr.
   To Profi t and Loss Account

Illustration: 9

On Jan 1, 2005, Rukmani Ltd bought a machine on Hire-Purchase System. The cash price of the machine was Rs 1,11,750 and payment was to be made Rs 30,000 on signing the agreement and the balance in three installments of Rs 30,000 each, at the end of each year. The rate of interest charged by the vendor is 5% p.a. The depreciation is calculated at 10% annually on the diminishing balance of the asset. Make Journal entries in the books of Rukmani Ltd and the Vendor, recording the necessary transactions for three years.

 

(M. Com – Bharathidasan University Adapted)

Solution

 

Computation of Interest	Rs
Step 1: Cash Price	1,11,750
Step 2: Less: Down Payment	30,000
	81,750
Step 3:Add: Interest @ 5% on Rs 81,750 for 1 year	4,088
	85,838
Step 4: Less 1st Hire-Purchase Price Installment:	30,000
	55,838
Step 5:Add: Interest @ 5% on Rs 55,838 for 1 year	2,792
	58,630
Step 6: Less: 2nd Hire-Purchase Price Installment	30,000
	28,630
Step 7:Add: Interest	1,370
(Balancing figure Rs 30,000 – Rs 28,630)	30,000
Step 8: Less: 3rd Hire-Purchase Price Installment	30,000
	Nil

Computation of Depreciation (WDV)

		Rs
	Cost of Machine	1,11,750
	Less: Depreciation @ 10% for 2005	11,175
		1,00,575
	Less: Depreciation @ 10% for 2006	10,058
		90,517
	Less: Depreciation @ 10% for 2007	90,52
		81,465

 

Now we have to prepare the necessary Ledger Accounts.

 

Illustration: 10

On Apr 1, 2006, Mr. Sathyam purchased a machine on hire purchase from Mr. Raj. The hire-purchase price was Rs 40,000. Payable Rs 10,000 as down payment and three annual installments of Rs 10,000 each; the first annual installment being payable on Mar 31, 2007. Mr. Raj charged interest @ 5% p.a.

Mr. Sathyan charged depreciation @ 10% p.a. on diminishing balances of the machine.

You are required to

1. Compute the cash price of the machine
2. Prepare Interest Account
3. Prepare machinery on Hire-Purchase Account
4. Prepare the account of Mr. Raj
5. Prepare Depreciation Account.

For three consecutive accounting years in Mr. Sathyam’s ledger books.

Solution

Step 1

 

Computation of interest	Rs
(i) If interest is Rs 5 Cash Price	5/105
(ii) Interest on 3rd Installment	476	Rs 10,000 5/105
(iii) Cash Price of 3rd Installment	9,524	(Rs 10,000 – Rs 476)
(iv) Interest on 2nd Installment	930	(Rs 10,000 + Rs 9,524) × 5/105
(v) Cash Price of 2nd Installment	9,070	(Rs 10,000 – Rs 930)
(vi) Interest on 1st Installment	1,362	(Rs 10,000 – Rs 9070 + Rs 9524) × 5/105
(vii) Cash Price on 1st Installment	8,638	(Rs 10,000 – Rs 1,362)

Step 2

Computation of Total Cash Price of the machine

 

		Rs
	Down Payment	10,000
	Cash Price of 1st Installment	8,638
	Cash Price of 2nd Installment	9,070
	Cash Price of 3rd Installment	9,524
	Total Cash Price of the machine	37,232

Step 3

 

Total Interest	Rs
(Rs 1,362 + Rs 930 + Rs 476) Rs 2,768 (or) H.P. Price:	40,000
Less: Cash Price:	37,232
	2,768

Step 4

 

Calculation of Depreciation	Rs
Cash Price of the machine (Ref: Step 2)	37,232
Less: Depreciation @ 10% for (ending Mar 31, 2007) 1st year	3,723
	33,509
Less: Depreciation @ 10% for (ending Mar 31, 2008) 2nd year	3,351
	30,158
Less: Depreciation @ 10% for (ending Mar 31, 2009) 3nd Year	3,016
	27,142

Step 5

 

Step 6

 

Step 7

 

Step 8

 

Illustration: 11

X Ltd purchased a mini van on Jan 1, 2006 from Sun and Co on Hire-Purchase System. It was agreed upon to make payment as under:

 

			Rs
	Jan 1, 2006	On signing agreement	20,700
	Dec 31, 2006	At the end of first year	39,930
	Dec 31, 2007	At the end of second year	39,930
	Dec 31, 2008	At the end of third year	39,930
		Total Hire-Purchase Price	1,40,490

Nothing more was payable after 3rd installment. All the installments are duly paid by X Ltd. Interest was reckoned @ 10% p.a.

Depreciation was charged at the rate of 10% p.a.

X Ltd closes its books on 31st Dec every year.

Prepare the following accounts in the books of X Ltd upto Dec 31, 2008

1. Sun and Co. Account
2. Mini Van Account
3. Interest Account

I.C.W.A (Inter) - Modified

Solution

Step 1: First Interest is to be calculated

Step 2

 

Step 3

 

Step 4

 

Illustration: 12

On Jan 1, 2006, Narayana purchased a machine from Star and Co on Hire-Purchase System. The hire-purchase price was settled at Rs 1,20,000 payable as to Rs 30,000 on Jan 1, 2006 and Rs 30,000 at the end of three successive year.

Interest was charged at the rate of 5% p.a. The asset was to be depreciated in the books of Narayana @ 10% p.a. on Reducing Installment Method. Given the present value of an annuity of Re 1 p.a. @ 5% interest is 2.7232.

You are required to prepare

(i) Star and Co Account and (ii) Machine Account in the books of Narayana.

Solution

In the Books of Narayana

 

Step 1:	First cash price of the machine is to be calculated.	Rs
	If the rule of annuity is Re 1, its present value at 5% p.a.	2.7232
	For the value of Rs 30,000, the present value will be	30,000 × 2.7232
		81,696
	Add: Cash Down (Down Payment)	30,000
	Total Cash Price	1,11,696

Step 2:

Total Interest = Rs 1,20,000 – Rs 1,11,696 = Rs 8,304

Step 3:	Interest is to be calculated	Rs
i)	Total Cash Price	1,11,696
ii)	Less: Down Payment, 81,696	30,000
		81,696
iii)	Add: Interest @ 5% on Rs 81,696	4,084
		85,780
iv)	Less: 1st Hire-Purchase Price Installment	30,000
		55,780
v)	Add: Interest @ 5% on Rs 55,780	2,790
		58,570
vi)	Less: 2nd Hire-Purchase Price Installment	30,000
		28,570
vii)	Add: Interest (Balance Figure: 30,000 – 28,570)	1,430
	or
	(Rs 8,304 – Rs 4,084 – Rs 2,790)
viii)	Less: 3rd Hire-Purchase Installment	30,000
		30,000
		Nil

 

OBJECTIVE 4: DEFAULT AND REPOSSESSION

When the hirer (hire purchaser) fails to pay the installments in time, then it amounts to default. In such cases, the owner (vendor) takes back the possession of goods which is referred to as “Repossession”. The amount already paid by the hirer is also forfeited.

There are two possibilities:

• When the vendor (owner–seller) takes back the possession of goods entirely, it is referred to as “Full Repossession”.
• When the vendor takes back the possession of only some of the goods sold to hire purchaser, this is called as “Partial Repossession”.

4.1 Full Repossession

Accounting Treatment

Books of Hire Purchaser	Books of Hire Vendor
(1) All entries except the entry for payment of installment are recorded as usual (as discussed earlier in this chapter) up to the date of default. Entries for interest and depreciation are entered. For non-payment of installment (default) no entry is recorded.	(1) All entries except the entry for the receipt of installment (default) are entered as usual.
(2) The hire purchaser closes the account of vendor by debiting his account and crediting his account and crediting Asset Account (with the amount outstanding).	(2) Vendor closes Purchaser’s Account by debiting the Goods Repossessed Account (or Goods Returned Account’ a new A/c) and crediting the Purchaser’s Account
(3) The balance left (if any) in the Asset Account is transferred to P and L A/c and closed thereby.	(3) The newly created account, Goods Returned Account is debited with expenses incurred on repair of goods and credited with actual resale price (cash) The balance (profit or loss) in this account is transferred to P and L A/c and closed.

Illustration: 13

Mr. Antony purchased a two wheeler from Surya Scooters, Delhi for Rs 56,000 on Jan 1, 2007; payment to be made as Rs 16,000 down and three installments of Rs 16,000 at the end of each year. Rate of interest is charged @ 5% p.a. Mr Antony depreciates the two wheeler @ 10% p.a. on Straight Line Method. Mr. Antony paid the first installment but he could not pay the second installment with the result the Surya Scooters took back the possession of the two wheeler. The Surya Scooters had to spend Rs 750 on repairs and sold it for Rs 29,750. You are required to open the necessary ledger accounts in the books of both the purchaser and vendor.

Solution

(A) In the books of Mr. Antony

 

	Total Loss    =    *1 Interest Payable
	For the year 2008	=	Rs 1,300
	*3 Profi t and Loss A/c	=	Rs 17,500
	Total Loss incurred to Antony	=	Rs 18,800

(B) In the books of Surya Scooters

 

Illustration: 14

On Jan 1, 2006, Mr. Rahman acquired a machine on Hire-Purchase System from Crescent Ltd agreeing to pay four annual installments of Rs 30,000 each payable at the end of each year. There is no down payment. Interest is charged @ 10% p.a. and is included in the annual installments. Mr. Rahman paid the first and second installments but could not pay the third due on Dec 31, 2008, thereby the vendor repossessed the machine Mr. Rahman provides depreciation @ 10% p.a. on the machine under written down value method.

Show the Crescent Ltd Account and the Machine Account in the books of Mr. Rahman.

 

(B.com (Hons)—Modified)

Solution

Step 1:

• First, cash price installment is calculated and from this total cash price is calculated.
• As usual, service cash price is not provided in the question, by applying the rate, interest is calculated and then respective installment price is calculated.
• Let cash price installment be        100 (assumed)

  Add: Interest @10% p.a.              10 (given)

  Hire Purchase Installment            110

  ∴ Interest on hire purchase Installment =10/110

• Interest is calculated from the last (i.e.) 4th installment first then in the order of 3rd, 2nd and 1st installments.
• Interest on 4th Hire Purchase Installment

1. Installment Amount	Rs 30,000 (Given)
   Interest	Rs 30,000 × 10/110 = Rs 2,727
   ∴ 4th Cash Price Installment	Rs 30,000 − Rs 2,727
   	Rs 27,273	Rs

    

2. Interest on 3rd Hire Purchase Installment

    

   (i)	Installment Amount	57,273
   	(Rs 30,000 + Rs 27,273)
   (ii)	Interest = Rs 57,273×10/100 = Rs 5,207
   (iii)	3rd Cash Price Installment = Rs 30,000 − Rs 5,207 = 24,793	24,793

    

3. Interest on 2nd Hire Purchase Installment

    

   (i)	Installment Amount
   	(Rs 30,000 + Rs 27,273 + Rs 24,793)	82,066
   	∴ 2nd Cash Price Installment	30,000 − Rs 7,461
   		22,539	22,539

    

4. Interest on 1st Hire Purchase Installment
   1. Installment Amount

      (Rs 30,000 + Rs 27,273 + Rs 24,793 + Rs 22,539) = Rs 1,04,605

      ∴ Interest =Rs 1,04,605×10/110 = Rs 9,510

       

   2. 1st Cash Price Installment − Rs 30,000 − Rs 9,510 20,490

      (The above working may be depicted in the table format also)

       

      Hence, Total Cash Price	=	4th inst.	= 27,273
      		3rd inst.	= 24, 793
      		2nd inst.	= 22,539
      		1st inst.	= 20,490
      		Total	95,095*1

Step 2:

 

Step 3

 

Illustration: 15

On Jan 1, 2008, Shekar purchased an air conditioner on Hire-Purchase System from Jain & Co. agreeing to pay four semi-annual installments of Rs 4,000 each commencing on June 30, 2008. The cash price of the item was Rs 15,050 and an interest of 5% p.a. was chargeable. On Sep 30, 2008, Shekar expresses his inability to continue and Jain & Co seized the air conditioner. It was agreed that Shekar would pay the due proportion of the installment up to the date of seizure and also a further sum of Rs 1,000 towards depreciation. At the time of repossession, Jain & Co. valued the air conditioner at Rs 7,500 Jain & Co after incurring Rs 1,000 towards reconditioning and sold it for Rs 9,000 on Oct 15, 2008. Show the Ledger Accounts in the Books of Shekar and Jain & Co.

Solution

Step 1

 

Step 2

 

Step 3

 

Step 4

 

4.2 Partial Repossession

Instead of taking back all the items sold, the hire vendor may leave some of the items of goods with the hire purchaser. The hire vendor takes possession of only part of asset-back leaving the remaining part with the hire purchaser. This is referred to as “Partial Repossession”.

4.3 Accounting Treatment

Accounting entries are similar to those in the first case (Full Repossession). The additional points to be noted under this are:

1. Both hire purchaser and hire vendor do not close the account of vendor and purchaser in their respective books. An additional entry has to be passed with the agreed value of the asset taken away by the vendor (usually, the agreed value will be provided in the question itself).
2. The hire purchaser computes the value of asset still left with him by applying normal rate of depreciation. He keeps the Asset Account open. This account shows the balance of those assets which were left with the purchaser by the vendor.
3. The balance c/d to the Credit side of the Asset Account shows the depreciated value of the asset left with the purchaser.
4. The difference in the Asset Account is to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account.
5. The difference arises because it has been credited with the following items:
   1. Normal depreciation
   2. The Hire-Vendor’s Account (with the agreed value of the assets taken back)
   3. Balance c/d (with the value of asset still left with buyer)

Illustration: 16

On Jan 1, 2008, Delhi Travels Ltd purchased from Punjab Motors five luxury cars costing Rs 5,00,000 each on the Hire-Purchase System. The payment was to be made as follows: 10% of cash price down, 25% of cash price at the end of four subsequent half years. The payment due on Dec 31, 2008 could not be paid and hence the cars were seized by the vendor. After negotiation, the Delhi Travels Ltd was allowed to keep three cars on the condition that the value of the other two cars would be adjusted against the amount due, the cars being valued at cost less 25% depreciation. Delhi Travels Ltd closes its Books on 30th June each year and the depreciation is charged at 15% p.a. on cars on the original cost. The Punjab Motors spent Rs 1,00,000 on getting the cars back on road with its original condition and sold for Rs 9,00,000. Show the various accounts in the Books of both the parties.

Solution

Step 1: Value of cars taken away is calculated as:

 

		Rs
	Cost of each car	5,00,000
	Cost of two cars	5,00,000 × 2 = 10,00,000
	Cost Price of two cars	10,00,000
	Less: Depreciation @ 25% on Rs 10,00,000	2,50,000
	Value of cars at the time of seizure	7,50,000

Step 2:	Value of cars still left with the purchaser is calculated as:	Rs
	Cost of three cars 3 × Rs 5,00,000	15,00,000
	Less: Depreciation @ 15% on Rs 15,00,000 (Normal depreciation)	2,25,000
	Value of cars left with the purchaser	_______ 12,750,000

Step 3: Interest is calculated as:

	Rate of interest is not provided
	Total Interest	=	Hire-Purchase Price – Cash Price
		=	Rs 27,50,000 – Rs 25,00,000
		=	Rs 2,50,000

Step 4: Allocation of interest is made as follows:

Step 5

 

Step 6

 

Step 7

 

Step 8

 

Illustration: 17

On July 1, 2007, Vas & Co. purchased 7 tractor trailors from the Good Luck Ltd. The cash purchase of each trailor was Rs 25,000. Vas & Co. was to pay 20% of the cash purchase price at the time of delivery and the balance in 5 half-yearly installments starting from Dec 31, 2007 with interest @ 5% p.a. On Vas & Co. failure to pay the installment due on June 30, 2008, it was agreed that Vas & Co. would return 3 trailors to the Good Luck Ltd and the remaining 4 would be retained by him. The Good Luck Ltd agreed to allow him a credit for the amount paid against 3 trailors less 25%. Show the relevant accounts in the Books of Vas & Co. assuming that his Books are closed in June every year and depreciation @ 20% is charged on tractor trailors.

 

B.Com (Hons) Delhi—Modified)

Solution

Step 1: Calculation of credit allowed and loss on return of 3 trailors

 

		Rs
(i)	Total amount of principal amount paid against 7 trailors	63,000
	(Rs 35,000 + Rs 28,000)
(ii)	Total amount of principal amount paid against 3 trailors	27,000
	(Rs 63,000 × 3/7)
(iii)	Credit allowed by Good Luck Ltd	20,250
	(Rs 27,000 – 25% of Rs 27,000)
	(Rs 27,000 – Rs 6,750)
(iv)	Loss on return of 3 trailors:
	(a) Book value of 3 trailors returned	60,000
	[(Rs 25,000 × 3) – 20% of 75,000]
	(Rs 75,000 – Rs 15,000)
	Less: Credit allowed	20,250*
	(Step iii)
	(b) Hence loss on return of 3 trailors	39,750

Step 2

 

Step 3

 

Illustration: 18

India Scooters Ltd sold 3 scooters for a total cash sale price of Rs 1,50,000 or hire purchase basis to Dev Agencies on Jan 1, 2007. The terms of agreement provided for Rs 45,000 as cash down and the balance of cash price in three equal installments together with interest @ 10% p.a. compounded annually. The installment on were payable as per the following schedule: 1st installment on Dec 31, 2008; 2nd installment on Dec 31, 2009 and 3rd installment on Dec 31, 2010. Dev Agencies paid 1st installment on time but failed to pay thereafter (on his failure to pay the second installment, India Scooters Ltd repossessed 2 scooters and valued them at 50% of cash price). Dev Agencies charged 10% p.a. depreciation on Straight Line Method. Prepare necessary Ledger Accounts in the Books of Dev Agencies for the year 2007 to 2009.

Solution

 

Step 1: Calculation of Interest

 

		Rs
	Total Cash Price	1,50,000
	Less: Down Payment	45,000
		1,05,000
	Add: 10% interest for 2007	10,500
		1,15,500
	Add: 10% interest for 2008	11,550
		1,27,050
	Less: 1st Installment on Dec 31, 2008:	57,050
	(Rs 35,000 + Rs 10,500 + Rs 11,550)
	(Installment) (Interest) (Interest)	_____
	(2007) (2008)	70,000
	Add: 10% interest for 2009	7,000
		77,000

Step 2: Value of Scooters (on Dec 31, 2009)

 

	Cash Price of Scooter	50,000
	Less: Depreciation @ 10% for 2007 (S.L.M):	5,000
		45,000
	Less: Depreciation @ 10% for 2008 (S.L.M):	5,000
		40,000
	Less: Depreciation @ 10% for 2009 (S.L.M):	5,000
		35,000

Step 3

 

Step 4

 

At times, a business firm sells goods both on cash price basis and hire-purchase price basis simultaneously. When goods sold on hire purchase are (i) of small sales value and (2) number of customers is large, calculation of profit or loss of hire purchase is an arduous task. It is cumbersome to maintain a large number of books of account under such circumstances.

A format of Hire-Purchase Sales Register is shown here, in order to understand how much time and labor will be required to maintain such books for each and every item sold, to ascertain the net results of operations.

OBJECTIVE 5: FORMAT OF HIRE-PURCHASE SALES REGISTER FOR THE YEAR ENDED

5.1. The following information is extracted from such hire-purchase sales registered to ascertain profit / loss hire purchase transactions:

 

5.1.1	Cost Price of Goods sold on Hire Purchase:
	Cost Price = No. of units sold on H.P. × Cost Price per unit
5.1.2	Hire-Purchase Price:
	Hire-Purchase Price = No. of units sold on H.P. × Hire-Purchase Price per unit.
5.1.3	Total Cash received from Hire Purchase Customers =
	Cash received = Cash Down Payment + Amount of installment received.
5.1.4	Total installment due but unpaid:
	Due but unpaid = Amount of installment which became due but not received during the accounting period.
5.1.5	Total installment not yet Due:
	Not yet due = Amount of Installments which became due but not received during the accounting period. (Stock still with customers)

In order to avoid such cumbersome process of accounting, a new method popularly known as Hire-Purchase Trading Account is being adopted now, to ascertain profit/loss made on hire purchase transactions, preferably of small value goods.

OBJECTIVE 6: METHODS OF ASCERTAINING PROFIT

To ascertain profit or loss made on hire purchase transactions the following methods can be adopted:

1. Debtors Method (System)
2. Stock and Debtors Method (System)

6.1 Debtors Method

Under this method, a Hire-Purchase Trading Account is prepared to ascertain profit or loss on hire purchase transactions.

The accounting entries in the Hire-Purchase Trading Account may be made either at cost or at hire-purchase price (selling price).

(For loss: Reverse the above entry for both methods)

 

Load is calculated as: (Load → Mark Up → Profit Margin → denotes same meaning)

Load = H.P. Price of (Opening stock or Closing Stock or Goods sold on H.P.)

1. Stock out on hire: Stock out on hire at cost means stock with the customers

   Stock out on hire = Amount of installments not due – Profit margin

   At the ending of the accounting period, it is valued as:

   Stock out on hire = Cost × Amount of installments not yet due/Total amount of installment including deposit.

    

2. Cost of Goods sold on hire purchase is worked out as follows:

    

   Opening Stock at the shop:	-------
   Add: Purchases during the year	-------
   Less: Closing stock at the shop	-------
   Cost of Goods sold	*****

    

3. Goods sold on Hire Purchase:

    

   Opening Stock at the shop:	-------
   Add: Purchases during the year	-------
   Less: Closing stock at the shop	-------
   Add: Load on Mark Up	-------
   Cost of Goods sold	*****

Illustration: 19

The following details relate to a dealer in pressure cooker who disposes off them on Hire-Purchase System. Assuming his gross profit on sales to be 20% and there were no opening or closing creditors for goods or expenses, prepare H.P. Trading Account for the year ended Mar 31, 2009:

 

		Rs
Apr 1, 2008:	Stock out on hire at H.P. Price	80,000
	Stock on hand at shop at cost	10,000
	Installments over due, customers still paying	6,000
Mar 31, 2009:	Stock out on hire at H.P. Price	92,000
	Stock on hand at Cost	14,000
	Installments over due, customers still paying	10,000
	Cash purchases during the year	1,20,000
	Credit purchase during the year	16,000
	Cash (installments) received during the year	1,60,000
	Hire Purchase expenses paid during the year	14,800

Solution

Study the Proforma and transfer these figure to the account as:

 

Illustration: 20

Renu sells goods on hire purchase basis at a profit of 50% on Cost. Following particulars are relating to the business during the year 2008

 

	Rs
Hire Purchase Stock at (selling price) as Jan 1, 2008	18,000
Installments Due on Jan 1, 2008	10,000
Goods sold on H.P. during the year (at selling price)	1,74,000
Cash received from H.P. Customers during the year	1,20,000
Goods repossessed (installments due Rs 4,000) as valued	1,000
Hire purchase stock (at selling price) as on Dec 31, 208	60,000
Installments Due on Dec 31, 2008	18,000
Prepare the Hire-Purchase Trading Account, the Profit earned for 2008

 

(B.Com (Hons) – Delhi – Modified)

Solution

* Figures are shown at selling price (i.e.) H.P. Price. So remember the format for preparing Trading A/c (at selling price), draw and transfer the transactions to it.

* In the question, “sold at profit of 50% on cost” is provided.

50% on Cost= 1/2 on Cost

1/2 on Cost = 1/3 on sale

Load is calculated at 1/3 of Stock.

 

Illustration: 21

PVR Ltd sells product on hire purchase terms, the price being cost plus 33?% and provides you the following particulars for the year ended Mar 31, 2009:

 

	Apr 1, 2008	Mar 31,2009
	Rs	Rs
Stock out on Hire	2,00,000	2,30,000
Stock out shop	25,000	35,000
Installments due but customers still paying	15,000	25,000
Prepare Hire-Purchase Trading Account
If Goods sold on hire purchases amounted to Rs 4,00,000
If Goods purchased during the year amounted to Rs 4,00,000

Solution

Case (i)

 

Working Notes

 

Case (ii)

 

6.1.1 Calculation of Missing Figure

Generally, one of the following items may be missing in the given question:

1. Stock in the beginning
2. Purchases
3. Installments due in the beginning
4. Installments due at the end
5. Cash received from customers
6. Stock at the end

First, it is essential to compute such missing figure and only then Hire-Purchase Trading Account may be prepared.

6.1.2 Accounting Procedure to Trace Missing Figures

Step 1: The following three accounts are to be prepared strictly in the order:

 

	(Refered to as)
(A) Stock in the Shop Account	The First Account
(or)
Shop Stock Account
[always at Cost Price]
(B) Stock on Hire	The Second Account
(or) Stock with the Customer’s A/c (or)
Installments NOT DUE A/c
[always at Hire-Purchase Price]
(C) Installments DUE A/c	The Third Account

Note: Sometimes these three accounts are prepared in the reverse order from C to B and then to A, respectively.

Step 2: Draw the ledger format for all the three A, B and C accounts in the order.

1. Opening Balances: All opening balances are to be entered on the debit side of the respective accounts as: To Balance b/d.
2. Closing Balances: Closing balances are to be entered on the credit side of the respective accounts as: By Balance c/d.
3. Purchases: Debit side of stock in the Shop A/c Cash.
4. Cash Received from Customers: Credit side of Installment Due A/c.
5. Goods sold during the year: Debit side of stock with the customer’s account.
   (or)

   To be transferred from the credit side of first account to debit side of second account.

6. Begin with the account that has maximum entries.

   Such a procedure enables to locate the missing figure relatively in easy manner.

   Usually, the missing figure is arrived at as balancing figure.

   Once it is ascertained, it is transferred to the next account in the order.

7. When the figure is to be transferred from one account to another avccount that figure must be converted from Cost Price to Hire Price (Selling Price) 1 to 2, 2 to 3 --- order In case if the order is reversed from 3rd account to 2nd, price will have to be converted into Cost Price. This process of transfer takes place till the missing figure is arrived at.
8. Installments due during the year (as against its opening or closing balance) appears in the credit side of the second account and debit side of the third account at the SAME FIGURE simultaneously.

Illustration: 22

Shweta Traders sells some kitchen ware on hire purchase at cost plus 50%. Find out the profit for the year ending Mar 31, 2009 from the following particulars:

 

	Apr 1, 2008	Mar 31, 2009
	Rs	Rs
Stock with hire purchase customers at selling price	13,500
Stock at shop at cost	27,000
Installments Due	7,500
Cash received from customers		90,000
Goods repossessed (installments due Rs 3,000) value at		750
Installments due, customers still paying		13,500
Stock at shop at cost (excluding repossessed goods)		30,000
Goods purchased during the year		90,000

Solution

Main steps involved in solving this problem

1. Calculation of missing figure
2. Computation of Profit/Loss by preparing H.P. Trading Account.

Calculation of Missing Figure:

1. Cost Plus 50%    

   Cost Plus ½ → 1/3 on sale

    

2. Preparation of Accounts in the order

Missing Figure = Stock with the customers = Rs 45,000

(2) Calculation of Profit or Loss

 

Illustration: 23

Mr. X sells goods at hire purchase price. Hire purchase is made of profit at 50% on hire purchase price (cost). Calculate profit from the information given below for the year 2008:

 

2008		Rs
Jan 1	Installments due in the beginning	16,000
Dec 31	Installments due during the year	50,000
	Cash received during the year	60,000
	Goods sold during the year	48,000
	Installments unpaid (not due) on 31 Dec	12,000
	Goods repossessed during the year (Amount Due Rs 1,000)	100

Solution

1. Calculation of missing figure

 

Note: The figure of installments due during the year. It is shown at two places since it cancels the debit of customers’ account (who were debited when the goods were supplied) and gives a new debit to the new account opened for the customers from whom installments have become due upto the date of preparation of H.P. Trading A/c.

 

Illustration: 24

Rockcity Agencies started business on Apr 1, 2008. During the year ended Mar 31, 2009, they sold refrigerators and TV sets under two schemes: Cash Price Schemes (CPS) and Hire Price Systems (H.P.S).

Under the CPS, they priced the goods at cost plus 25% and collected it on delivery.

Under the HPS, the buyers were required to sign a H.P. Agreement to pay for the value of goods in 30 installments, the value being calculated at cash price plus 50%. The following are the details available at the end of Mar 31, 2009.

You are required to prepare

1. Hire-Purchase Trading Account
2. General Trading Account

Solution

 

Illustration: 25

Krishna Traders sell on H.P. terms consumable durables. Details of its activities during 2008–2009 are as shown below:

Two washing machines on which only 6 installments in all and one air conditioner on which 3 installments were received, were repossessed as the customers defaulted in payment of subsequent installments. These were taken back at original cost less 30%.

Prepare H.P. Trading A/c for the year ended Mar 31, 2009 at Cost Price.

Solution

Step 1:^*1H.P. Sales

 

	Rs	Rs
Down Payment T.V: (50 × Rs 2,500)	1,25,000
Washing Machine: (40 × Rs 4,000)	1,60,000
A.C = 20 × 6,000	1,20,000	4,05,000
Add: Installments Received:
T.V = 490 × Rs 1,250 6,12,500	6,12,500
T.V = 490 × Rs 1,250	6,12,500
Washing Machine: 800 × Rs 500	4,00,000
A.C = 55 × Rs 2,200	1,21,000	11,33,500
		15,38,500

Step 2: ^*2Goods Repossessed:

 

		Rs
	Cost of 2 Washing Machines: Rs 12,000 × 2	24,000
	Cost of 1 A.C Machine: Rs 18,000 ×	18, 000
		42,000
	Less 30% of Cost	12,600
	Return Price	29,400

Step 3: ^*3Stock at the end on H.P. at Cost:

		Rs
(i)	[(50 × 10)−490] × 1,250	8,333
(ii)	[(38 × 32)−(800−6)] × 500	1,23,000
(iii)	[(19 × 12)−(55−3)] × 2,200	2,24,400
		3,55,733

Step 4: Preparation of H. P. Trading Account

 

6.2 Stock and Debtors System

To ascertain profit or loss under Stock and Debtors System, another method of ascertaining profit or loss on hire-purchase transactions is “Stock and Debtors System”.

6.2.1 Under this method the following accounts are maintained

1. Goods sold on Hire-Purchase Account
2. Shops Stock Account
3. Hire Purchase Debtors Account
4. Hire Purchase Stock Account
5. Hire Purchase Adjustment Account
6. Stock Reserve Account

6.2.2 Accounting entries to be passed under this method

1. On purchase of goods for shop stock

    

   	Shop Stock A/c	Dr.
   	To Purchase A/c
   	(At Cost Price)

    

2. On goods sent (sold) on hire purchase

    

   	Hire Purchase Stock A/c	Dr.	(H.P. Price)
   	To Shop Stock A/c		(Cost Price)
   	To Hire Purchase Adjustment A/c (Load)

    

3. Total installments which become due

    

   	Hire Purchase Debtors A/c	Dr.	(H.P.Price)
   	To H.P. Stock A/c

    

4. Cash received from debtors

    

   	Cash A/c	Dr. (Down Payment + Installments received)
   	To H.P. Debtors A/c

    

5. Repossession of goods on default

    

   	Repossessed Stock A/c	Dr. (Estimated Value)
   	H.P. Adjustment A/c	Dr. (Loss on Valuation)
   	To H.P. Debtors A/c	(Total Installments Due)

    

6. Reserve on opening stock on hire purchase price

    

   	Stock Reserve A/c	Dr. (Load)
   	To H.P. Adjustment A/c

    

7. Profit on H.P.

      (reserve entry of No. 6)

    

8. Profit on H.P.

    

   	H.P. Adjustment A/c	Dr.
   	To P and L A/c

    

9. Loss on H.P.

      (reverse entry of No.8)

Illustration: 26

M/s Sona & Co sells goods on Hire-Purchase System at cost plus 50%. Prepare H.P. Debto Account, Shop Stock Account, Stock Account and H.P. Adjustment Account from the year ending Mar 31, 2009.

 

		Rs
Apr1, 2008	Stock with H.P. customers at selling price	54,000
	Stock at shop at cost	1,08,000
	Installments Overdue	30,000
Mar 31, 2009	Cash received from customers	3,60,000
	Goods Repossessed (Installments due Rs 16,000)	3,000
	valued at Rs 3,000 which was included in the stock at the end;
	Goods purchased during the year	3,60,000
	Stock at shop at cost	1,23,000
	Installments Due	54,000

Solution

 

Illustration: 27

Jaya Enterprises sold a washing machine to Leela on Hire-Purchase System on Apr 1, 2008 for Rs 18,400. Leela paid Rs 4,000 on the same date to receive the delivery of washing machine and agreed to pay the balance in 12 equal monthly installments; each installment becoming due on the last day of each month. Leela paid six installments in time but failed to pay the other installments. In Dec 2008, (before the monthly installment had become due) Jaya enterprises repossessed the washing machine. The repossessed washing machine was valued at Rs 7,000. Show the necessary ledger accounts in the books of Jaya Enterprises (under Stock and Debtors System).

 

B.Com (Hons.) – Modified

Solution

In the Books of Jaya Enterprises

First,

1. Installment amount,
2. Installments Due (H.P. Debtors)
3. Installments NOT DUE (H.P. Stock) all have to be calculated

Step 1:

Step 2:	Installment Due = (H.P. Debtors)
	Period from Apr 1, 2008 to Mar 31, 2009 = 12 months
	(a) (i.e.) Total installments	12
	(b) From Apr 1, 2008 to Sep 30, 2008 Installments were paid	6
	(c) *1 Installment Due + Installment Not Due	6
	c = (a−b)

The date on which the asset was taken back repossessed = Dec 1, 2008

The period between the last installment paid and the date on which the asset was repossessed, i.e. from Sep 30, 2008 to Dec 1, 2008 = 2 months

*² This is installments due (H.P. Debtors) = 2

 

Step 3:	Installment Not Due
	*1 Installment Due + Installments Not Due	6
	Less: *2 Installments Due	2
	∴ Installments Not Due	4
	or

Simply counting from Dec 1, 2008 to Mar 31, 2009 = 4

Step 4:    Based on these values the following has to be calculated:

 

(i) H.P. Debtors Account = No. of Installments Due × Installment Amount
= 2 × Rs 1,200	= 2,400
(ii) H.P. Stock Account	= No. of Installments Not Due × Installment Amount
= 4 × Rs 1,200	= Rs 4,800
(iii) Goods Repossessed	= Rs 2,400 + Rs 4,800 = Rs 7,200

Step 5:    Difference between the valution of repossessed assets and this (net effect on repossession – profit or loss)

    (Rs 2,400 + Rs 4,800) − Rs 7,000

    = Rs 7,200 − Rs 7,000        = Rs 200

    (Profit)

Step 6

 

Step 7

 

Step 8

 

Illustration: 28

Thomas sells goods on hire purchase at cost Plus 60%. He provides the following information for the period ending Mar 31, 2009:

 

Apr 1, 2008	Rs
Stock with hire purchase customers at selling price	6,000
Stock at the shop at cost	2,500
Installments overdue	4,000
Mar 31, 2009
Total Installments that feel due during the year	94,720
Cash received from customers (including down payments of Rs 7,720)	87,720
Goods Repossessed (Installments due Rs 250)	200
Stock at that shop at cost (Including goods repossessed Rs 200)	1,000
Purchases	60,000
Hire expenses	1,700

Prepare the necessary Ledger Account to record the above transactions and compute the profits.

 

[B.Com (Hons) – Modified]

Solution

 

Illustration: 29

Chennai Kitchen Mart sells goods both on cash and hire-purchase basis and records hire-purchase transactions on Stock and Debtors System, and closes its Books on Dec 31, every year.

On Apr 1, 2008, it sold a mixie and microwave oven to Sheela: the other particulars are provided as:

Particulars	Mixie	Micro Oven
Cost Price	Rs 4,500	Rs 8,000
Down Payment	Rs 1,000	Rs 2,000
No. of Installments Payable	10	8
Amount in each Installment	Rs 500	Rs 1,000
Mode of Payment	Monthly	Bi-Monthly
First Installment Due on	May 1, 2008	June 1, 2008

Sheela paid all the installments due except for those due on Dec 1, 2008. It was decided that the Kitchen Mart would take back Micro Oven at an agreed price of Rs 5,500 and excess amount, if any, will be adjusted against the installment due on mixie. Oven repossessed was sold for Rs 6,000 after repair charges for which amounted to Rs 250.

Prepare necessary ledger accounts to record the above transactions and calculate the profits.

 

B. Com (Modified)

Solution

 

Working Notes	Rs
(i)Value of Goods repossessed	5,500
Less: Installment not due on oven.	4,000 (H.P. Stock Amount)
Transfer to H.P. Debtors A/C	1,500 (H.P. Debtors)

(ii) Cash Price of mixie still in possession of Sheela:

(iii) The balance in the H.P. Stock Account shows the amount of installments NOT DUE on mixie still with Sheela.

OBJECTIVE 7: INSTALLMENT SYSTEM

This system also operates on the basis of an agreement, known as Installment Purchase Agreement. It means an agreement of sale from which we can infer the salient features of this system of sale:

Features of Installment System:

• Ownership of goods is passed on to the buyer immediately after entering into this agreement.
• The buyer in no way has got any right to terminate the contract unless the seller defaults.
• The seller cannot take back the goods (Repossession) if the buyer fails to pay installment. Remedy for the seller is only by way of legal action against the buyer to recover the installment due.

7.1 Purchase System

Basis of Distinction	Hire-Purchase System	Installment Purchase System
Basis of operation	This system operates on the basis of Hire-Purchase Agreement	This operates on the basis of installment Purchase Agreement
Nature of Agreement	This system is based on an agreement of hiring	This is based on agreement of Sale
Statutory Governance	This is governed by the Hire Purchase Act, 1972	This is governed by the Sale of Goods Act, 1930
Parties entered into agreement	The parties entered into agreement, under this system are called Hirer and Hire Vendor	The parties concerned are called Buyer and Seller
Ownership Rights	The ownership (title to goods) passes onto the purchaser only on last payment of installment	The ownership passes immediately after signing the agreement, although the price of goods will be paid in Installments.
Return of Goods	The purchaser may return goods	The buyer cannot return goods unless, and until the seller defaults
Repossession	If the hirer makes default in installment payments, the vendor can take back the goods from the hirer.	Even if there is any default in installment payment, the seller cannot take back from the buyer.
Risk of Loss	Risk of Loss of goods lie with the Vendor	Risk of Loss of goods lie with the Buyer
Right of Disposal	Buyer cannot hire out, lease, mortgage, destroy, damage or transfer of goods.	Buyer can have the right to dispose the goods (property) purchased under this system.
Position relating to Installment	The installment paid is treated as Hire chare for the use of goods.	Installment paid is treated as part redemption of the value of goods (payments)
Charges (other than Cash Price)	Component other than Cash Price included in installment is called “Hire Charges”.	Under this system, it is called “Interest”.

7.2 Accounting Treatment

Accounting for installment purchase is done on the basis of “Interest Suspense Method”.

Accordingly, the asset is debited (at its total cash price) and the seller is credited (with total amount payable to him). Then debit the “Interest Suspense Account” (with the difference between the total amount payable and the cash price).

Recording of entries in the books of buyer and seller and application of Interest Suspense Method

 

Notes:

1. Entries relating to Transactions 3, 4 and 5 will have to be repeated for subsequent installments.
2. Balance of “Interest Suspense Account” will have to be transferred to the Balance Sheet (Liabilities side), in case of Purchaser and to the assets side in the case of Buyer.

Illustration: 30

On Jan 1, 2006, Mr. Anand bought a sofa set from Ajay & Co on the installment system. The cash price of the sofa set was Rs 22,350 and the payment was to be made as follows:

1. Rs 6,000 on signing the agreement
2. Balance in three installments of Rs 6,000 each at the end of each year.

5% interest is charged by the suppliers per annum. Mr. Anand writes off 10% depreciation annually on the diminishing balance of the cash value. Make entries in the Books of both the parties.

Solution

Cash price of the sofa set and the no. of Installments and the amount of each installment are given in the question.

From these figures, first total interest is calculated and then for each year it has to be calculated, as the installment comprises the interest component also.

 

Total Interest	= Total Installment Amount – Cash Price of Sofa Set
	=Rs 6,000 × 4 –Rs 22,350
	=Rs 24,000 – Rs 22,350
	= Rs 1,650

This amount has to be apportioned for each year as follows:

 

(Paise Rounded off to the nearest Rupee value)

 

Note:

1. From these journal entries, all the necessary ledger accounts may be prepared with ease.
2. Students should practice apportioning interest as shown in the format table.

Illustration: 31

Joseph & Co. sells consumer durables under installment payment system under which 20% of the total dues are to be paid on delivery and the balance in eight equal quarterly installments commencing from the last date of the quarter in which the goods have been delivered. 15% of the total dues are attributed towards interest of which credit to revenue is taken as:

 

	In the year of sale	30%
	Next year	50%
	The year after Next	20%

Total dues for goods sold and delivered during the last three years had been:

 

		Rs
	2006	4,00,000
	2007	5,00,000
	2008	6,00,000

On Jan 1, 2008, Installment Debtors Account and Interest Suspense Account showed balances of Rs 3,35,000 (Dr.) Rs 64,500, respectively. The deliveries have been even throughout the year and all the installments have been collected on due date.

Prepare Installment Debtors Account, and Interest Suspense Account as they would appear in 2008.

Solution

Step 1: Installment falling in 3 years

Step 2: Table showing sales, down payment, interest, total amount of installments, ratio of total installments received for each year.

Step 3::

 

Step 4:

 

Illustration: 32

On Jan 1, 2005, X acquires a car form Y & Co on installment buying @ 10% p.a. interest, which is changeable yearly. X agrees to pay Y & Co. Rs 1,00,000 on Jan 1, 2005, Rs 60,500 on Dec 31, 2006; Rs 66,550 on Dec 31, 2007 and finally Rs 73, 205 on Dec 31, 2008. X duly discharges all these sums. X provides depreciation @ 20% p.a. on Diminishing Balance Method at the accounting date Dec 31, each year.

You are required to prepare the Car Account, Y & Co. A/c and Interest Suspense Accounts in the Books of X.

Solution

Step 1: First apportionment of cash price and periodic interest is to be calculated as below:

Step 2

 

Step 3

 

Step 4

 

OBJECTIVE 8: CONCEPTS OF OPERATING AND FINANCIAL LEASE

8.1 Meaning

The concept “Leasing” refers to the practice of using an asset for a fixed period at an agreed rental basis.

Leasing may be described as a contract between two parties – the Lessor and the Lessee – for the use of a “specific asset”, for a specific fixed period on agreed rental value basis.

8.2 Lessor

The owner of the specific asset is termed as Lessor. He may be an individual or association of persons, or a firm or a limited company.

8.3 Lessee

The person who is in need of the specific asset, for his use for a limited period, who in turn pay a quantum of amount for possessing and using that asset for a fixed time. Here too, the person may be an individual or association of persons or firm or a limited company.

8.4 Leasing Agreement

A document, comprising terms and conditions for entering into a contract between the Lessor and the Lessee, is called as Leasing Agreement.

8.5 Suitability

Leasing transaction is suitable for a business entity which requires only the use of (Capital) Fixed Assets and may not require ownership because a very huge amount is needed to acquire such high value assets. In such circumstances, such business entities can easily avail of this leasing transaction thereby they can use with very minimum amount by way of paying rental.

From the above discussion, we have come to know that the following parties are involved in a leasing transaction.

1. The leasing company (lessor) which finances the transaction.
2. The manufacturer or supplier from whom the leasing company purchases the “Specific Asset”.
3. The Lessee who needs the “Specific Asset”, who will possess, who will use for a fixed period of time and will pay rental to the Lessor.

OBJECTIVE 9: SALIENT FEATURES OF LEASE

• No transfer of title to the lessee takes place. As such, he is not the legal owner of the asset.
• The lessee can make use of the asset for a fixed time only.
• The lessee cannot depreciate such assets used by him under leasing transaction.
• Rent paid by the lessee is treated as operating expenses and is eligible for tax deduction.
• According to lease agreement, the lessee has to remit a fixed rental for a fixed period.
• The Lessee has to return the assets after the expiry of the agreement period.
• Assets used under lease agreement will not be shown in the Balance Sheet, as the lessee is not the legal owner.

OBJECTIVE 10: ADVANTAGES OF LEARNING

1. Easy Financing:   Lease provides 100% finance for using Capital Assets (of huge value). No necessity arises to extend any margin money or cash down payment.

2. Saving of Financial Sources:   As leasing provides the full finance, the business entities are relieved from the financial stress in the early years of operation. This facilitates saving of financial resources.

3. Productive Use:   As business entities are relieved to a great extent from investing in Capital Assets, such amount can be diverted to acquire inventories or other areas of their concern. Finance is utilised for productive uses.

4. Enhancement of Working Capital:   With available financial resources, requirements of working capital can be easily met and strengthened.

5. Source of Finance:   Comparing with other sources of finance, leasing type of transaction extends helping hand to business concerns to acquire finance on easy terms. It acts as an effective and useful source of finance.

6. Borrowing Capacity:   It increases the borrowing capacity of business entities because use of leased assets will result in low Debt-Equity Ratio which in turn will increase the borrowing capacity of business concerns.

7. Flexible:   Lease is a flexible agreement. It can be tailor-made to meet the requirements of Lessee. Lease terms and conditions are not rigid as in the case of other types such as H.P. and the like. They are negotiable and be made suitable to the convenience of Lessee.

8. Off -Balance Sheet Financing:   Leased assets are not sown in the Balance Sheet. Under such conditions, ratios of the business entities will reflect a better picture through Assets Turnover Ratio, Return on Assets and so on.

9. Depreciation:   A lessee is not entitled to charge deprecation for the assets use. But on the other hand, lease rentals are higher than depreciation, the lessee will be in a position to effect savings in taxes.

10. Restrictive Covenants:   Restrictive covenants are totally absent in lease agreements, whereas in other forms of financing usually the lendor will impose so many terms and conditions on the borrower. Restrictions such as – right to control management, issues of bonus shares, convertibility clause, right to convert the loan into equity, restrictions on declaration of dividends and so on.

11. Credit Appraisal:   In other forms of financing, appraisal of the financial position of the borrower has to undergo a lengthy time consuming legal process. In case of leasing, it is not so.

12. Obsolescence:   Under this system, the Lessee is protected against obsolete assets, as the lessee is not compelled to use any particular for a lengthy period.

OBJECTIVE 11: DISADVANTAGES OF LEASING

1. Financial Position:   As leased assets are not shown in Balance Sheet, it may lead to understatement. True Financial position cannot be ascertained under such situation.

2. No Freedom:   The lessor is not in a free position, to carry out any modification or change to the leased assets, as Lessor is the owner of such assets.

3. Charge on Finance:   Under this system, the finance charge is higher than other forms of financing.

4. Obsolescence Cost:   Lessee has to bear obsolescence cost, as lease agreement cannot be terminated abruptly.

5. Heavy Penalty:   In case a lessee wants to cancel the lease earlier than the expiry term, it will entail a heavy penalty on Lessee otherwise lease agreement cannot be terminated.

6. Availing Tax Benefits:   A lessee is not in a position to avail tax benefits and other government subsidies and other promotional benefits, as he is not the legal owner of Lessee assets.

7. New Projects:   Leasing is not a suitable method of financing a new project.

8. Mismatch between rental payment and cash flow:   Rental payment is reckoned from the date of entering into contract, whereas cash in flow starts only after a gap of prolonged period.

9. Rights of Lessee:   A lessee cannot expect any rights attached to the product, in case of any defect, destruction in the product purchased during warranty period. Only the lessor acquires such rights as he is the legal owner of the asset.

OBJECTIVE 12: ACCOUNTING TREATMENT RELATING TO LEASES AS PER AS–19

Capitalization of assets is not done in this system. As Lessee pays rental only, they are of revenue nature and charged off to Profit and Loss Account directly.

Appropriate accounting procedure has been followed in accordance with Accounting Standards AS–19, issued by ICAI.

Leases are classified into two categories:

1. Finance Lease
2. Operating Lease

12.1 Finance Lease (or) Full Pay-out Lease

Financial Lease is defined as, “a lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incident to ownership of an asset. Title may or may not eventually be transferred”.

Risks – include the possibility of losses from the idle capacity or technological obsolescence and of variations in returns due to changing economic conditions.

Rewards – arise due to expected profitable operations over the economic life of the asset and of gain from appreciation in value or realization of residual value.

Finance Lease is also known as Capital Lease or Full Pay-Out Lease.

Paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 of AS–19 indicates:

1. At the end of the lease, the lessor owns the asset.
2. The lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset even if the title is not transferred.
3. The fixed period of time (generally close to the useful life of the asset), as mentioned above, is called the primary period. During the primary period, the lease agreement cannot be cancelled.
4. After the expiry of primary period, two options are available to the lessee:
   1. The contract can get renewed perpetually at a nominal rate.
   2. The asset may be returned to the lessor.
5. The leased asset is of a specialized nature that only the Lessee can use it without major modifications being made.
6. In case, the lessor cancels the lease, the Lessor’s losses associated with the cancellation are borne by the lessee.
7. Gains or losses due to fluctuation in the fair value of residual fall to the Lessee.
8. Lease classification is usually done at the inception of lease. Changes will result in a new classification for accounting purposes. At times, the parties may revise the stipulations of the lease resulting in a different classification. Such revised agreement is considered to be a new agreement over its revised term.

There is another category of classification of finance lease:

1. Direct Lease
2. Leveraged Lease.

1. Direct Lease: In this category of lease, the lessor issues the equity shares in the financial markets and uses the funds to buy the assets.
2. Leveraged Lease: Under this category, the lessor issues debts (e.g., debentures, bonds) to raise funds to acquire the assets.

AS–(19) gives room for another type of finance lease called as “Sale and Lease Back Transactions”.

Meaning: A Sale and Lease Back Transaction involves the sale of an asset by the vendor and the leasing of the same asset back to the vendor. It is a great boom to the vendor because he has the advantage of uninterrupted use of the asset. Simultaneously, the funds realized on the sale of the asset can be used for the expansion of business activities. His network will increase, in case the vendor gets gain on resale of such assets.

AS–19 also provides an exhaustive item of disclosures to be made with respect to finance leases. (It is not discussed here, as they are outside the ambit of syllabus).

12.2 Operating Lease: (or) Non-Pay-Out Lease

1. An operating lease is a short term hire of assets such as buildings, furniture plant, computers, vehicles and the like.
2. Risks and rewards are not transferred to the Lessee under operating lease system of transaction.
3. The assets, in this case, will be leased over and over again for short periods to different users.
4. In this case, the maintenance falls on the shoulder of Lessor.

12.2.1 Features of Operating Lease

1. The asset is treated as fixed assets in the Books of the Lessor.
2. The lease is cancellable prior to its expiry period.
3. The depreciation is charged in the same way as that is being done under normal depreciation policy and is in accordance with AS-6.
4. Lease rentals are treated by the Lessor as income.
5. All costs of expenses are treated s expenses incurred in the year in which they are incurred.
6. To the Lessee, rental paid is an expense, which is charged to Profit and Loss Account on a straight line basis over the period of lease.
7. AS–19 provides certain guidelines for treatment of profit or loss, based on fair value of lease transactions.

OBJECTIVE 13: DISTINCTION BETWEEN FINANCIAL LEASE AND OPERATING LEASE

Basis of Distinction	Financial Lease	Operating Lease
1. Period	Usually, finance lease is for a long period.	This is only for short duration
2. Cancellation	Financial lease is not cancellable prior to the expiry period	Operating lease is cancelable prior to the expiry period
3. Maintenance cost	Maintenance cost of the asset is met by Lessee.	Maintenance cost of the asset is borne by Lessor
4. Obsolescence	The lessee has to shoulder the burden or risk of technological obsolescence of assets	No such risk of obsolescence to the lessee under this type of lease
5. Amortization	Lease rentals will be sufficient to amortize the cost of the asset	Lease rentals are insufficient to amortize the cost of the asset
6. Exercise of option	There is an option to buy the asset on the expiry of the lease period and that too at a nominal price	No such option can be exercised under this type of lease

• Meaning and features of Hire-Purchase System: This system operates on the basis of Hire-Purchase Agreement, under which goods are sold on the basis of installment. But the ownership passes to the purchaser only on last payment of installment due. The purchaser may return the goods. Also, if the hirer makes default in installment payments, the vendor has got the legal right to take back the goods from the hirer. Risk of loss lies with the vendor.
• Hire-Purchase Agreement is an agreement under which the goods are let on hire. It includes an agreement under which (i) possession of goods is delivered by the owner to a person who pays the agreed amount in periodical installments (ii) the property in goods (title) is to pass to such person on such last installment due and such person has right to terminate the agreement at any time.
• The excess of total hire-purchase price over cash price denotes interest. Cash price is a capital expenditure and the second component interest is of revenue nature. Separation and allocation process under different situations is the basic accounting procedure (Illustrations 1–8).
• Accounting Treatment: Methods of recording transaction in the Books of the Buyer and Hire Vendor (refer the text).
• Default and Repossession: When the hirer (purchaser) fails to pay installments in time, it amounts to “Default”. In such cases, the vendor (owner-seller) takes back the possession of goods, which is referred to as “Possession”. If the vendor takes back the entire goods it is called as “Full Repossession” and if he takes back only some of the goods it is known as “Partial Repossession”. For accounting treatment in the books of hire purchaser and hire vendor refer the text (as it is a lengthy procedure – not repeated here).
• To ascertain profit or loss made on hire-purchase transactions (1) Debtors Method (System) and (2) Stock and Debtors Method (System) are adopted. Preparation of Hire-Purchase Trading Account and passing entries either at cost or at hire-purchase price, refer the text and Illustrations 19-25 (Debtors System) and Illustrations 26–29 (Stock and Debtors System)
• Installment System operates on the basis of agreement of sale in which the ownership of goods is passed on to the buyer immediately after signing the agreement, the buyer cannot terminate the contract unless the seller defaults and the seller cannot take back the goods if the buyer fail to pay installment in time.
• Accounting for installment purchase on the basis of “Interest Suspense Method” is explained in Illustrations 30–32
• “Lease” refers to the practice of using an asset for a fixed period at an agreed rental value basis
• Leasing is a contract between two parties – the Lessor and the Lessee – for the use of a “specific asset” for a specific fixed period on an agreed rental value basis.
• Features and Advantages of leasing: (i) Lease provides 100% finance for using Capital Assets of high value, (ii) Lessee relieved from financial stress, (iii) Finance can be diverted to productive uses, (iv) It facilitates enhancement of working capital, (v) It is an useful source of finance, (vi) It increases the borrowing capacity of entities, (vii) As it is not shown in Balance Sheet, net results of entities reflect a better picture and (viii) Lessee is protected against obsolescence.
• Appropriate accounting procedure relating to leasing is described, as per AS–19 (refer the text).

Hire: Hire means the sum payable periodically by the hirer under a Hire-Purchase Agreement

Hirer: Hirer means the person who has obtained possession of goods from an owner under a hire purchase. It includes a person to whom the hirer’s rights or liabilities under the agreement have passes by assignment or by operation of law. He is also called hire purchaser.

Hire-Purchase Agreement: It is an agreement under which goods are let on hire.

Hire-Purchase Price: The price which comprises profit margin, interest and cost is termed as hire-purchase price. Hire-Purchase Price = Cost + Profit Margin + Interest

Hire Vendor: Under Hire-Purchase Transaction, the owner (seller) of goods is called as Hire Vendor.

Installment System: A system of purchase or sale, under which the ownership in goods is transferred along with possession of goods immediately even though the price of goods will be paid in installments.

Lease: A lease may be defined as a contract between the Lessor and the Lessee for the use of a specific asset for a specified period at an agreed rental value.

Repossession: Under Hire-Purchase System, if the hirer fails to pay the Installment in time, the goods and the installments already paid are to be forfeited. The hire vendor will take back the possession of goods. This action is termed as “Repossession”.

 

Monga, J.R., “Financial Accounting: Concepts and Applications – Text”, Mayor Paper Backs, New Delhi.

Tulsian P.C., “Financial Accounting” Pearson Education, New Delhi.

Gupta, Nirmal, “Financial Accounting”, Sahitya Bhawan, Agra.

 

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words

1. The hire purchaser acquires the property immediately on signing the ________
2. Under Hire-Purchase System, the ownership or the title of the property is transferred only when the ________ is paid.
3. The Hire-Purchase System is regulated by ________ Act, 1972.
4. The hire purchase price is always higher than the ________.
5. The money payable immediately on signing the Hire-Purchase Agreement is technically known as ________.
6. Asset is always recorded by the hire purchaser as ________.
7. Under Hire-Purchase System, interest is always calculated on the outstanding total – and not on the outstanding total installments.
8. ________ a series or one of a series of equal payments at fixed intervals.
9. As the figure of 78 is commonly used, it is often quoted as ________.
10. The asset on Hire-Purchase Account would appear in the ________ at its original cash price or historical cost.
11. ________ Account would be shown as a deduction from the historical cost of asset, purchased under this system.
12. The Vendor ________ Hire-Purchase Sales Account, because the items sold by him are treated as goods.
13. Hire-Purchase Sales Account is closed by transferring to ________.
14. ________ Account is opened only when the goods are taken back from the defaulting hire purchaser.
15. Under the Installment System, the title of goods is ________ to the purchaser immediately, though the price will be paid in installments.

Answers

1. Hire-Purchase Agreement
2. Last Installment
3. Hire Purchase Act
4. Cash Price
5. Cash Down Payment
6. Cash Price
7. Cash Price
8. Annuity
9. Rule 78
10. Balance Sheet
11. Depreciation
12. Credits
13. Trading Account
14. Goods Repossessed
15. Transferred

II State whether the following statements are True or False

1. Under Hire-Purchase System the title or ownership of goods is transferred immediately on signing the Hire-Purchase Agreement.
2. The hirer has a right to terminate the agreement at any time before the property so passes.
3. The property in goods is to pass to hirer on the payment of last installment under Hire-Purchase System.
4. Hire Purchase Price = Cost Price + Profit Margin – Interest.
5. The amount of cash price and interest is not the same even in between equal installments.
6. Under Hire-Purchase System, interest is charged on the unpaid cash price.
7. Asset is always recorded by the hire purchaser as Cash Price plus Interest.
8. In the last year, interest represents the difference between the last installment to be paid and cash price unpaid.
9. Interest is calculated only on outstanding installments.
10. Interest is allowed on the down payment made.
11. Depreciation is not written off in Hire-Purchase System.
12. Hire-Purchase System of sale is similar to a method of financing the purchase of fixed assets.
13. Normally, the asset on Hire-Purchase Account will not be shown in the Balance Sheet.
14. Any balance left in Goods Repossessed Account is transferred and shown in the Balance Sheet.
15. Under Installment System, the seller cannot repossess the goods, even if there is default in installment.

Answers

 

1. False	2. True	3. True	4. False	5. True
6. True	7. False	8. True	9. False	10. False
11. False	12. True	13. False	14. False	15. True

1. Define Hire-Purchase System.
2. Mention the important constituents of a Hire-Purchase Agreement.
3. Define: Hirer.
4. What do you mean by “down payment”?
5. What is “Cash Price Installment”? How is it calculated?
6. Explain Hire-Purchase Price.
7. Name the methods of ascertaining profit/loss under hire purchase basis.
8. How would you compute interest for the last year as per H.P. System?
9. How “Cash Price” shall be converted to “hire purchase price” basis?
10. What is meant by “Annuity”?
11. Explain “Rule of 78”.
12. Whether the hire purchaser should charge depreciation on asset bought on hire purchase?
13. Explain “Goods Repossessed”.
14. Differentiate “Full Repossession” with that of “Partial Repossession”.
15. How would you treat “Goods Repossessed” in the books of the hire vendor under Stock and Debtors Method?
16. If the rate of interest is not given, how will you apportion interest?
17. Explain Hire-Purchase Trading Account.
18. How would you value “Stock out on Hire”?
19. What are the necessary accounts to be maintained to ascertain profit/loss on hire purchase transactions by applying Stock and Debtors System?
20. What is meant by “Installment system”?

1. Explain the accounting treatment of important items in the books of Hire Purchaser.
2. Explain the accounting treatment of important items in the books of Hire Vendor.
3. Pass the entries in the books of Hire Purchaser under Accrual System of Hire Purchase.
4. Explain with illustrations.
5. (i) Full Repossession and (ii) Partial Repossession
6. How the entries would be made in the Hire-Purchase Trading Account at cost to Hire Vendor?
7. Explain the scheme of journal entries to be made under Stock and Debtors System.
8. Explain the scheme of Journal Entries to be made under Stock and Debtors System.
9. Distinguish between Hire-Purchase System and Installment-Purchase System.
10. Under Installment System, explain how would you record entries (i) in the books of the buyer and (ii) in the books of the vendor.
11. Explain “Leasing”. Enumerate the advantages of “Leasing”.
12. What are the limitations of “Leasing”?
13. What are the basic features of “financial lease”?
14. How would you distinguish “Financial Lease” from “Operating Lease”?

 

(1) Calculate the cash price of the asset: (a) Cash Down Payment – 25%; (b) Three annual installments of Rs 1,02,000; Rs 93,000 and Rs 84,000 commencing from the end of the first year and (c) Rate of interest to be changed by the vendor – 12% p.a.

[Answer: Rs 3,00,000]

(2) Four annual installments of Rs 50,000 commencing from the date of signing of the agreement. Rate of interest charged by the vendor – 25% p.a. Calculate the Cash Price of the asset.

[Answer: Rs 1,47,600]

(3) Cash Down Payment – Rs 40,000. Four annual installments of Rs 22,000 each commencing from the beginning of the next year. Rate of interest charged by the vendor – 10% p.a. Calculate the cash price of the asset.

[Answer: Rs 1,09,736]

(4) Cash Down Payment – 25%. Three half yearly installments of Rs 1,30,000, Rs 1,20,000 and Rs 1,10,000 commencing from the end of the first half year. Rate of interest charged by the vendor 20% p.a. calculated on half yearly rest. Calculate the cash price of the asset.

[Answer: Rs 4,00,000]

(5) Cash Down Payment – 25%. Three bi-annual installments of Rs 1,10,000; Rs 90,000; Rs 70,000 commencing from the end of first two years. Rate of interest charged – 20% p.a. calculated on bi-annually rest.

[Answer: Rs 4,00,000]

(6) Cash Price – Rs 3,96,250; Cash payment 20%; four equal annual installment together with interest @ 10% p.a. commencing from the end of the first year. Calculate the interest.

[Answer: Rs 31,700; Rs 23,775; Rs 15,850; Rs 7,925]

(7) Cash Price – Rs 3,96,250; Cash Down Payment – 20%. Four annual installments of Rs 1,00,000 each commencing from the end of the first year; assume that sales were made at the beginning of the year. Calculate the amount of interest to be paid.

[Answer: Rs 33,200; Rs 24,900; Rs 16,600; Rs 8,300]

(8) Cash Price – Rs 8,600; Down Payment – Rs 2,000; Three annual installments of Rs 4,000; Rs 2,000 and Rs 2,000 commencing from the end of the first year. Assume that the sales were made at the beginning of year. Calculate the amount of interest.

[Answer: Rs 800; Rs 400; Rs 200]

(9) Cash Price Rs 23,000; Five quarterly installments of Rs 5,000 each commencing from the date of signing of the agreement. Assume that sales were made at the beginning of the year. Calculate interest for each quarter.

[Answer: Rs 800; Rs 600; Rs 400; Rs 200]

(10) Cash Down Payment – Rs 75,000; Four annual installments of Rs 70,000; Rs 65,000; Rs 60,000; Rs 55,000; each installment comprising equal amount of cash price, commencing from the end of the first year. Calculate the amount of interests.

[Answer: Rs 20,000; Rs 15,000; Rs 10,000; Rs 5,000]

(11) On Apr 1, 2009 Viswas purchased a machine from ABC Enterprises on Hire-Purchase System. The particulars are as follows:

1. Cash Price Rs 50,000
2. Rs 20,000 to be paid on signing the agreement
3. Balance in three annual installments of Rs 6,000 each plus interest
4. Interest charged on outstanding balance @ 5%.

You are required to calculate the hire purchase price and interest on three installments.

[Answer: Interest at the end of 2009 – Rs 900

Interest at the end of 2010 – Rs 600

Interest at the end of 2011 – Rs 300]

(12) On Jan 1, 2009 Pandey purchased a laptop from Jaspal Singh on Hire-Purchase System over a period of three years. Rs 10,000 was payable on delivery on Jan 1, 2008 and the balance by following installments on 3 Dec 1, in each year:

 

		Rs
	2008	20,000
	2009	20,000
	2010	Balance amount

Jaspal Singh charged interest at 10% on the yearly balances. The cash value of the laptop was Rs 60,000. Depreciation @ 20% p.a. on diminishing balances were written off in each year. Pandey paid all the installments on the due date. Show the Laptop Account and Pandey’s Account in the books of Singh for three years Dec 31, 2010.

 

[I.C.W.A (Inter)-Modified]

[Answer: Balance in the Laptop Account: Rs 30,720; Third installment: Rs 20,350]

(13) On Jan 1, 2009 Mr. Patel purchased from Vivek a machine on hire-purchase basis. The hire-purchase price was Rs 4,00,000 payable as to Rs 1,00,000 as down payment and three annual installments of Rs 1,00,000 each; the first annual installment being payable on Dec 31, 2009. Vivek charged interest @ 5% p.a.
Patel charged depreciation on the machine @ 15% p.a. on diminishing balances of the machine. He closes his books of account every year on 31 Mar.
Calculate the cash price of the machine. Also prepare for the three accounting years in Patel’s ledger the following accounts.
(a) The account of Vivek – the hire vendor, (b) Machinery Account, (c) Interest Account and (d) Depreciation Account.

 

[B.Com (Hons.) – Delhi-Modified]

[Answer: Cash Price – Rs 3,73,330 Balance in Machine Account: 2,28,660]

(14) Rado Cabs purchased an omni van on Jan 1, 2008 from Narain & Co, Delhi on hire purchase basis. It was agreed upon to make payment as under:     

 

			Rs
	Jan 1, 2008	on signing the agreement –	62,100
	Dec 31, 2008	at the end of first year –	1,19,790
	Dec 31, 2009	at the end of second year –	1,19,790
	Dec 31, 2010	at the end of third year –	1,19,790

Nothing more payable after third installment. All the installments are duly paid by Rado Cabs. Interest was reckoned @ 10% p.a. depreciation was charged @ 20% p.a. on diminishing balance. Rado Cabs closes its books on 31 Dec every year. Prepare the following accounts in the books of Rado Cabs upto Dec 31, 2010. (1) Narain & Co. Account (2) Omni Van Account and (3) Interest Account

 

I.C.W.A. (Inter) – Modified

[Answer: Total Cash Price – Rs 3,60,000;

Balance in Omni Van A/c – 1,84,320

Interest: I – Rs 29,790; II – Rs 20,790 and III: Rs 10,890]

(15) A purchased a machinery on Hire-Purchase System from B, the cash price of which way payable as Rs 60,000 down and the balance in three equal installments together with interest @ 10% p.a. The amount of last installment including interest was Rs 88,300. Depreciation was to be provided @ 20% p.a. on the reducing balance. At the end of three years of service, the machinery was sold for Rs 1,50,000 cash.

Prepare the Machinery Account and Y’s Account in the Books of X.

[Answer: Cash Price Rs 3,00,000; Loss on Sale Rs 100]

(16) On Apr 1, 2008 A Ltd purchased a machine from B Ltd on Hire-Purchase System. The cash price of the machine was Rs 3,00,000. The price to be paid as Rs 95,760 down and the balance in three equal installments. (including interest @ 5% p.a.) commencing from Mar 31, 2009 the asset was to be depreciated in the books of the purchaser @ 10% p.a. on Reducing Installment Method. Given the present value of an annuity of Re. 1 p.a. @ 5% interest is Rs 2.7232.

Prepare B’s Account and Machinery Account in the books of A.

[Answer: Rs 75,000]

(17) A machinery is sold on hire purchase. The terms of payment are four annual installments of Rs. 30,000 at the end of each year commencing from the date of agreement. Interest is charged @ 20% p.a. and is included in the annual payment of Rs 30,000. Show Machinery Account and Hire Vendor Accounting Standards in the books of the purchaser, who defaulted in payment of the third yearly payment whereupon the vendor repossessed the machinery. The purchaser provides depreciation on the machinery @ 10% p.a. on Written Down Value Method.

 

[B.Com (Delhi)]

[Answer: Loss on surrender Rs 1,620; Cash Price – Rs 77,665 Interest I – Rs 15,530; II–Rs 12,640; III –Rs 9,165]

(18)

1. A purchased 3 plants from B costing Rs 4,00,000 each
2. The purchaser charged depreciation @ 20% on Diminishing Balance Method.
3. 2 plants were seized by the vendor B when the second installment was not paid at the end of second year and vendor valued the plants at cost less 30% depreciation annually charged at Diminishing Balance Method.
4. The vendor spent Rs 1,60,000 on overhauling the plants and sold for Rs 6,40,000.

Calculate:

1. Value of plant taken by the vendor
2. Value of plant left with the purchaser
3. Profit or loss on plant taken back
4. Profit or loss on plant repossessed when sold by vendor

 

[B.Com (Hons) – Delhi]

	[Answer:	(i) Rs 3,92,000
		(ii) Rs 2,56,000
		(iii) Rs 1,20,000
		(iv) Rs 88,000]

 

(19) “A’ purchased a car from “B’ costing Rs 4,50,000 on Hire-Purchase System. Payment was to be made Rs 90,000 down and remainder in 3 equal installments together with interest at 5% p.a. A provides depreciation @ 20% p.a. on the diminishing balance basis. A paid the first installment at the end of the first year, but could not pay the next. B took possession of the car. He spends Rs 17,400 on the car and sold it for Rs 3,00,000. Show the necessary ledger accounts in the books of both the parties.

[Answer: Loss on surrender Rs 36,000; Profit on resale Rs 30,600]

(20) X purchased 5 machines from Y, Cost of each machine being Rs 1,00,000. X depreciated @ 20% p.a. on diminishing balance method. At the end of the 3rd year 3 machines were repossessed by Y. Y depreciated the machines @ 30% p.a. on Written Down Value basis. Expenses incurred on reconditioning of machines repossessed amounted to Rs 17,100. The hire vendor Y sold one machine for Rs 45,000. You are required to calculate: (i) Book value of the machine left with X; (ii) Agreed value of machine taken back by Y; (iii) Profit/loss on machine taken back and (iv) Profit or loss on sale of machine taken back by Y

[Answer: (i) Rs 1,02,400; (ii) Rs 1,02,900; (iii) Rs 50,700 and (iv) Rs 5,000]

(21) A Ltd purchased from B Ltd 3 machines costing Rs 50,000 each on the Hire-Purchase System on Jan 1, 2008. Payment was to be as Rs 30,00 down and remaining in 3 equal installments payable on Dec 31, 2008; Dec 31, 2009 and Dec 31, 2010 together with interest @ 9%. A Ltd writes off depreciation @ 20% on the reducing balance. X Ltd paid the installment due at the end of first year, i.e. on Dec 31, 2008 but could not pay the next, i.e. on Dec 31, 2009. B Ltd agreed to leave one machine with A Ltd on Jan 1,2010 adjusting the value of the other two machines against the amount due on Jan 1, 2010. The machines were valued on the basis of 30% depreciation annually on W.D.V. basis. B Ltd spent s 5,000 on the repairs of two repossessed machines and sold one machine for Rs 40,000 on July 1, 2010.
Show: (i) Machine Account; (ii) B Ltd Account in the books of A Ltd and (iii) Machine Repossessed Account in the books of B Ltd.

[Answer: (i) Value of Machine Repossessed Rs 49,000; (ii) Profit on sale of Machine – Rs 13,000]

(22) On Jan 1, 2008, N Ltd sold 3 machines for a total cash sale proceed of Rs 9,00,000 on Hire-Purchase System. The terms of agreement provided for 30% as cash down and the balance of the cash price in 3 equal installments together with interest at 10% p.a. compounded annually. The installments were payable as per the following schedule:

1st installment on Feb 31, 2009 2nd on Dec 31, 2010 and 3rd on Dec 31, 2011. M paid the 1st Installment on time but failed to pay thereafter. On its failure to pay the second installment, N Ltd repossessed two machines and valued them at 50% of the cash price. M Ltd charges 10% p.a. depreciation on straight line method. Prepare necessary ledger in the books of M Ltd for three years to 2011.

[Answer: Interest : Rs 63,000; Rs 69,100; Rs 42,000 Loss: Rs 1,20,000]

(23) On Oct 1, 2007 five cars were purchased by Sathya on Hire-Purchase System. The cash price of each car was Rs 2,75,000. The payment was to be made as follows:

1. 10% of Cash Price at the time of delivery
2. 25% of Cash Price at the end of each one of the subsequent four half years.

The payment due on Sep 30, 2008 could not be made and, hence, cars were seized by the hire vendor but after negotiations, Sathya was allowed to keep three cars on the condition that the value of the other two cars would be adjusted against the amount due, the cars being valued at Cost less 25% depreciation and Sathya would pay the balance in five-half-yearly Installments together with interest @ 10% p.a. Both the parties close their Books of Account on 31st Mar every year. Sathya charges 15% depreciation on cars on the original cost.

In Oct 2008, the hire-vendor spent Rs 30,000 on getting the seized cars thoroughly overhauled and sold them for Rs 4,75,000.

Prepare for two accounting years ended on 31 Mar, 2009. (i) Cars Account in Sathya’s ledger assuming that Sathya debited it with full cash price in the beginning of the contract and (ii) the personal account of Sathya and goods repossessed account in hire vendor’s ledger.

 

[C.S. (Foundation)–Modified]

[Answer: (i) Value of car as on Apr 1, 2009 – Rs 6,39,375 and (ii) Balance to be paid by Sathya: Rs 4,62,000 (iii) Profit of the hire vendor: Rs 32,500]

(24) Laxmi & Co deals in micro ovens on H.P. system. On 1 Jan, Parul bought a microwave oven for Rs 6,000 to be paid in 12 quarterly installments of Rs 500 each. The oven cost the firm Rs 4,800. The four installments payable quarterly in the first year were duly received by the firm. How should these transactions appear in the firm’s ledger so that the year is credited with its proper proportion of the profit earned?

[Answer: Rs 400] {Hint: Costs 4,800; Installment paid Rs 2,000 Stock with customer: 2/3 × 4,800 = Rs 3,200]

(25) Raju had delivered goods to his customers on H.P. system at H.P. Price Rs 46,00; He normally sells goods in the open market at retail price showing gross profit of 30% on that price. In order to sell goods at H.P. price, he adds 15% to retail price to cover enhanced risk. During the year, goods actually costing Rs 2,800 were returned by a customer who had paid nothing. Installments received during the year Rs 18,400.

Calculate:

1. Value of stock in the hands of customers and
2. Profit to be transferred to Profit and Loss A/c on the basis of installment received

[B.Com (Delhi)]

[Answer: (a) Rs 23,000 and (b) Rs 7,200]

(26) ABC Ltd sells goods on hire purchase basis, the price being cost plus 60%. From the following particulars relating to 2009 ascertain the profit or loss on hire purchase transactions.

 

		Rs
	Installments due, customers paying on Jan 1, 2009	6,000
	Installment not yet due	75,000
	Goods sold during the year on H.P. basis, cost	1,80,000
	Cash received from H.P. customers	2,70,000
	Installments due on Dec 31, 2009, customer paying	9,000

[Answer: Profit – Rs 76,500]

(27) From the following particulars, prepare H.P. Trading Account for the year ended Dec 31, 2009 in the Books of K V Ltd which sells goods of comparatively small value on H.P. basis adding 331/3 % to the cost of goods to fix hire purchase price:

 

		Rs
	Hire Purchase Stock with customers as on Jan 1, 2009	42,100
	Installments Due as on Jan 1, 2009	1,200
	Goods sold on H.P. basis :	3,16,400
	Hire Purchase Stock with customers as on Dec 31, 2009	38,000
	Installments Due on Dec 31, 2009	1,700

[Answer: Profit – Rs 80,125]

(28) M.S. Ltd has a hire purchase department. Goods are sold on hire purchase at a profit of 25% on sale price. From the following particulars prepare H.P. Trading Account for the year upto Mar 31, 2009:

 

		Apr 1, 2008	Mar 3, 2009
		Rs	Rs
	Stock in the shop	30,000	42,000
	Installment Due	18,000	?
	Stock with customers at H.P. Price	2,40,000	1,86,000

During the year goods sold on H.P. Price Rs 5,28,000, Purchase Rs 4,08,000; Cash received Rs 4,80,000

[Answer: Profit – Rs 1,23,000]

(29) Mr R.M. is a hire purchase trader and sells goods on H.P. basis at Cost PLUS 50%. From the following information, prepare H.P. Trading Account to ascertain profit/loss for the year ending Mar 31, 2009.

[Answer: Profit – Rs 6,15,000]

(30) Renu Ltd has a hire purchase department and goods are sold on hire purchase at cost plus 60%. From the following particulars, prepare H.P. Trading Account to ascertain Profit or Loss for the year ending Dec 31, 2009.

 

Jan 1, 2009	Rs
Goods with H.P. customers (at H.P. Price)	80,000
Dec 31, 2009
Goods sold on H.P. during the year (at H.P. Price)	4,00,000
Cash received during the year from customers	2,80,000
Goods received back from customers (Installments due Rs 10,000) valued at	1,500
Goods with hire purchase customers (at H.P. Price)	1,80,000

 

[B.Com–Modified]

[Answer: Profit – Rs 1,04,000; Installments due at the end Rs 10,000]

(31) The following are the particulars from the Books of Amar & Co who sells goods of small value on hire purchase basis at 50% profit on cost. Prepare Hire-Purchase Trading Account for the year ending on Dec 31, 2009.

 

		Jan 1, 2009	Dec 31, 2009
		Rs	Rs
	Stock with the customers	54,000	?
	Stock in the shop	1,08,000	1,23,000
	Installment Due	30,000	54,000

Goods repossessed (Installments Due Rs 16,000) valued at Rs 3,000 which had been included in the stock at the end at Rs 3,000. Cash received from customers Rs 3,60,000 Purchases Rs 3,60,000.

[Answer: Profit – Rs 1,20,334]

(32) A public limited company which sells a branded product on hire purchase terms has the following transactions for the year ended Mar 31, 2010:

[B.Com (Hons) – Delhi Modified]

[Answer: Missing figure is Purchases : Rs 1,02,000; Gross Profit – Rs 30,750]

(33) Verma & Co has a hire purchase department which sells goods at Cost PLUS 50%. From the following information, you are required to ascertain the profit made for the year ended Dec 31, 2009 using stock and debtors method:

 

		Rs
	Stock on hire with customers at selling price as on Dec 31, 2008	81,000
	Stock at shop (at cost) as on Dec 31, 2008	1,62,000
	Installment due on Dec 31, 2008	45,000
	Cash received from customers	5,40,000
	Goods repossessed (Installments due Rs 18,000)	4,500
	Installments due from paying customers	81,000
	Closing stock at shop (including repossessed goods)	1,84,500
	Purchases made in the year	5,40,000

 

[B.Com(Hons) – Modified]

[Answer: Missing figure is Balance at the end in H.P. Stock Account: Rs 2,70,000; Gross Profit: Rs 1,84,500]

(34) Rahul sells goods on hire purchase basis, who fixes hire purchase price by adding 50% to the cost of the goods. The following are the figures relating to his hire purchase business for the year 2009:

 

		Rs
	Balance on H.P. Stock Account as on Jan 1, 2009	60,000
	Balance of H.P. Debtors Account as on Jan 1, 2009	1,500
	Selling price of goods sold on H.P. basis during 2009	4,53,000
	Cash received from customers during 2009	4,62,000
	Total amount of Installments that fell during 2009	4,63,500

One customer to whom goods had been sold for Rs 6,000 paid only three installments of Rs 500 each. On his failure to pay the monthly installment of Rs 500 due on Dec 5, 2009 the goods were repossessed on Dec 25, 2009 after due legal notice.

Calculate the profit by Stock and Debtors System

[B. Com (Hons) – Modified]

[Answer: Profit – Rs 1,55,835]

(35) Fortune (India) sells goods both on Hire-Purchase System and cash retail system. He has prepared one Trading Account for both the business and has treated total goods supplied to customers on H.P. system as sales which is as under:

It is informed that cash received from the customers is Rs 79,200 and that the rate of gross profit for H.P. System is 32% on Cost and Cash Sales are made at the H.P. Price as reduced by 1/11.

He now wishes to take credit for such proportion of profit as the installments bear to the total amounts receivable under the H.P. agreements and to adopt stock method of dealing the H.P. transactions. Construct new Trading Accounts for both business separately.

[Answer: Gross Profit – Cash Sales Rs 3,000; Hire-Purchase Sales Rs 19,200]

(36) Shiva Ltd commenced business on Jan 1, 2009. It sells both on Hire-Purchase System and Cash Retail System. Information about terms is given below:

 

		VCP	VCR
		Rs	Rs
	Cash Price	10,000	30,000
	Cost	8,000	24,000
	Cash down for Hire Purchase	2,000	6,000
	Monthly Installment	1,000	3,000
	No. of Installments	10	12

The company purchased goods costing Rs 1,00,00,000 in all and made cash sales totaling Rs 86,00,000. Stock in hand on Dec 31, 2009 was valued at R. 12,00,000. H.P. transactions were as follows:

3 VCPs and 2 VCRs on which only 4 installments were collected were repossessed and were valued at Rs 32,000. This is not included in the figure of stock mentioned above. Prepare accounts showing the profit or loss made by the company by adopting Stock and Debtors System.

 

[B. Com (Hons) – Delhi- Modified]

		VCP	VCR
[Answer:	i) Installments Not Due	62,000	5,67,000
	ii) Goods Repossessed	18,000	48,000
	iii) Hire Purchase Profit	Rs 5,02,333
	iv) Cash Sales Profit	Rs 9,20,000

 

(37) A purchased a software system from B & Co. on Apr 1, 2009, on installment basis; the cash price was Rs 45,000 and the terms were: Rs 18,000 down and the balance in 12 quarterly installments of Rs 2,900 each, the first falling due on July 1, 2009. The accounts are closed each year on Mar 31, and the rate of depreciation is 20% p.a. on the original cost. On Dec 31, 2010, the system was sold for Rs 30,000 ad the Vendor’s claim was settled for Rs 15,300.

Show the Software System Account, Vendor’s Account and the Interest Suspense Account in the books of

A following the actuarial method of spreading interest over the period concerned.

[Answer: Profit on sale of system : Rs 750 Profit on settlement : Rs 600]

(38) Mr. Rao sells consumer durables under Installment System under which 20% of the total dues are to be paid on delivery and the balance in eight equal quarterly installments commencing from the last date of the quarter in which goods have been delivered. 15% of the total dues are attributed towards interest for which credit to revenue is taken as:

In the year of Sale : 30% Next Year : 50% The year after Next : 20%

Total dues for goods sold and delivered during the last three years had been

		Rs
	2007	2,00,000
	2008	2,50,000
	2009	3,00,000

On Jan 1, 2009, Installment Debtors Account and Interest Suspense Account showed balance of Rs 1,67,500 (Dr.) and Rs 32,250 (Cr) respectively. The deliveries have been even throughout the year and all the installments have been collected on due date.

Prepare Installment Debtors Account and Interest Suspense Account as they would appear in 2009.

[B.Com – Modified]

[Answer: Interest Suspense A/c Total: Rs 77,250 (Installment Debtors A/c: Rs 45,000)]