Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataVan der Linden, Peter Expert C Programming! / Peter van der Linden. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-13-177429-8 1. C (Computer program language) I. Title.QA76.73.C15V356 1994005.13´3--dc20 94-253 CIP
© 1994 Sun Microsystems, Inc.—Printed in the United States of America.
2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 U.S.A.
All rights reserved. This product and related documentation are protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or related documentation may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any.
RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to the restrictions set forth in DFARS 252.227-7013 (c)(1)(ii) and FAR 52.227-19.
The products described may be protected by one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications.
TRADEMARKS: Sun, Sun Microsystems, SunSoft, SunPro, the Sun logo, Solaris, ToolTalk, DeskSet, PC-NFS, ONC+, XView, and X11/NeWS are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX and OPEN LOOK are registered trademarks of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Novell, Inc. Motif and OSF/Motif are trademarks of the Open Software Foundation, Inc. All SPARC trademarks are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. SPARCWorks and SPARCompiler are licensed exclusively to Sun Microsystems, Inc. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. X Window System is a trademark and product of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. PostScript and Display Postscript are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. FrameMaker is a registered trademark of Frame Technology Corporation. 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086, 8088, certain combinations of numbers including 86, and Pentium are trademarks of the Intel Corporation. MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other product names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners.
Extracts from ISO/IEC 9899:1990 have been reproduced with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization, ISO, and the International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. The complete standard can be obtained from any ISO or IEC member or from the ISO or IEC Central Offices, Case Postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. Copyright remains with ISO and IEC.
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, contact: Corporate Sales Department, PTR Prentice Hall, 113 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632, Phone: 201-592-2863, Fax: 201-592-2249
Editorial/production supervision and interior design: Camille Trentacoste; Illustrator: Gail Cocker-Bogusz
Manufacturing manager: Alexis Heydt
Acquisitions editor: Michael Meehan; Editorial assistant: Nancy Boylan
Cover designer: Doug DeLuca
Cover photo: Coelacanth/Lloyd Ullberg, Special Collections, California Academy of Sciences
The cover depicts a coelacanth (pronounced C-la-canth), a butt-ugly fish that ichthyologists thought had been extinct for 70 million years. Then, in 1938, a specimen was caught off the coast of South Africa and taken to the local museum curator for identification. She recognized the significance of the find, and called in the experts—but not in time to prevent the fisherman stuffing and mounting his unique trophy! A second specimen was not caught until 1952. The limb-like fins of the coelacanth make this fish a “missing link” between ocean- and land-dwelling vertebrates. It is one vile-looking piece of seafood though.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
SunSoft Press
A Prentice Hall Title
I hereby dedicate this book to pizza, Dalmatian dogs, Sunday afternoons in a hammock, and comedy. The world would be a lot better off if there were more of these. I plan to become reacquainted with them all now the book is done.
In fact, I think I’ll spend next Sunday afternoon swinging in a hammock, and laughing at my Dalmatian dog’s attempts to eat pizza.
I would also like to acknowledge the fine products of the Theakston Brewing Company, Yorkshire, England.
3.149.254.35