INDEX

A

abstract data types, 262–263

access-arm mechanism, 203

access methods, 207–218. See also index

file organizations and, 207–218

sequential, 207, 210, 213, 217

access path plan, 70

accessing data, problems in, 12–13

active data dictionaries, 284–286. See also passive dictionaries

attributes, 285–286

definitions, 284

distinctions, 284

entities, 285–286

relationships, 286

uses and users, 286

Advance Auto Parts, 69

aggregated data, 340

aggregation, 248, 255–256

alternate key, 110

Amazon.com, 3–4

Analytical Engine, 7

AND operator, 75–76

anomalies data, 55

anti-virus software, 301

application characteristics, 218, 220

Application Program Interface (API), 373

application servers, 318

arbitration, 288

associative entity, in M-M binary relationship, 27

asymmetric data encryption, 300

attribute, 20, 45, 108

columns, 108

creating uniqueness with, 20, 28

data normalization and, 157–158, 174

data normalization examples, 185–189

domain of values, 112, 142, 144

E-R diagrams, 158–160

inheritance of, 253–254

keys and, 109

physical database design, 97, 199–237

unique, 20

attribute names, 72, 85

ATTRIBUTES table, 283

audio clips, 373

availability, database, 374, 375–376

AVG operator, 81

B

B+−tree index, 211–214

information from, 212–213

Babbage, Charles, 7

backup, 291, 303–307

backup copies and journals, 303

importance, 303

backward recovery, 305–306

balance sheet, 6

Baptist Memorial Health care, 378–379

bartering, 5

base table, 70

basic SELECT format, 70

before and after image log, 303

BETWEEN operator, 77–78

bill of materials, 29, 143–144, 165

Binary File (BFILE), 374

binary large objects (BLOBs), 263, 374

Binary LOB (BLOB), 374

binary relationships, 20–28

cardinality, 23–24

converting entities in, 160–164

data modeling in, 19–38

E-R diagram, 22

many-to-many (M-M) binary relationship, 23–28

modality, 24–25

one-to-many (1-M) binary relationship, 23–25

one-to-one (1-1) binary relationship, 23, 25

biometric systems, 297

Black & Decker, 107

block of logical records, 206

Boolean AND operator, 75–76

Boolean OR operator, 75–76

breaches, data security, 294

methods of, 294–296

types, 294

browsers, 369

built-in functions, 81–83

C

calculating devices, 9

candidate keys, 109–110

cardinality, in binary relationships, 23–24

Cartesian product, 98, 128

cascade delete rule, 152

case-based learning, 358

catalogs, 270, 287

census, 8

centralized database, 322

change log, 303

Character LOB (CLOB), 374

checkpoint, 306

class, 251

class diagram, 251

client side, 371–372

client/server database, 315–321

application servers, 318

database server, 318

file server approach, 318

three-tier approach, 318–320

two-tiered client/server arrangement, 318–319

client/server system, 368

clustering, 376

clustering files, 225

Codd, Edgar F. “Ted”, 105

cold sites, 307

collision, 216

column (field), 108

Common Gateway Interface (CGI), 373

compact disk (CD), 11

comparisons, 98

competitive advantage, 12

complex relationships, 251–260

aggregation, 255–256

class diagrams, 251, 256

General Hardware Co. Class Diagram, 256

generalization, 251–253

Good Reading Bookstores Class Diagram, 256–259

inheritance of attributes, 253–254

inheritance of operations, 254–255

Lucky Rent-A-Vehicle Class Diagram, 260–261

operations, 254–255

polymorphism, 254–255

World Music Association class diagram, 259

Computer-Aided Restoration of Electric Service (CARES), 44

Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE), 287

computer security issue, 59

computer viruses, 296

concurrency control, 291, 308–311

deadlock, 309–310

in distributed databases, 325–327

importance of, 308

locks, 309–310

lost update problem, 308–309

resource usage matrix, 310

versioning, 310–311

concurrency problem, 59

Contact Management and lead Tracking System, 249–50

controlled access (passwords and privileges), 297–299

corporate resource, 12–14, 49

data as, 1–15, 49

data mining, 357–361

COUNT operator, 82

CREATE TABLE command, 191

CREATE VIEW command, 192

Customer Information System, 44

customer relationship management systems (CRMs), 292–293

cylinders, 204–205

D

data access, unauthorized, 294

data administration, 269–290

advantages, 271–274

decentralized environment, managing data in, 274

externally acquired databases, managing, 273

operational management of data, 273

responsibilities of, 274–278

data analyst, 274

data before database management, 43–48

attribute, 45

entity, 45

entity set, 45

field, 45

files, 43–46

record, 45

records, 43–46

storing and retrieving data, basic concepts in, 46–48

data characteristics, 218–220

data cleaning, 352, 353–356

apparently incorrect data, 356

impossible data, 355–356

impossible/out-of-range data, 356

missing data, 353

possible misspelling, 355

questionable data, 353, 356

data communications, intercepting, 295

data control issues, 58–60

computer security, 59

concurrency problem, 59

data independence, 60

data coordination, 274–275, 288

data definition language (DDL), 68

data dependence, 60

data dictionaries. See dictionaries, data

data encryption 299

data enrichment 353

data extraction 352–353

into XML, 379–381. See also under Extensible Markup Language (XML)

data independence 60

data integration 49–56, 127–129

among many files, 50–51

within one file, 52–56

data integrity 50–52, 248, 260

data loading 352, 356–357

data maintenance 150, 280

data management. See also Structured Query Language (SQL)

data definition, 68, 191, 193

data manipulation, 68, 192–194

in decentralized environment, 274, 288

documenting data environment, 277

responsibility for, 252

data manipulation languages (DMLs) 68

data mart (DM) 341–343

data mining 357–360

case-based learning, 358

decision trees, 358

genetic algorithm, 358

neural networks, 358

data modeling 19–40

aggregation, 255–256, 260

attribute, 20

entity, 20

examples, 31–37

generalization/specialization, 248, 251–253, 260–262

inheritance, 253–254

object-oriented, 250–251

polymorphism, 254–255

relationships, 20. See also binary relationships; ternary relationships; unary relationships

unique identifier, 20

data normalization process 158, 174–189

Boyce-Codd normal form, 177

fifth normal form, 177

first normal form, 177–180

fourth normal form, 177

General hardware Co., 185–186

Good Reading Bookstores, 186–188

Lucky Rent-A-Car, 188–189

second normal form, 177, 180–182

steps in, 177

third normal form, 177, 182–185

unnormalized data, 178

World Music Association, 188

data ownership 277

data planning 275

data redundancy 49–56

among many files, 50–52

data integration and, 48–63

liminating, 126, 231

nonredundant data, 54–60, 127

physical design techniques and, 218–37

within one file, 52–56

data repository 281, 287

data retrieval 124–129. See also under relational database model

DBMS and, 56, 60–63, 97, 124

disk storage considerations, 202–6

data security 291, 293–302

breaches, 294–296. See also breaches, data security

importance of, 293–294

measures, types of, 296–302

as operational requirement, 220–221

data standards 275–276

data storage 7. See also data security

clustering files, 222, 225–227

data relationships, 56–58, 111–124

data repositories, 287

DBMS and, 14–15, 56, 60–63, 68–70, 106, 124, 127, 129, 150–151, 201, 218, 221

derived, 221

hashed files and, 217

Internet security and privacy, 376–378

problems with, 12–13

storage media, 9–11, 302

data structure building with SQL 157, 191–192

data theft 294, 299

data transformation 352, 356

data types 373

data volatility 220

data volume 223

data warehouse 335–364

administering, 360–361

building, 352–357

challenges in, 361–362

concept(s), 338–341

data cleaning, 344, 352, 354–356, 361

designing, 343–351

General Hardware Co., 344–348

Good Reading Bookstores, 348–350

Lucky Rent-A-Car, 350–351

types of, 341–343

using, 357–360

utilizing, 357–360

World Music Association, question of, 351

database 2

database administration 269–290

advantages, 271–274

responsibilities of, 278–281

database concept 48–60. See also database management system (DBMS)

data integration, 48

data redundancy, 48

datacentric environment, 48

multiple relationships, 56–58

principles of, 48

database connectivity issues 367–373

basic client/server system, 368

stand-alone PC, 368

database control issues 291–313, 374–379. See also backup; concurrency control; data security; disaster recovery; recovery

availability, 374, 375–376

performance, 374–375

scalability, 374, 376

security and privacy, 376–379

database environment 2, 14–15

database management system (DBMS) 2, 14–15, 41–66

DBMS approaches, 60–63

definition of, 43

externally-acquired databases, 273

need for, 55, 74, 148

relational catalogs, 98, 287, 298

server approach, 370–381

database performance 200

factors affecting, 200

database persistence 375

database server 318

databases and internet 365–383

database connectivity issues, 367–373. See also individual entry

database control issues, 374–379

expanded set of data types, 373–374

Good Reading Bookstores relational database, 371

data-centric environments 48

deadlock 309–310

decentralized environment, managing data in 274

decision support systems (DSS) 336

decision trees 358

declarative SQL SELECT statement 70

defining associations 175–177, 179–181, 189–190

DELETE command 192–193

delete rules 151–153

Cascade, 152

Restrict, 152

Set-to-Null, 152–153

deletion anomaly 55

denormalization 221, 231–232

dependent entities 33, 36, 169, 172

functional, 148, 149, 151–155, 157–161

derived data 221

storing, 229–230

designing databases. See database design

determinant 176, 185

development of data 10

dictionaries, data 281–287. See also active data dictionaries; passive dictionaries

active, 284–286

ATTRIBUTES table, 283

metadata, 281–284

passive, 284–286

relational DBMS catalogs, 287

TABLES table, 283

dimension tables 338, 344–346, 322–325, 349, 359

dimensions 343

direct access 47–48

disk storage and, 11, 202–206

examples of, 233–237

hashed files, 215–218

indexes, 97, 202, 215

directories 296

disaster recovery 306–307

hot sites, 307

cold sites, 307

disk/disk devices 200, 207

disk drives, 11

disk-pack philosophy, 11

disk storage, 202–206. See also under physical database design

structure of, 203

dispersing tables on the LAN 331

DISTINCT operator 79

distributed database/distributed DBMS 321–334. See also distributed joins

advantages, 331–332

centralized database, 322

concept, 321–325

concurrency control in, 325–327

disadvantages, 331–332

distributed directory management, 330–331

location transparency, 321

two-phase commit, 327

with maximum data replication, 324

with no data replication, 323

with one complete copy in one city, 325

with targeted data replication, 326

distributed directory management 330–331

distributed joins 327–329

division-remainder method 216

documentation 277

domain of values 112

double-entry bookkeeping 6

Drill-Down 357

Driver's License System (Tennessee Department of Safety) 336

DROP TABLE command 191

DROP VIEW command 192

Ducks Unlimited (DU) 201

duplicate databases 306

duplicating tables 233

dynamic backout 306

E

early data problems spawn calculating devices, 7–8

Ecolab, 159

electric-eye devices, 298

electromechanical equipment, 9

electronic commerce, 366

electronic computers, 9

electronic data interchange (EDI), 380

embedded mode, 70

encapsulation, 260–262

enriched data, 359

enterprise data warehouse (EDW), 341–343

enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, 49

entity, 20, 45

entity identifier, 118

entity occurrences, 140

entity-relationship diagram. See E-R diagram

entity set 45

equijoin 128

E-R diagram 20, 22, 24–37

conversions, 158. See also under binary relationships; data normalization process; logical database design

with data normalization, testing tables converted from, 189–191

ESPN 270–271

expanded set of data types 373–374

audio clips, 373

binary file (BFILE), 374

binary LOB (BLOB), 374

character LOB (CLOB), 374

graphic images, 373

National Character LOB (NCLOB), 374

video clips, 373

Extensible Markup Language (XML), data extraction into 379–381

as an independent layer of data definition, 381

Document Type Definition (DTD), 380

for Good Reading Bookstores book, 380

external features, adding 221–222

externally acquired databases, managing 273

F

facts, 45

field, 45

file organizations, 207–218. See also hashed files

file server approach, 318

files, 43–46

clustered, 225, 233

data redundancy and integration, 48–56

hashed, 215–218

indexed-sequential, 210, 213

loss or corruption of, 59

terminology of, 106, 108, 250–251

well-integrated, 54–56

filtering, 79

firewalls, 301

first normal form, 177–180

fixed disk drives, 11, 203

flash drive, 9

foreign keys, 111

substituting, 228

forward recovery, 304–305

fragmentation, 329–330

functional dependencies, 175, 177, 190

G

Garment Sortation System, 61–62

Garment Utilization System (GUS), 21

gateway computer, 316

generalization, 248, 251–253

genetic algorithm, 358

geographic information systems (GIS), 373

GRANT command, 298

graphic images, 373

GROUP BY clause, 83–89, 223

Guest Profile Manager (GPM), 292

H

hacking, 295

hard disk drives, 203

hardware, 13–15, 29, 31, 307, 367

Hasbro, 317

hashed files, 215–218

hashing method, 207

HAVING clause, 84

head switching, 206

hierarchical DBMS approach, 60

Hilton Hotels, 292–293

history of data, 2–11

1900s, 8–10

Analytical Engine, 7

bartering, 5

Census, 8

‘Code of Commerce’, 6

commercial data processing, 9

compact disk (CD), 11

data storage means, 7

data through the ages, 5–6

disk drives, 11

double-entry bookkeeping, 6

early data problems spawn calculating devices, 7–8

effect of Crusades, 6

electronic computers, 9

fourteenth century, 6

late 1800s, 8

late thirteenth centuries, 6

magnetic tape concept, 10

modern data storage media, 9–11

punched cards, 7

punched paper tape, 9

record keeping, 5–6

seventeenth century, 7

Hnedak Bobo Group (HBG), 249

Hollerith, Herman, 8–9

home page, 370

horizontal partitioning, 226

hot sites, 307

HyperText Markup Language (HTML), 379

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 372

I

IMAGE data type, 303

importance of data, 1–17

as a competitive weapon, 12

as new corporate resource, 13–14

IN operator, 77–78

index, 207–215

B+−tree index, 211–214

creating an index with SQL, 215

indexed-sequential file, 210

salesperson file, 209–210

simple linear index, 208–211

Information Management System (IMS), 62

information processing, 8

information systems environment, today's data in, 12–15

accessing data, problems in, 12–13

data for competitive advantage, 12

challenging factors, 13

storing data, problems in, 12–13

information theft, 13, 42, 59, 220

Informix Universal Server, 374

inheritance

of attributes, 253–254

of operations, 254–255

INSERT command 192–193

insert rules 151

insertion anomaly 55

Integrated Data Management Store (IDMS) 62

integrated queries 225

integrated software 273

integrated, data as 339

integrating data 127–129

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) 8

internet 365–383. See also databases and internet

Internet Service Provider (ISP) 370

intersection data 116–117

in binary relationships, 25–31

data normalization and, 158

in M-M binary relationship, 25–26

nonkey attributes and, 175, 179, 180

in ternary relationships, 31–37

in unary relationships, 28–31

J

Jacquard, Joseph Marie, 7–8

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), 373

job specialization, 272–273

Join operator, 127

join work, in SQL, 85–90

JPEG data type, 374

K

key fields, 45

keys. See candidate keys; foreign keys; primary keys

L

Landau Uniforms, 61–62

large object (LOB) data types, 374

LIKE operator, 77–79

load balancing, 376

local-area network (LAN), 316

local autonomy, 322

location transparency, 321

locks, 309–310

logical database design, 157–198

converting E-R diagrams into relational tables, 158–174

data normalization process, 174–189

E-R diagram conversion logical design technique, 172

General Hardware Co. Database, designing, 166–170

Good Reading Bookstores database, designing, 170–171

Lucky Rent-A-Car Database, designing, 173–174

manipulating the data with SQL, 192–193

testing tables converted

World Music Association database, designing, 171–173

logical design technique, for E-R diagram conversion, 172

logical records, 206

logical sequential access, 47

logical view, 223

logs, database, 303

change log, 303

transaction log, 303

lost update problem, 308–309

M

magnetic disk, 11

magnetic drum, 1–17

magnetic tape concept, 10–11

malicious mischief, 294

manageable resource, data as, 48–49

corporate resource, 49

software utility, 49

manipulating data, 46–47

manugistics, 107

many-to-many (M-M) binary relationship, 23–28, 113, 163–166

associative entity, 27

associative entity SALES, 27

associative entity with intersection data, 27

E-R diagram conversion, 158–174

intersection data, 25–26

primary keys and, 109–110

record deletion and, 150

relations and, 96–97

ternary, 31, 146–50

unary, 29–31, 143–145, 165–166

unique identifiers in, 28, 116

market basket analysis, 358

MAX operator, 82

memory, primary and secondary, 202–203, 206–210

memphis, TN, 138–139

merge-scan join algorithm, 98

message, 262

metadata, 281

data catalogs, 98, 281, 287

data dictionaries, 281–287

data planning issues, 275

data repositories, 287

documentation of, 277

example of, 282–284

Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP), 373

middleware, 373

MIN operator, 82

mirrored databases, 306

Mobile Dispatching System (MDS), 44

modality, in binary relationships, 24–25

modern data storage media, 9–11

multidimensional databases, 343

multiple relationships, 56–58

multiple tables, 222, 226

N

National Character LOB (NCLOB), 374

natural join, 128

navigational DBMSs, 62

Neolithic means of record keeping, 5

nested-loop join, 98

Network Cable System (NCS), 270

network DBMS approach, 60, 158

neural networks, 358

non-redundant data, 127

non-volatile, data as, 339

normal forms, 177, 180–181, 183

O

object class, 251

Object Management Group (OMG), 251

object, 250

object/relational database, 263–264

object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS), 60, 247–267. See also complex relationships; encapsulation

abstract data types, 262–263

encapsulation, 262

object/relational database, 263–264

object-oriented data modeling, 250

relational databases vs., 263–264

terminology, 250–251

objects, 46, 249–251, 287

occurrence vs. type, 45

one-to-many (1-M) binary relationships, 111, 162–163

binary relationship, 23–25

E-R diagram conversion, 158–164

primary keys and, 109–111

record deletion and, 150

unary, 29, 139–143, 165

one-to-one (1-1) binary relationship, 23, 120–124, 160–162, 164–165

combining tables in, 222, 230–231

E-R diagram conversion, 23, 158–164

unary relationship, 28–29, 164–165

on-line analytic processing (OLAP), 357

drill-down, 357

pivot or rotation, 357

slice, 357

Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), 373

operational management of data, 273

operations, 254–255

optical disk, 11, 15

OR operator, 75–76

ORDER BY operator, 80–81

order pipeline system (Amazon.com), 3

origins of data, 2–5

ancient Middle East, 4

clay tokens or counters, 4

Neolithic means of record keeping, 5

Susa culture, 5

overflow records, 216

P

Pacioli, Luca, 6

partitioning/fragmentation, 329–330

Parts Delivered Quickly (PDQ) system, 69

Pascal, Blaise, 7

passive dictionaries, 284–286. See also active data dictionaries

attributes, 285–286

definitions, 284

distinctions, 284

entities, 285–286

relationships, 286

uses and users, 286

passwords, 298

PeopleSoft, 273

performance monitoring, 278

performance, database, 374–375

personal computer (PC), 106

physical database design, 199–245. See also file organizations

disk storage, 202–206

examples

finding and transferring data, steps in, 206

inputs to, 218–221

techniques that DO change the logical design, 227–233

techniques that DO NOT change the logical design, 222–227

techniques, 221–233

physical sequential access, 47

pivot or rotation, 357

Plant Planning System, 107

‘platter’, 203

polymorphism, 254–255

Powers Tabulating Machine Company, 8

Powers, James, 8

primary keys, 109–110

creating, 228–229

data normalization and, 218, 222

primary memory, 202

priorities, application, 218, 220

private-key technique, 300

privileges, 299

procedures, 250

program modification, unauthorized, 294

project operator, 125–127

proxy server, 301

publicity, 277

public-key technique, 300

punched cards, 7

punched paper tape, 9

pure tables, 219

Q

queries

filtering results of, 79

integrated, 54, 62–63, 225. 339

multiple limiting conditions in, 56–57, 90

nonunique search argument, 73, 125–26

optimizers and indexes, 98, 206–15

subqueries, 86–90

using COUNT, 82–83, 96

query cache 375

query mode 70

R

Random Access Memory Accounting Machine (RAMAC), 11

RAW, for multimedia data, 374

read/write heads, 203–205

reciprocal agreement, 307

record deletion, 150

record keeping, 5

records, 43–46

recovery, 291, 303–307

backward recovery, 305–306

forward recovery, 304–305

importance, 303

redundant data. See data redundancy reengineering 49

referential integrity 150–153

concept, 150–151

relational algebra 125

relational catalogs 223, 265–266, 276

relational data retrieval 67–103. See also Structured Query Language (SQL)

relational database model 105–156

candidate keys, 109–110

concept, 106–124

data integration, 127–129

data retrieval from, 124–129

delete rules, 152–153

examples

foreign keys, 111

many-to-many binary relationship, 113–124

one-to-many binary relationship, 111

primary keys, 109–110

referential integrity, 150–153

relational terminology, 106–108

relational DBMS approach 60, 62, 287

relational DBMS performance 97

relational OLAP (ROLAP) 357

relational Project Operator 125–127

relational query optimizer 97–99

comparisons, 98

concepts, 97–99

merge-scan join algorithm, 98

nested-loop join, 98

relational DBMS performance, 97

relational query processing, streamlining 129

relational Select operator 125–127

relational tables, E-R diagrams conversion into 158–174

relational terminology 106–108

relations 108

relationships 20

adding, 46, 84, 127, 221–224

combining, 230–232

extracting data from, 42, 124–125

primary keys, 133, 177, 146

splitting tables, 222, 226–227

tables or files as, 108

reorganization 37

repeating groups 231

replicated data 4, 326

resource usage matrix 310

response time 219

restrict delete rule 152

retrieving data 46–47

direct access, 47–48

sequential access, 47

rollback 305

roll-forward recovery 304

root index record 213–214

rotation or pivot 357

rotational delay 206

row (record) 108

S

SAP, 22, 107, 273, 338

SAS software, 293

scalability, database, 374, 376

screen scrapping technology, 160

search argument, 73

search attributes, 222

second normal form, 177, 180–182

secondary memory, 202–203, 206

Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology, 300

security and privacy, database, 376–379

security monitoring, 288

seek time, 206

SELECT operator, 85–86, 125–127. See also Structured Query Language (SQL)

access privileges, 299

basic format, 71

BETWEEN, IN, and LIKE, 77–79

built-in functions, 81–3

command writing strategy, 89–90

comparisons, 74–75, 98

examples, 90–96

filtering results, 79–80

grouping rows, 83–85

joins with, 85–86

AND / OR functions, 75–77

relational algebra, 125

subqueries, 86–89

sequential access, 47

logical sequential access, 47

physical sequential access, 47

server, 316

server approach, 318

server side, 371

Set-to-Null delete rule, 152–153

shared corporate resource, data as, 271–272

signatures, 301

simple entity, 158–160

simple linear index, 208–211

slice, 357

Smith & Nephew, 337–338

‘snowflake’ design, 349

software components, Web-to-database connection, 372

software utility, 49

splitting off large text attributes, 227

stand-alone PC, 368

Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), 379

star schema, 344

storage media, 9–11

Store Inventory Management System, 380

stored data, reorganizing, 224–226

storing data, problems in, 12–13

Structured Query Language (SQL), 67–103

basic functions, 70–81

built-in functions, 81–83

data structure building with, 191–192

examples

grouping rows, 83–85

index creation with, 215

join work, 85–86

operators, 75–76

SQL query, filtering the results of, 79

SQL select command, data retrieval with, 68–90

SQL SELECT commands, writing strategies, 89–90

subqueries, 86–89

subject oriented, data as, 338–339

subqueries, in SQL, 86–89

as alternatives to joins, 87

requirement, 88

subset tables, 221, 233

SUM operator, 81

supply-chains, 380

symmetric data encryption, 300

synonym pointer, 217

‘synonyms’, 216

System Reliability Monitoring database, 44

T

table splitting into multiple tables, 226–227

TABLES table, 283

Tennessee Department of Safety, 366–367

terminology, relational vs. file, 108

ternary relationships, 31

converting entities in, 166

relational structures for, 146–150

testing tables converted from E-R diagrams with data normalization, 189–191

text attributes, 227

third normal form, 177, 182–185

three-tier approach, 318

throughput, 218–219, 236

TIFF data type, 374

time variant data, 338–340

tokens, 4–5

tracks, 204

training personnel, 60

transaction log, 303

transaction processing systems (TPS), 336

transfer time, 206

transitive dependencies, 182, 190–191

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 372

troubleshooting, 278–279

tuple, 108

two-phase commit, 327

two-tiered client/server arrangement, 318

type vs. occurrence, 45

U

unary relationships, 28–31

converting entities in, 164–166

E-R diagram conversion examples, 158, 194

many-to-many, 29–31

one-to-many, 29

one-to-one, 28–29

relational structures for, 139–150

unauthorized computer access, 295

unauthorized data access, 294

unauthorized data or program modification, 294

Unified Modeling Language (UML), 251

unique attribute, 113

unique identifier, 20

Unisys Corporation, 9

unnormalized data, 178

update anomalies, 55

UPDATE command, 192–193

update rules, 151

usage monitoring, 279

V

Vehicle Service Center (Memphis, TN), 138–139

versioning, 310–311

vertical partitioning, 227

video clips, 373

view, 223

viruses (computer), 59, 296. 301, 376

volume, 13–14, 200, 223

W

Walt Disney Company, 21–22

well integrated file, 54

wiretapping, 295

World Wide Web, 369

as a client/server system, 369

X

XML. See under Extensible Markup Language (XML)