Chapter 1 Some of the TMRC jargon was codified by Peter Samson in the unpublished "An Abridged Dictionary of the TMRC Language," circa 1959. This was apparently the core of a hacker dictionary, kept online at MIT for years, which eventually was expanded to The Hacker Dictionary by Gus Steele et al. (New York: Harper & Row, 1983).

Chapter 1 Samson’s poem printed in F.O.B., the TMRC newsletter, Vol. VI, No. 1 (Sept. 1960).

Chapter 1 “. . . stories abounded . . .” See Philip J. Hilts’ Scientific Temperaments: Three Lives in Contemporary Science (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982).

Chapter 2 For IBM background, see Katharine Davis Fishman’s The Computer Establishment (New York: Harper & Row, 1981).

Chapter 3 In addition to personal interviews, some information on Spacewar was gleaned from J.M. Garetz’s article, "The Origin of Spacewar!" in Creative Computing Video and Arcade Games, as well as the same author’s paper, “Spacewar: Real-time Capability of the PDP-1,” presented in 1962 before the Digital Equipment Computer Users’ Society, and Stewart Brand’s "Spacewar: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums,” in Rolling Stone, Dec. 7, 1972.

Chapter 3 “What the user wants . . .” McCarthy quoted from his Time Sharing Computer Systems (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1962).

Chapter 4 How the Peg Solitaire game works is described in "Hakmem,” by M. Beeler et al. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AI Lab Memo No. 239, Feb. 1972).

Chapter 4 Gosper’s memo is part of “Hakmem,” above.

Chapter 4 Simon is quoted from Pamela McCorduck’s Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co., 1979), a book I found extremely helpful for background on the planners of the AI lab.

Chapter 6 Donald Eastlake’s report was "ITS Status Report" (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AI Lab Memo No. 238, Apr. 1972).

Chapter 7 Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co., 1976).

Chapter 7 Bruce Buchanan quoted in the “Introduction to the Memo Series of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory” (Stanford University Heuristic Programming Project, Report No. HPP-83–25).

Chapter 7 Besides the “Mathematical Games” column in the October 1970 and November 1970 Scientific American, Martin Gardner writes at length on Conway’s LIFE in his Wheels, Life, and Other Mathematical Amusements (New York: W.H. Freeman & Co., 1983), which mentions Gosper prominently.

Chapter 8 Benway’s message and other electronic missives on the system were found in Community Memory’s extensive scrap-books kept on the project.

Chapter 8 Felsenstein’s quote from his four-page “Biographical Background Information,” dated Jan. 29, 1983.

Chapter 8 Robert A. Heinlein, Revolt in 2100 (New York: Signet, 1954).

Chapter 8 A first-person account of Albrecht’s activities in the early 1960s is found in "A Modern-Day Medicine Show,” Datamation, July 1963.

Chapter 8 “. . . the possibility of millions . . .” See John Kemeny, Man and the Computer (New York: Scribners, 1972), quoted in Robert A. Kahn, “Creative Play with the Computer: A Course for Children,” unpublished paper written for the Lawrence Hall of Science. Berkeley, California.

Chapter 8 “. . . dymaxion . . .” See Hugh Kenner, Bucky: A Guided Tour of Buckminster Fuller (New York: Morrow, 1973).

Chapter 8 Back issues of PCC, generously provided by Bob Albrecht, were particularly helpful for information about early seventies Bay Area hacking.

Chapter 8 Ted Nelson, Computer Lib/Dream Machines (self-published, distributed by The Distributors, South Bend, Ind., 1974).

Chapter 8 Brautigan’s poem is in The Pill Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster (New York: Dell, Laurel, 1973). Reprinted with permission.

Chapter 8 “. . . a manipulator . . .” William Burroughs in Naked Lunch (New York: Grove Press. 1959).

Chapter 9 Ivan Illich, Tools for Conviviality (New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1973).

Chapter 9 “. . .in honor of the American folk hero . . .” See Felsenstein’s paper. “The Tom Swift Terminal. A Convivial Cybernetic Device,” Journal of Community Communications, June 1975.

Chapter 9 For background on the evolution of the microchip and its effect on the Silicon Valley, see Dirk Hansen’s The New Alchemists (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982).

Chapter 9 “Moore seemed to get the money . . .” See Thomas Albright and Charles Moore, “The Last Twelve Hours of the Whole Earth,” Rolling Stone, July 8. 1971. Maureen Orth followed up the story for Rolling Stone in “Whole Earth $$$ Demise Continues” (March 16, 1972).

Chapter 9 The leaflet was reprinted in the first issue of Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter (HBCCN), which I found invaluable for research in this section.

Chapter 11 Pittman’s article was published in The Second West Coast Computer Faire Proceedings Jim Warren, ed. (Palo Alto: Computer Faire, 1978).

Chapter 11 “When [Marsh] had little else . . .” Felsenstein’s article, “Sol: The Inside Story,” appeared in the first issue (July 1977) of the short-lived ROM magazine.

Chapter 12 The Esquire article. “Secrets of the Black Box,” by Ron Rosenbaum, is reprinted in his Rebirth of the Salesman: Tales of the Song and Dance 70’s (New York: Delta, 1979).

Chapter 12 “The winning isn’t as important . . .” An unpublished interview with journalist Doug Garr.

Chapter 12 Some of the Draper information was drawn from Donn Parker’s Fighting Computer Crime (New York: Scribners, 1983).

Chapter 12 “Fidel Castro beard . . .” See Paul Ciotti, "Revenge of the Nerds,” California, July 1982.

Chapter 12 “Prepare for blastoff . . .” See Elizabeth Fairchild, “The First West Coast Computer Faire,” ROM, July 1977.

Chapter 12 Nelson’s speech is reprinted in The First West Coast Computer Faire Proceedings, Jim Warren, ed. (Palo Alto: Computer Faire, 1977).

Chapter 14 The Carpetbaggers (New York: Pocket Books, 1961).

Chapter 14 The letter was printed in Purser’s Magazine, Winter 1981.

Chapter 15 “One participant later explained to a reporter . . .” The reporter was from Softline, another Tommervik publication, this one started with funds from the Williamses. Both Softline and Softalk provided considerable background information on the Brotherhood.

Chapter 16 “. . . towel designers . . .” See John F. Hubner and William F. Kistner, “What Went Wrong at Atari?”—an article reprinted in InfoWorld, Nov. 28, 1983, and Dec. 5, 1983. Other background on Atari from Steve Bloom’s Video Invaders (New York: Arco, 1982).

Chapter 19 “. . . interviewed in an article . . .” See Lee Gnomes, “Secrets of the Software Pirates,” Esquire, January 1982.

Appendix A “does not mean . . .” Stallman stored several “flames” (impassioned writings) on the MIT computer system, including “Essay,” “Gnuz,” and “Wiezenbomb.” The quote is from his autobiographical “Essay.”

Appendix A “that they give back all extensions . . .” From Stallman’s “Essay.”

Appendix A “It is painful for me . . .” “Essay.”