Terms you'll need to understand:
Microsoft certifications (that is, MCP, MCSA, MCSE, MCDBA, MCAD, MCSD, MCT, MOS, and MOS MI)
Cisco Career certifications (that is, CCNA, CCNP, CCIE, CCDA, CCDP, CCSP, and CCIP)
CompTIA certifications (that is, A+, Network+, i-Net+, Server+, e-Biz+, IT Project+, Linux+, Security+, HTI+, CDIA+, and CTT+)
Oracle certifications (that is, DBA, Web Administrator, and iDS Forms Developer)
Sun certifications
Security certifications (such as TICSA, SANS-GIAC, CISSP, and SSCP)
Red Hat certifications (such as RHCE and RHCT)
LPI certifications (such as LPIC)
Sair Linux and GNU certifications (that is, LCP, LCA, LCE, and MLCE)
Novell certifications (that is, CNA, CNE, MCNE, NAI, CNI, MCNI, and CDE)
CIW certifications
Techniques you'll need to master:
Identifying certification programs
Locating certification training information online and offline
Deciding which certification programs meet your needs and those of your organization (or customer base)
When you begin to pay attention to training and certification programs, you'll probably be amazed by the number of offerings available. You might even be a bit overwhelmed by the variety of programs to choose from, not to mention the many flavors of certification that are available. The key to success lies in selecting a certification credential that meets your career needs and matches your interests and abilities while also meeting the needs of current or prospective employers. In this chapter, you'll learn about the general characteristics of certification programs and about some of the players, both large and small, that are involved in this game.
Although the details for each individual certification program differ, all the programs incorporate numerous common elements. In fact, a program usually includes most, if not all, of the following characteristics:
Identifies individuals who have demonstrated their knowledge and understanding of a particular technology or product.
Defines a particular course of study, which may include supplementary materials. Such study materials can include classroom training, self-study materials, courseware, computer-based study materials, Web-based training, and privately published or trade books. Eventually, such a course of study leads to a series of one or more tests aimed at examining an individual's knowledge of the subject matter. Most such tests are computer based and are widely available through nationwide (and global) testing centers; other tests may be privately administered at certain locations, on certain dates, and so forth, under the control of the parent organization; for example, SANS-GIAC and (ISC)2's CISSP both fall into this category.
Certifies those who pass a prescribed test or series of tests for as long as the certification period lasts. When new products or technologies replace old ones, currently certified individuals must often recertify in order to keep their certifications current. Otherwise, such certifications lapse and become worthless.
Offers tests in a monitored environment, for a fee, to would-be certificants. Each time an individual takes a certification test (whether he or she passes or fails), the test taker must pay a fee. Some programs limit the number of tries a test taker has at a test within a given time period, but all programs permit individuals to retake tests as many times as necessary to pass.
Maintains the individual's certification status so it can be verified by current or potential employers.
Note
Some certifications are offered by software companies such as Novell and Microsoft, whereas others are offered by vendor-neutral industry organizations such as the Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA). In this book we distinguish between the two by using the word vendor when discussing certification programs from companies and organization when discussing offerings from vendor-neutral organizations.
Certified experts are available to help install, develop, service, support, and maintain whatever technologies or products fall within the scope of their certifications. This is important not only for vendors and industry organizations because of the impact it has on their customers but also for individuals who become certified. Access to a pool of certified experts adds to the credibility and usability of the products or technologies that these vendors and organizations support and also adds to the technical competence of those who obtain certification. It's a win–win game and a calculated way to maintain customer loyalty in all kinds of interesting ways, as you'll discover later in this chapter.
In addition to the common characteristics, another set of characteristics is common to many certification programs:
Certified individuals are granted the right to represent themselves as a “certified _______,” complete with camera-ready logo art for business cards, ad copy, and so on. As a result, such individuals can leverage the strength of their certification as a type of brand name.
Certified individuals are often given special access to a vendor's or an organization's technical support team. This includes discounts and information not made available to the general public.
Certified individuals often qualify to receive evaluation copies of software products, participate in beta or early software release programs, and obtain access to password-protected Web sites, special mailing lists, and other sources of valuable “inside information.”
Certified individuals who act as consultants may receive customer referrals from certifying vendors or organizations. In most cases, mailing lists and Web sites for certified individuals create well-informed groups of specialists.
Certified individuals are often polled and surveyed to learn more about what they perceive and want, both from the products and services they know and use and from the certification programs to which they subscribe. This provides vendors with valuable information about their services and products from an educated user community. Also, certified individuals are often asked to participate in designing new elements for certified curricula and to contribute questions to certification tests and introduce new elements into such programs.
The net result of certification programs is to create individuals who not only identify with the technologies or products around which their certification is based but who also wear their credentials with a certain amount of pride. In most certification programs, there's a considerable sense of community and special status. After all, considerable time, expense, and effort are usually involved in obtaining certification, and certification often increases the marketable value of a person who obtains it.
Certification is generally regarded as a valuable program for vendors and organizations, as an important credential for individuals to add to their resumes, and as an important check box for employers to add to their lists of requirements for current and prospective employees. In the sections that follow, you'll learn more about what's at stake—and of value—for each of these separate constituencies and why certification is an area where so many interests can converge so successfully.
Although what you're about to read applies to organizations nearly as much as it does to vendors, certification programs can be particularly appealing to vendors beyond the value that access to a pool of certified experts can provide. In fact, a survey conducted in 2000 by International Data Corporation (IDC) indicated that 9 of the top 10 software vendors offer some type of certification program. Many of these vendors certify instructors to teach their curricula and also offer sales certification programs whereby resellers, distributors, and other elements of the sales channel can also demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of products, sales programs, and so on.
Certification can be a powerful weapon in any vendor's arsenal. Here's why:
Vendors make money at all stages of a certification program: Many maintain their own training operations and charge authorized training centers for their materials. They may offer official approval for third-party training materials, study guides, and so on and charge for the seal that usually accompanies that blessing. Vendors receive revenue from the testing centers that administer their tests. For large companies, such as Sun, IBM, and Microsoft, training and certification generate hundreds of millions of dollars annually.
Vendors maintain databases to identify and track all their certified professionals and, therefore, automatically gain access to detailed demographic and employment information about the cream of the technical–professional crop. The value of these databases as sales and analysis tools is impossible to estimate.
Individuals who have shouldered the cost and effort involved in becoming certified are likely to want to maintain their certifications. This creates a captive audience of core business for future training and certification programs. Likewise, companies that fund employee certifications not only seek to maintain current certifications for those employees but also often go to extraordinary lengths to retain the employees.
For vendors, certification adds up nicely: In addition to the money it generates, certification databases provide detailed information about key customers and guarantee access to “product champions” within companies that employ certified professionals. We've observed three primary classes of vendors for whom certification is particularly useful or effective:
Those that lead the market and want to remain in that position
Those that seek to capture a market and establish market dominance
Those that seek to compete with market leaders on equal terms and are willing to bear the costs
Most vendors of any size in the high-tech marketplace fall into one of these categories, so the prevalence of certification programs should come as no surprise.
In any profession, but especially in high-tech organizations, good employees seek to establish a professional advantage to elevate their status among their colleagues and peers. For technical employees, certifications have proven to be an effective tool in this effort. Certified employees tend to make more money than their uncertified colleagues in similar job categories by anywhere from 10% to 25%.
However, there's more to certification than just money. In a marketplace full of mergers, acquisitions, and rampant downsizing, restructurings and layoffs can produce sudden employment shifts that require a special edge to merit consideration in both new and current positions. Many high-tech types have jumped on the certification bandwagon as a way to help maintain ongoing employment, despite the constantly changing market conditions. They definitely feel that certification makes it easier to find another job, no matter what circumstances may propel them into a job search.
Finally, for motivated high-tech workers, there's a sense that obtaining a professional certification involves overcoming a challenge or obtaining a badge of accomplishment. Certainly, there are plenty of individuals who are certified across many programs, and some overachievers no sooner finish one such program than they begin another.
Employers face the need for an increasingly diverse and complex array of skills in their employees, particularly in the area of information technology (IT). Anything that can simplify their search for the right type of expertise—or that can help them bring existing employees up to the right level—is welcome.
That's why many companies require employees in key positions—such as network or system administrators, PC technicians, or database administrators—to obtain and maintain certifications from the vendors and industry groups in which employers have invested. For some companies, the availability of training (if not certification) is a necessity before they'll purchase products or technologies. “No certification, no sale” epitomizes their attitude, in fact.
Now that we've explored the common ingredients for most certification programs and the benefits for all parties involved, it's time to introduce some key players in the game. In the sections that follow, you'll have a chance to read about some of the most profitable, best-run, and most highly regarded certification programs in the IT business.
Please note that not all technical–professional certifications are covered in this book. For information about additional technical certifications, you should go to your favorite Internet search engine and search for keywords such as certification, training, and exam. In addition, the best source of information on any certification is generally its sponsoring vendor or organization, so you should always check there first. Finally, Chapter 11, “More Certification Programs,” provides brief descriptions and pointers to additional certifications.
Today, Microsoft's certification programs encompass the largest number of certificants and a broad range of offerings. Also, because Microsoft is the “800-pound gorilla” of the software marketplace, its programs generate great interest and activity. As you'd expect from a company like Microsoft, it offers a dizzying array of certifications, whose requirements range from completing a single test to passing as many as seven tests.
Microsoft now claims more than 1.2 million certified professionals across its many designations, a population that is unsurpassed by any other vendor's claims. You'll learn more about the details of Microsoft's certification programs in Chapter 2, “Microsoft Certification Programs,” but here's an overview of the nine different flavors of certification programs that are offered by the Microsoft camp:
Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS)—. This program is at the bottom of the Microsoft certification hierarchy. It certifies individuals who are proficient with Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, and/or Outlook, usually for workers in an office environment. It's possible to certify as Core or as Expert in any one of these applications—or to certify as Master of all five Office applications.
MOS Master Instructor (MI)—. This program requires candidates to acquire MOS Master certification for Office 2000 or Office XP, provide teaching credentials, and complete an online application. This certification qualifies an individual to teach MOS courses.
Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP)—. Passing almost any of the more than 50 exams available in this program (except the Office-related exams) qualifies an individual as an MCP. MCP status is a stepping-stone to the much-valued Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) credential.
Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA)—. This program aims to certify administrators who support Windows 2000 and/or .NET Server systems. To obtain this certification, you must pass three core exams and one elective.
Microsoft Certified Database Administrator (MCDBA)—. This program aims to certify those responsible for logical and physical design, implementation, maintenance, and administration of SQL Server databases. To obtain this certification, you must pass three required exams and one elective.
Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD)—. This program aims to certify entry-level developers and programmers who don't need to design Microsoft-based applications. To obtain this certification, you must pass two required exams, including one Web or Windows application development exam and one Extensible Markup Language (XML) Web services and server components exam, plus an elective exam.
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE)—. This program aims to certify systems engineers who can design, implement, and support networks built around Microsoft products, most notably Windows 2000. This program requires individuals to pass seven tests.
Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD)—. This program aims to certify individuals who can develop custom applications for use on Microsoft networks. It requires individuals to pass four or five exams (depending on the choice of the Windows 2000 or Windows .NET tracks), including a basic Microsoft architecture exam, plus exams on desktop and distributed applications for the same programming language and a single elective drawn from a large pool of exams.
Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT)—. MCTs are certified instructors who are authorized to deliver Microsoft Official Curriculum (MOC) or Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) courses at Microsoft-authorized training outlets of many kinds. Obtaining this certification means that individuals must meet specific instructional requirements and are encouraged to pass the certification exams related to the courses they want to teach. One of the instructional requirements is to take a Microsoft-authorized “train-the-trainer class” that includes an evaluation of a candidate's teaching skills; to provide trainer credentials from Novell, Oracle, Cisco, Caldera, or Citrix; or to obtain a Certified Technical Trainer+ certification from CompTIA (see Chapter 4, “CompTIA Certification Programs”).
Microsoft's exams are richly supported, both with official tools (built by or approved by Microsoft)—which include classroom training, self-study kits, computer-based training, online classes, and books—and through a broad range of unofficial tools that cover the same kinds of materials. Although Microsoft certifications are not as white-hot as they've been in the past, current industry statistics indicate that Microsoft certifications are still among the most sought-after of all IT certifications; given the company's ubiquitous IT presence and its marketing muscle, this shouldn't surprise anyone.
Although fewer than 100,000 individuals currently hold some type of Cisco certification, Cisco certification programs currently enjoy great cachet. This is primarily because Cisco Career certifications are scarce, and certified individuals are in high demand, so elite Cisco Career certification candidates can expect to earn six-figure incomes immediately upon obtaining their credentials. With a potential payday of this magnitude, Cisco certification remains a hot ticket.
The buzz aside, there are plenty of other good reasons Cisco certified professionals are in high demand. As the leading purveyor of routing, switching, and connectivity equipment, Cisco dominates the markets for Internet and intranet gear. Because its equipment and software are both sophisticated and powerful, certification is viewed as being essential for individuals who are entrusted to work on such mission-critical systems and software.
Cisco offers seven certifications (described shortly), which may be obtained across three categories: Network Installation and Support, Network Engineering and Design, Communications and Services, and Network Security. Each of these disciplines requires a strong general background in networking technologies and concepts. In addition, Cisco offers “specializations,” which are extensions to Cisco certifications, and are described as follows:
Cable Communications—. This specialization focuses on the knowledge and skills required to support and deploy Cisco cable two-way data services.
Content Networking—. This specialization focuses on content edge delivery, content routing issues, content switching, and content distribution and management.
IP Telephony—. This specialization focuses on support, design, or operations of Cisco IP telephony solutions, as three separate credentials.
Internet Solutions—. This specialization focuses on bridging the knowledge gap between the strengths traditionally associated with Cisco hardware and services and the skills needed to develop effective Internet business solutions.
Multiservice Switching—. This specialization focuses on designing, installing, configuring, supporting, or troubleshooting ATM networks for service providers.
MxU—. This specialization focuses on installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting Cisco Broadband Service Manager and Cisco Long Reach Ethernet networking technologies (aimed at campus, apartment or office building, or other multiuser sites).
Optical—. This specialization focuses on designing, installing, maintaining, and operating optical networking implementations that include Cisco optical networking solutions.
Security—. This specialization focuses on growing needs for system, network, and Internet security. It is available in an elementary form for CCNAs and a more advanced form for CCIEs who seek to specialize in security matters.
SNA/IP Design—. This specialization focuses on designing and managing large internetworks that incorporate campus design, multiservice networks, and SNA/IP.
SNA/IP Support—. This specialization focuses on implementing and supporting SNA/IP network management solutions for multilayer (routing and local area network [LAN] switching) networks.
Firewall—. This specialization focuses on deploying network security solutions and safeguarding network access with Cisco IOS software and Cisco PIX firewalls.
VPN—. This specialization focuses on deploying and using Cisco VPN 3000 Series concentrators and Cisco IOS software.
IDS—. This specialization focuses on detecting and countering security intrusions by using Cisco IOS software and IDS technologies.
Tracks and specializations aside (for now), these are the seven Cisco certifications covered in this book:
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)—. This is the entry-level operational certification and is aimed at individuals who must manage simple routed LANs or WANs, small ISPs, or smaller switched LAN or LANE environments. Passing a single multiple-choice exam is required to obtain this certification.
Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)—. This is Cisco's middle-tier operational certification, aimed at individuals who must install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot complex routed LANs, routed WANs, switched LAN networks, or Dial Access Services. An applicant must first obtain a CCNA and then take either two or four additional exams, depending on which test options he or she chooses.
Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE)—. This is Cisco's top-tier operational certification, aimed at individuals with advanced technical skills and knowledge, who know how to configure networks for optimum performance, and who understand how to maintain complex, far-flung, multivendor networks. Applicants must pass only two exams for this certification: a written exam through normal channels and a laboratory evaluation at a Cisco certification lab.
Cisco's CCIE lab exams are regarded as the most challenging and difficult certification tests in the networking industry, bar none. In addition to their difficulty, the Cisco required lab exams are some of the most expensive certification exams around. They are offered only at a small number of locations and usually involve travel expenses beyond the cost of the exam itself ($1,250).
Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA)—. This is Cisco's entry-level design credential. It requires individuals to be able to design and deploy simple routed and switched networks as well as configure, operate, and maintain them. To obtain this certification, an applicant must pass a single exam.
Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP)—. This is Cisco's top-tier design credential. It requires individuals to be able to design and deploy complex routed LANs and WANs, plus switched LANs and LANE environments. Individuals must also be able to configure, operate, and maintain such networks and connections. A candidate must first obtain CCNA and CCDA certification and then pass either two or four exams, depending on which exam track he or she elects.
Cisco Certified Security Professional (CCSP)—. This is a middle-tier credential that requires individuals to design and deploy secure Cisco networks, develop business solutions, and design and implement numerous levels of security structures. To obtain this certification, an applicant must first obtain the CCNA credential and must then pass five more exams.
Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional (CCIP)—. This is a middle-tier certification with no explicit prerequisites; it requires individuals to operate and manage infrastructure or access solutions in a Cisco networking environment. CCIP professionals have a broad understanding of telecommunications technologies that include IP routing, IP multicast, cable, DSL, and content networking or IP telephony topics. To qualify, a candidate must pass two required core exams as well as an elective from one of seven alternatives.
The first three of these certifications represent a certification ladder for individuals who take an operating role in building and maintaining internetworks that incorporate Cisco components. Although the CCNA and CCNP are not required for CCIE certification, the CCIE is without a doubt the premier Cisco certification and is the ultimate goal of many individuals who obtain other Cisco certifications. The next two credentials (CCDA and CCDP) represent a certification ladder for those who seek to design and deploy internetworks. The CCSP, Cisco's newest certification, focuses on security-related issues and requires CCNA certification as a prerequisite. The CCIP stands in the middle tier, but a person should consider obtaining a CCNA before tackling the CCIP program requirements to ease the way.
Note
Typically, individuals would climb the first Cisco ladder—CCNA, CCNP, and CCIE—at an organization that uses or operates such a network. Individuals would climb the second ladder—CCDA and CCDP—at a consulting company or another organization that specializes in building and deploying networks for third parties.
You'll learn more about the requirements and expertise required for all Cisco certifications in Chapter 3, “Cisco Certification Programs.”
CompTIA's 10,000+ members include most major PC hardware and software manufacturers, and other organizations from around the world. CompTIA tests are called vendor-neutral exams; they are defined by committees composed of numerous vendors and organizations as opposed to one vendor deciding how best to position, support, and promote its products. You'll learn more about the details of CompTIA's certifications in Chapter 4, but here's an overview of these popular vendor-neutral certifications:
A+—. The A+ certification identifies PC technicians who are able to handle a broad variety of hardware, operating systems, and related matters. Obtaining A+ certification requires passing two exams:
Core—. Focuses on basic principles of computer operation, configuration, installation, and maintenance. The purpose of this test is to examine a candidate's knowledge and understanding of computer systems, peripherals, and components.
Operating System—. Focuses on installation, configuration, maintenance, and troubleshooting of various Windows versions (Windows 98 through Windows 2000) operating systems. The purpose of this test is to examine a candidate's knowledge and understanding of the basic desktop PC operating systems and services.
Network+—. The Network+ exam aims to provide vendor-neutral credentials for network technicians who work in complex multivendor networked environments. Obtaining Network+ certification requires passing a single exam, divided into two parts. The first part of the exam covers basic networking technologies, plus network security and TCP/IP basics. The second part tests basic knowledge about maintaining and troubleshooting a typical network.
i-Net+—. The i-Net+ exam provides a vendor-neutral credential for internetworking professionals who interact with the Internet, company intranets, or other TCP/IP-based networks and services. Obtaining i-Net+ certification requires passing a single exam, which covers the following topics: Internet basics and clients, Web development tools and technologies, basic IP protocols and networking concepts, Internet security issues and solutions, and e-commerce concepts and technologies.
Server+—. The Server+ exam tests candidates on their knowledge of state-of-the-art network servers, including hardware, operating systems, storage arrays, and network interfaces. Obtaining Server+ certification involves passing only a single exam. The topics covered include basic server hardware and configuration; dealing with upgrades and system maintenance; working within a server's set of operating system and system-specific administrative tools, utilities, and consoles; troubleshooting server problems; and recovering from system damage or failures.
e-Biz+—. The e-Biz+ exam tests qualified technical and nontechnical professionals' knowledge of e-business tools, terminologies, and techniques. Obtaining e-Biz+ certification requires passing a single exam. The topics covered include e-business fundamentals, strategy planning, initiatives and implementation considerations, and infrastructure.
IT Project+—. The IT Project+ exam tests qualified professionals who manage complex IT projects on project management methods and techniques. Obtaining IT Project+ certification requires passing a single exam. The topics covered include scope definition, preliminary planning/project planning, project execution, and closure.
Linux+—. The Linux+ exam covers Linux-based system and network installation, configuration, management, and troubleshooting. Obtaining Linux+ certification requires passing a single exam. The topics covered include user administration, connecting to the network, package management, security concepts, shell scripting, networking, and the Apache Web Server application, drivers, kernel, basic printing, and basic troubleshooting.
Security+—. The Security+ exam tests candidates' knowledge of organizational and networking security. Obtaining Security+ certification requires passing a single exam. The topics, or in this case domains, covered include general security concepts, communications security, infrastructure security, cryptography basics, and operational/organizational security.
HTI+—. The HTI+ exam covers knowledge of in-home systems related to security, entertainment, networking, and various types of controls (such as water, appliances, and lighting). Obtaining HTI+ certification requires passing two exams: one on residential systems and one on either wiring or systems integration. Topics include in-home system security, installing and integrating entertainment systems, networking and wiring/cabling, and installing subsystem controls.
CDIA+—. The CDIA+ exam identifies professionals in the document-imaging arena. To obtain CDIA+ certification, a candidate must pass a single exam. The topics covered include planning and designing electronic document imaging systems.
CTT+—. The CTT+ certification identifies individuals with teaching skills in some technical subject across a variety of vendor trainer programs. Obtaining CTT+ certification requires candidates to meet instructional requirements for numerous vendor trainer certifications, pass a single exam, and submit an in-class video.
You'll learn more about the details and requirements for the increasingly popular vendor-neutral CompTIA certifications in Chapter 4.
Although Oracle might have to stretch to match Microsoft across all markets, no one can dispute its leadership in the database arena. Its population of 80,000 certified professionals also leads the pack among database vendors. In keeping with its stature, Oracle offers the Oracle Certified Professional program to certify professionals in several tracks:
Database Administrator (DBA)—. This track is designed for individuals who must create and maintain Oracle databases. Obtaining this credential requires passing two to five tests. Oracle offers a variety of training vehicles to help individuals prepare for these tests, ranging from instructor-led training to a variety of online tutorials, for the Oracle8i and Oracle9i database platforms.
Oracle iDS Forms Developer—. This track is for developers who want to establish their proficiency at developing Oracle-based applications using Oracle's Forms Developer tools and technologies to build state-of-the-art database-driven applications. Oracle offers a variety of training vehicles to help individuals prepare for the four tests required for this certification.
Oracle Web Administrator—. Certification as an Oracle Web Administrator, which is still under development as of this writing, will recognize Web administrators who manage and maintain the Oracle9i Application Server, including security fixes.
Given that most Oracle installations cost upward of $500,000, training and certification are customary in this environment (and often, training and consulting services are negotiated as part of an overall purchase agreement). As a result, certification is a key ingredient for hiring new database professionals and for ensuring that current employees maintain their skills. You'll learn more about Oracle Certified Professional exams, training, and resources in Chapter 5, “Oracle Certification Programs.”
Given the immense popularity of Java as a programming language and the fact that Sun (the subsidiary of Sun Microsystems, Inc., that's responsible for developing and promoting Java) controls the licensing for Java, it should come as no surprise that Sun has a Java certification program. Sun also maintains a proprietary version of the Unix operating system, known as Solaris, and it therefore offers certifications for individuals who manage systems or networks based on the Solaris operating system.
As of this writing, about 65,000 individuals have obtained some level of Java certification. As companies such as IBM, Novell, Oracle, and Sun use Java for new software development and seek to convert existing code to Java, demand for qualified Java programmers is exploding. Certified Java professionals are not as pricey as Cisco professionals, but they certainly command a premium in today's marketplace.
Sun offers four Java certifications:
Sun Certified Programmer for Java 2 Platform—. Individuals who seek this certification must take a written test aimed at a specific Java Development Kit (JDK)—currently, Java 2. Individuals who take this test must be familiar with basic Java language constructs and concepts and must be intimately familiar with APIs and tools in the JDK.
Sun Certified Developer for Java 2 Platform—. An individual who seeks this certification submits an application form and pays a fee to receive a set of specifications for a full-blown Java application. The applicant must write code to meet those specifications and submit it to Sun for critique and analysis. An applicant who passes must write an essay about the application he or she created. Individuals who take these tests must first pass the Certified Java Programmer test and be familiar enough with Java programming and development techniques to complete the assignment and essay exam. According to those who have acquired this certification, the work involved can take from two to five days.
Sun Certified Web Developer for J2EE Platform—. Individuals who seek this certification must first obtain the Sun Certified Programmer for Java 2 Platform credential. Applicants must then pass an exam that focuses on using Java servlets and JSPs in Web page development.
Sun Certified Enterprise Architect for Java 2, Enterprise Edition Technology—. Individuals who seek the Sun Java Architect certification—which applies only to Java 2—must understand multilayered Java applications and development tools. This high-level Java certification involves passing two exams and a programming assignment that cover a wide range of topics, from multitiered database applications through various Web-based and distributed programming approaches, object-oriented design and implementation strategies, specification and implementation of client/server applications, and migrating applications to Internet-based platforms. Those who want to obtain Sun Java Architect certification must not only understand technologies and programming but also apply business reasoning to guide and design complex development efforts.
Sun also offers two Solaris certifications:
Sun Certified System Administrator for Solaris Operating Environment—. Individuals who seek this credential are system administrators who are responsible for the installation, deployment, and maintenance of network servers that run the Solaris operating environment. This certification requires passing two exams, called Part I and Part II, for one of three versions of Solaris (7, 8, or 9).
Sun Certified Network Administrator for Solaris Operating Environment—. Individuals who seek this certification are experienced system administrators who are responsible for all aspects of network environments that include the Solaris operating environment. This certification requires passing one exam that covers Solaris version 7, 8, or 9.
Sun offers classroom training and online tutorials to help individuals prepare for its tests. If you have spent any time in a bookstore with a decent selection of computer titles lately, you're probably aware that books on Java and Solaris constitute a heavily populated niche in the computer section. There's no lack of data or documentation available to those who seek Sun certification. For more details about Sun's programs and offerings, see Chapter 6, “Sun Certification Programs.”
A recent survey we conducted of the security certification landscape turned up more than 30 vendor-neutral security certifications, which is nearly one-third more than vendor-specific security certifications. This space is quite crowded and can sometimes seem confusing. We cover the certifications that have the broadest coverage and appeal in Chapter 7, “Security Certifications.” Included among those certifications are the following programs:
The International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC2) sponsors two vendor-neutral security certifications: Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) and Systems Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP). Although the number of certified individuals is just over 7,500, CISSP enjoys strong credibility in the marketplace. It is, in fact, the most commonly mentioned certification in classified job advertisements that call for security certification.
The SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security (SANS) organization has offered well-respected security training courses and conferences for over 10 years. For the past several years, this group has offered various courses and exams that culminate in the SANS Global Information Assurance Certifications (SANS-GIACs). At this writing, SANS-GIAC offers 12 certifications. With nearly 10,000 individuals certified, SANS-GIAC is currently the market-leading computer and network security certification.
The TruSecure ICSA Computer Security Associate (TICSA) credential originates from one of the best-known and well-respected security organizations in the world. Although this program is in its first year out of the chute, it bears close observation because of the clout that its parent organization brings to the subject matter.
Numerous other more specialized vendor-neutral and vendor-specific security certifications are available, and several training companies offer their own security curricula and certifications as well. Likewise, CompTIA's Security+ promises to be an important entry-level security credential (it's covered in Chapter 4). You'll learn much more about security certifications of all flavors in Chapter 7.
Linux certifications come in many shapes and sizes. More than just another open source implementation of the Unix operating system, Linux has become a marketing phenomenon in its own right. Although its market share still remains relatively low compared to that of Windows, Linux has gained enough momentum to attract interest from organizations, individuals, and vendors over the past several years. Key Linux certifications are covered in Chapter 8, “Linux Certification Programs.”
Just as many different versions (more than 100) of Linux itself are available, a number of Linux certifications are competing for recognition and acceptance. Unfortunately, there's still some confusion in the marketplace about which Linux certification matters most. Although there are probably more Linux certifications available than the ones we mention in this book, there are at least three players who have mounted Linux certification efforts at present, with varying degrees of success:
Red Hat—. Red Hat is the largest commercial vendor for Linux (with more than 50% of the Linux market) and is clearly a major player in the Linux certification game. Right now, Red Hat offers its own certification program, which creates Red Hat Certified Engineers (RHCEs) and Red Hat Certified Technicians (RHCTs).
Software Architecture Implementation and Realization (Sair)—. Wave Technologies acquired Sair (a leading Unix and Linux training company) in 2000 to boost the delivery of a global, vendor-neutral form of Linux and GNU certification—the Sair Linux and GNU program. This program has been endorsed by numerous Linux vendors, including Caldera, the number-two commercial provider of Linux. This certification program is composed of three levels: Linux Certified Administrator, Linux Certified Engineer, and Master Linux Certified Engineer.
Linux Professional Institute (LPI)—. LPI is a nonprofit, vendor-neutral Linux certification organization run by Dan York, a well-known industry figure and Unix expert. LPI is also building a multilevel, highly professional Linux certification program that's quite similar to the Sair Linux and GNU program.
Although the degree of acceptance and popularity for each of these various Linux certifications remains somewhat uncertain, it's pretty clear that some kind of Linux certification (perhaps even more than one) is bound to attain market acceptance in coming years. That's why we cover all the main contenders for this prize in Chapter 8.
Although Microsoft may be the “800-pound gorilla” of the certification market, Novell has been at this game longer than just about anybody else, and it boasts a large population of certified professionals (700,000 plus). Novell also boasts the largest installed base of any network operating system vendor.
Following the release of NetWare 6, Novell's certified population has been busy recertifying in the past year to maintain its credentials. This suggests an active and vigorous training and testing marketplace, as a new generation of professionals begins its pursuit of certification around NetWare 6.
Novell currently recognizes four levels of professional certification and two instructional-level certifications:
Certified Novell Administrator (CNA)—. This credential is Novell's entry-level certification. Obtaining a CNA requires passing any one test that covers basic administration for three versions of NetWare (6, 5, and 4/intraNetWare) or GroupWise 5.
Certified Novell Engineer (CNE)—. The most sought-after Novell certification is the CNE. CNEs specialize in either NetWare 5 or 6 and must pass a battery of six tests to qualify, including five required tests and one elective test.
Master CNE (MCNE)—. This is Novell's most elite certification. Candidates must first prove their basic expertise by obtaining NetWare 6 CNE certification, obtain CompTIA's IT Project+ certification, and then pass an additional four exams (including one core exam), based on the candidate's chosen specialty.
Certified Directory Engineer (CDE)—. This high-level Novell credential seeks to supply the IT industry with directory-qualified networking experts. To obtain a CDE, an applicant must have already attained some senior-level certification such as MCSE, CCNP, CCIE, or IBM Certified Specialist, plus take two core exams and a problem-solving, live laboratory exam. To keep their credentials, CDEs must recertify annually.
Novell Authorized Instructor (NAI)—. To obtain the NAI credential, a candidate must pass at least one exam and complete CNI certification within one year of applying for NAI status. However, individuals employed at a Novell Academic Education Partner (NAEP) or at a Novell Authorized Education Center (NAEC) can remain NAIs indefinitely. To teach any topic, a person with a NAI credential must pass the related instructor-level exam.
CNI (Certified Novell Instructor)/Master CNI (MCNI)—. To obtain certification as a Novell instructor, a candidate must be employed at an NAEC or an NAEP, possess a NetWare 5 or 6 CNE, and meet an instructional requirement, which may be satisfied by taking a Novell “train-the-trainer” course or by obtaining certification as a CTT+ from CompTIA (covered in Chapter 4). In addition, would-be CNIs must pass a more difficult version of any Novell certification exam, aimed specifically at instructors, to be allowed to teach the related course within Novell's authorized education channels. Finally, candidates must complete the application process. MCNI candidates must have two years of CNI classroom experience, complete all requirements for the MCNE certification, and complete an annual update requirement. The MCNI is one of the most elite IT certifications available in today's marketplace.
Even though Microsoft has surpassed Novell in terms of its certification programs' population and popularity, it is important to note that Novell pioneered this marketplace and that its education and certification programs have served as a model for many other vendors, including Microsoft. Even today, Novell's program is highly regarded and widely emulated. Novell certification is covered in detail in Chapter 9, “Novell Certification Programs.”
Chapter 10, “Prosoft's CIW Program,” covers a Web-focused certification program created by ProsoftTraining that is called the CIW program.
Basically, the CIW program uses an entry-level curriculum and exam called the CIW Foundations track to test all students' knowledge of Internet basics. Interestingly, a candidate can pass either the Foundations exam to meet the program's entry-level requirements or pass CompTIA's i-Net+ exam. From there a student can take and pass any one of the CIW-series exams to qualify for the CIW Professional designation. Finally, students can branch into four different areas of Web activity—Web administrators, Web developers, Web designers, and Web site managers—each of which culminates in an advanced Master-level certification.
Here's how the various tracks work:
Starting with Foundations, a candidate passes any one of the CIW series exams to achieve CIW Professional status (two tests in all).
Administrators continue on from Foundations into a track that starts with a Server Administrator course/test combination, then to an Internetworking Professional combination, and then to a Security Professional combination that culminates in certification as a Master CIW Administrator (four tests in all).
Programmers continue on from Foundations to language course/test combinations on either Perl or JavaScript. From there, they tackle the course/test combinations Java Programming, Object-Oriented Analysis, Database Specialist, and Enterprise Developer. Completion of the series culminates in certification as a Master CIW Enterprise Developer (eight tests in all).
Web designers continue on from Foundations to a Site Designer course/test combination, then to an E-Commerce Designer combination. This culminates in certification as a Master CIW Designer (three tests in all).
Web site managers continue on from Foundations to a Site Designer course/test combination, then to a Server Administrator course/test combination, and finally to language course/test combinations on Perl and JavaScript. This culminates in certification as a Master CIW Site Manager (five tests in all).
The CIW Certification Council is headed by The National Workforce Center for Emerging Technology (NWCET), which supports the development of skill standards and test specifications for all upcoming versions of CIW Foundations, Professional, and Master certification exams. The CIW program has been endorsed by the Association of Internet Professionals (AIP) and the International Webmasters Association (IWA), which are both nonprofit organizations of like-minded Web professionals.
Each of Chapters 2 through 10 is devoted to a particular set of vendor-specific or vendor-neutral certification programs. Even so, this barely scratches the surface of the total IT certification landscape. That's why Chapter 11 is a kind of grab bag that mentions numerous other certifications that you might find of interest without quite covering them at the same level of detail as the programs covered in Chapters 2 through 10. Nevertheless, you might find some tasty tidbits in Chapter 11 that may be worthy of further investigation. That's why every chapter also provides pointers to online information about every program that appears in the chapter.
Chapters 12, “Planning Your Certifications,” and 13, “Certification Study Tips and Techniques,” cap off the book with more general certification information. Chapter 12 provides a brief but pointed self-assessment tool that you can use to help determine which certifications might apply to your interests and career goals. Chapter 13 reviews some important tips, tricks, and techniques to help you prepare to take—and pass—whatever certification exams you decide to take on.
This chapter provides an overview of the various vendor and organization certifications that you'll encounter in this book. The remainder of this book is devoted to more detailed descriptions and discussions of the programs, exams, and supporting materials. Enjoy!
For convenience, we include the most important URLs for certification programs mentioned in this chapter:
www.microsoft.com/traincert/mcp/mcp/default.asp—.
www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.html—.
www.oracle.com/education/certification/index.html?certpaths.html—.
http://suned.sun.com/US/certification—.
www.isc2.org/cgi/content.cgi?category=3—.
www.trusecure.com/solutions/certifications/ticsa—.
www.novell.com/education/certinfo/—.