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by Shawna E. Lockhart, Cindy Johnson, Marla Goodman
Modern Graphics Communication, Fifth Edition
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About this Book
The Fifth Edition
Teaching/Learning Features
About the Author
Online Resources
Acknowledgments
Walkthrough
Chapter Opener
“Spotlight” Sections
“Foundations” Section
“Detail” Section
“Step by Step” Activities
“CAD at Work”
“Industry Case”
“Portfolio”
Solid Model Visualization Art
Illustrations
Chapter Review
Chapter Exercises
Brief Contents
Contents
Chapter One. The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design
Overview
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings
1.1 Graphics Tools in Action
1.2 Rapid Prototyping
1.3 Drafting Standards
1.4 Creativity Techniques
1.5 Product Definition
1.6 Showing the Design Process in a Portfolio
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Reverse Engineering Projects
Chapter Two. Layouts and Lettering
Overview
Understanding Projections
2.1 Alphabet of Lines
2.2 Freehand Lines
2.3 Measurement Systems
2.4 Drawing Scale
2.5 Specifying the Scale on a Drawing
2.6 Lettering
2.7 Lettering Standards
2.8 Using Guidelines for Hand Lettering
2.9 Vertical and Inclined Letters and Numerals
2.10 Fractions
2.11 Spacing of Letters and Words
2.12 Lettering for Titles
2.13 Drawing Pencils
2.14 Templates
2.15 CAD Tools
2.16 Sketching and Drawing Media
2.17 Standard Sheets
2.18 Standard Layout Elements
2.19 Layouts
2.20 Planning Your Drawing or Sketch
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Worksheets
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Three. Visualization and Sketching
Overview
Understanding Solid Objects
Understanding Sketching Techniques
3.1 Technique of Lines
3.2 Sketching Straight Lines
3.3 Sketching Circles, Arcs, and Ellipses
3.4 Maintaining Proportions
3.5 One-View Drawings
3.6 Pictorial Sketching
3.7 Projection Methods
3.8 Axonometric Projection
3.9 Isometric Projection
3.10 Isometric Drawings
3.11 Making an Isometric Drawing
3.12 Offset Location Measurements
3.13 Hidden Lines and Centerlines
3.14 Angles in Isometric
3.15 Irregular Objects
3.16 Curves in Isometric
3.17 True Ellipses in Isometric
3.18 Orienting Ellipses in Isometric Drawings
3.19 Drawing Isometric Cylinders
3.20 Screw Threads in Isometric
3.21 Arcs in Isometric
3.22 spheres in Isometric
3.23 Oblique Sketches
3.24 Length of Receding Lines
3.25 Choice of Position in Oblique Drawings
3.26 Ellipses for Oblique Drawings
3.27 Angles in Oblique Projection
3.28 Sketching Assemblies
3.29 Sketching Perspectives
3.30 Curves and Circles in Perspective
3.31 Shading
3.32 Computer Graphics
3.33 Drawing on Drawing
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Worksheets
Review Questions
Sketching Exercises
Chapter Four. Geometry for Modeling and Design
Overview
Coordinates for 3D CAD Modeling
Geometric Entities
4.1 Manually Bisecting a Line or Circular Arc
4.2 Drawing Tangents to Two Circles
4.3 Drawing an Arc Tangent to a Line or Arc and through a Point
4.4 Bisecting an Angle
4.5 Drawing a Line Through a Point and Parallel to a Line
4.6 Drawing a Triangle with Sides Given
4.7 Drawing a Right Triangle with Hypotenuse and One Side Given
4.8 Laying Out an Angle
4.9 Drawing an Equilateral Triangle
4.10 Polygons
4.11 Drawing a Regular Pentagon
4.12 Drawing a Hexagon
4.13 Ellipses
4.14 Spline Curves
4.15 Geometric Relationships
4.16 Solid Primitives
4.17 Recognizing Symmetry
4.18 Extruded Forms
4.19 Revolved Forms
4.20 Irregular Surfaces
4.21 User Coordinate Systems
4.22 Transformations
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Worksheets
Skills Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Five. Modeling and Design
Overview
Refinement and Modeling
Kinds of Models
5.1 2D Models
5.2 3D Models
5.3 Types of 3D Models
5.4 Constraint-Based Modeling
5.5 Constraints Define the Geometry
5.6 Planning Parts for Design Flexibility
5.7 Sketch Constraints
5.8 The Base Feature
5.9 Editing the Model
5.10 Constraint-Based Modeling Modes
5.11 Choosing the Right Modeling Method
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Six. Orthographic Projection
Overview
Understanding Projections
6.1 Hidden Line Technique
6.2 Precedence of Lines
6.3 Centerlines
6.4 Laying Out a Drawing
6.5 Developing Views From 3D Models
6.6 Visualization
6.7 Views of Surfaces
6.8 Normal Surfaces
6.9 Inclined Surfaces
6.10 Oblique Surfaces
6.11 Edges
6.12 Normal Edges
6.13 Inclined Edges
6.14 Oblique Edges
6.15 Parallel Edges
6.16 Angles
6.17 Vertices
6.18 Interpreting Points
6.19 Interpreting Lines
6.20 Similar Shapes of Surfaces
6.21 Interpreting Views
6.22 Models
6.23 Projecting a Third View
6.24 Becoming a 3D Visualizer
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Worksheets
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Seven. 2D Drawing Representation
Overview
Practices for 2D Documentation Drawings
7.1 Visualizing and Drawing Complex Cylindrical Shapes
7.2 Cylinders When Sliced
7.3 Cylinders and Ellipses
7.4 Intersections and Tangencies
7.5 Fillets and Rounds
7.6 Runouts
7.7 Conventional Edges
7.8 Necessary Views
7.9 Partial Views
7.10 Alignment of Views
7.11 Removed Views
7.12 Right-Hand and Left-Hand Parts
7.13 Revolution Conventions
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Eight. Section Views
Overview
Understanding Sections
8.1 Placement of Section Views
8.2 Labeling Cutting Planes
8.3 Line Precedence
8.4 Rules for Lines in Section Views
8.5 Cutting-Plane Line Style
8.6 Section-Lining Technique
8.7 Half Sections
8.8 Broken Out Sections
8.9 Revolved Sections
8.10 Removed Sections
8.11 Offset Sections
8.12 Ribs in Section
8.13 Aligned Sections
8.14 Partial Views
8.15 Intersections in Sections
8.16 Conventional Breaks and Sections
8.17 Assembly Sections
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Worksheets
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Nine. Auxiliary Views
Overview
Understanding Auxiliary Views
9.1 Using Triangles to Sketch Auxiliary Views
9.2 Using Grid Paper to Sketch Auxiliary Views
9.3 Using CAD to Create Auxiliary Views
9.4 Circles and Ellipses in Auxiliary Views
9.5 Hidden Lines in Auxiliary Views
9.6 Partial Auxiliary Views
9.7 Half Auxiliary Views
9.8 Reverse Construction
9.9 Auxiliary Sections
9.10 Viewing-Plane Lines and Arrows
9.11 Uses of Auxiliary Views
9.12 True Length of a Line
9.13 Point View of a Line
9.14 Edge View of a Plane
9.15 True Size of an Oblique Surface
9.16 Dihedral Angles
Understanding Developments and Intersections
9.17 Developments
9.18 Hems and Joints for Sheet Metal and Other Materials
9.19 More Examples of Developments and Intersections
9.20 Transition Pieces
9.21 Triangulation
9.22 Developing a Transition Piece Connecting Rectangular Pipes on the Same Axis
9.23 Developing a Plane and a Sphere
9.24 Revolution
9.25 Primary and Successive Revolutions
9.26 True Length of a Line: Revolution Method
Key Words
Worksheets
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Ten. Modeling for Manufacture and Assembly
Overview
Design for Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly, and Service
10.1 Assembly Models
10.2 Assemblies and Design
10.3 Assemblies and Simulation
10.4 Parts for Assemblies
10.5 Using Your Model to Check Fits
10.6 Manufacturing Processes
10.7 Dos and Don’ts of Practical Design
10.8 Manufacturing Materials
10.9 Appearance, Service Life, and Recycling
10.10 Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish
10.11 Net-Shape Manufacturing
10.12 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
10.13 Shared Manufacturing
10.14 Manufacturing Methods and the Drawing
10.15 Modeling for Testing and Refinement
10.16 Determining Mass Properties
10.17 Exporting Data From the Database
10.18 Downstream Applications
10.19 Prototyping Your Design
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Skills Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Eleven. Dimensioning
Overview
Understanding Dimensioning
11.1 Lines Used in Dimensioning
11.2 Using Dimension and Extension Lines
11.3 Arrowheads
11.4 Leaders
11.5 Drawing Scale and Dimensioning
11.6 Direction of Dimension Values and Notes
11.7 Dimension Units
11.8 Millimeter Values
11.9 Decimal-Inch Values
11.10 Rules for Dimension Values
11.11 Rules for Rounding Decimal Dimension Values
11.12 Dual Dimensioning
11.13 Combination Units
11.14 Dimensioning Symbols
11.15 Placing and Showing Dimensions Legibly
11.16 Superfluous Dimensions
11.17 Dimensioning Angles
11.18 Dimensioning Arcs
11.19 Fillets and Rounds
11.20 Size Dimensioning: Prisms
11.21 Size Dimensioning: Cylinders
11.22 Size Dimensioning: Holes
11.23 Applying Standard Dimensioning Symbols
11.24 Dimensioning Counterbores and Spotfaces with Fillets
11.25 Dimensioning Triangular Prisms, Pyramids, and Cones
11.26 Dimensioning Curves
11.27 Dimensioning Curved Surfaces
11.28 Dimensioning Rounded-End Shapes
11.29 Dimensioning Threads
11.30 Dimensioning Tapers
11.31 Dimensioning Chamfers
11.32 Shaft Centers
11.33 Dimensioning Keyways
11.34 Dimensioning Knurls
11.35 Finish Marks
11.36 Surface Roughness
11.37 Location Dimensions
11.38 Mating Dimensions
11.39 Coordinate Dimensioning
11.40 Tabular Dimensions
11.41 Dimensioning for Numerically-Controlled Machining
11.42 Machine, Pattern, and Forging Dimensions
11.43 Sheet Metal Bends
11.44 Notes
11.45 Standards
11.46 Dos and Don’ts of Dimensioning
Key Words
Worksheets
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Twelve. Tolerancing
Overview
Understanding Tolerance
12.1 Specifying Tolerances
12.2 General Tolerance Notes
12.3 Limit Tolerances
12.4 Plus-or-Minus Tolerances
12.5 Tolerance Stacking
12.6 Using American National Standard Limits and Fit Tables
12.7 Tolerances and Machining Processes
12.8 Metric System of Tolerances and Fits
12.9 Preferred Sizes
12.10 Preferred Fits
12.11 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
12.12 Symbols for Tolerances of Position and Form
12.13 Datum Features
12.14 Positional Tolerances
12.15 Maximum Material Condition
12.16 Tolerances of Angles
12.17 Form Tolerances for Single Features
12.18 Orientations for Related Features
12.19 Using Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
12.20 Tolerances and Digital Product Definition
12.21 Computer Graphics
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Worksheets
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Thirteen. Threads, Fasteners, and Springs
Overview
Understanding Threads and Fasteners
13.1 Thread Notes
13.2 External Thread Symbols
13.3 Internal Thread Symbols
13.4 Detailed Representation: Metric, Unified, and American National Threads
13.5 Threads in Assembly
13.6 Modeling Thread
13.7 American National Standard Pipe Threads
13.8 Use of Phantom Lines
13.9 Tapped Holes
13.10 Bolts, Studs, and Screws
13.11 Standard Bolts and Nuts
13.12 Drawing Standard Bolts
13.13 Specifications for Bolts and Nuts
13.14 Locknuts and Locking Devices
13.15 Standard Cap Screws
13.16 Standard Machine Screws
13.17 Standard Set Screws
13.18 American National Standard Wood Screws
13.19 Miscellaneous Fasteners
13.20 Keys
13.21 Machine Pins
13.22 Rivets
13.23 Springs
13.24 Drawing Helical Springs
13.25 Modeling Springs
Key Words
Worksheets
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Fourteen. Working Drawings
Overview
14.1 Subassemblies
14.2 Identification
14.3 Parts Lists
14.4 Assembly Sections
14.5 Working Drawing Assembly
14.6 Installation Assemblies
14.7 Check Assemblies
14.8 Working Drawing Formats
14.9 Drawing Numbers
14.10 Zoning
14.11 Checking Drawings
14.12 Drawing Revisions
14.13 Simplifying Drawings
14.14 Patent Drawings
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Fifteen. Axonometric Projection
Overview
Understanding Axonometric Projection
15.1 Dimetric Projection
15.2 Approximate Dimetric DrawingS
15.3 Trimetric Projection
15.4 Trimetric Scales
15.5 Trimetric Ellipses
15.6 Axonometric Projection Using Intersections
15.7 Computer Graphics
15.8 Oblique Projections
15.9 Ellipses for Oblique Drawings
15.10 Offset Measurements
15.11 Oblique Dimensioning
15.12 Computer Graphics
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Chapter Sixteen. Perspective Drawings
Overview
Understanding Perspectives
16.1 Perspective From a Multiview Projection
16.2 Nonrotated Side View Method for Perspective
16.3 Drawing an Angular Perspective
16.4 Position of the Station Point
16.5 Location of the Picture Plane
16.6 Bird’s-Eye View or Worm’s-Eye View
16.7 The Three Types of Perspectives
16.8 One-Point Perspective
16.9 One-Point Perspective of a Cylindrical Shape
16.10 Two-Point Perspective
16.11 Three-Point Perspective
16.12 Measurements in Perspective
16.13 Direct Measurements Along Inclined Lines
16.14 Vanishing Points of Inclined Lines
16.15 Inclined Lines in Perspective, Joining Endpoint Method
16.16 Curves and Circles in Perspective
16.17 The Perspective Plan Method
16.18 Perspective Diagram
16.19 Shading
16.20 Computer Graphics
Key Words
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Chapter Exercises
Glossary
Appendices
1 Useful Formulas for Geometric Entities
2 Running and Sliding Fits—American National Standard
3 Clearance Locational Fits—American National Standard
4 Transition Locational Fits—American National Standard
5 Interference Locational Fits—American National Standard
6 Force and Shrink Fits—American National Standard
7 International Tolerance Grades
8 Preferred Metric Hole Basis Clearance Fits—American National Standard
9 Preferred Metric Hole Basis Transition and Interference Fits—American National Standard
10 Preferred Metric Shaft Basis Clearance Fits— American National Standard
11 Preferred Metric Shaft Basis Transition and Interference Fits—American National Standard
12 Screw Threads, American National, Unified, and Metric
13 Twist Drill Sizes—American National Standard and Metric
14 Acme Threads, General Purpose
15 Bolts, Nuts, and Cap Screws—Square and Hexagon— American National Standard and Metric
16 Cap Screws, Slotted and Socket Head—American National Standard and Metric
17 Machine Screws—American National Standard and Metric
18 Keys—Square, Flat, Plain Taper, and Gib Head
19 Screw Threads, Square and Acme
20 Woodruff Keys—American National Standard
21 Woodruff Key Sizes for Different Shaft Diameters
22 Pratt and Whitney Round-End Keys
23 Washers, Plain—American National Standard
24 Washers, Lock—American National Standard
25 Wire Gage Standards
26 Taper Pins—American National Standard
27 Cotter Pins—American National Standard
28 Form and Proportion of Datum Symbols
29 Form and Proportion of Geometric Characteristic Symbols
30 Form and Proportion of Geometric Dimensioning Symbols
31 Form and Proportion of Modifying Symbols
32 Form and Proportion of Dimensioning Symbols and Letters
33 Comparison of Symbols
34 Types of Scales
35 Additional Geometric constructions
Index
Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Practice sketching freehand lines
Worksheet 2 Measurements and Scale
Worksheet 3 Vertical lettering practice
Worksheet 4 1/8 inch lettering practice
Worksheet 5 Using Negative Space
Worksheet 6 Sketching circles and ellipses
Worksheet 7 Practicing line and curve technique
Worksheet 8 Blocking in the irregular object
Worksheet 9 Sketching to Scale
Worksheet 10 Sketching an isometric pictorial
Worksheet 11 Sketching curved shapes in isometric
Worksheet 12 Creating an oblique sketch of an object
Worksheet 13 Using Boolean operators
Worksheet 14 The Glass Box
Worksheet 15 Transferring Depth Dimensions
Worksheet 16 Blocking a multiview drawing
Worksheet 17 Practice with hidden lines
Worksheet 18 Projecting inclined surfaces
Worksheet 19 Practice with centerlines
Worksheet 20 Sketching Full Sections
Worksheet 21 Sketching Full Sections
Worksheet 22 Sketching a full section
Worksheet 23 Sketching a half section
Worksheet 24 Creating an aligned section
Worksheet 25 The auxiliary view glass box
Worksheet 26 Plotting curves
Worksheet 27 Developing a prism
Worksheet 28 Developing a cylinder
Worksheet 29 Dimensioning
Worksheet 30 Dimensioning
Worksheet 31 Dimensioning
Worksheet 32 Dimensioning technique
Worksheet 33 Determining allowances and clearances
Worksheet 34 Sketching dimensions with tolerances
Worksheet 35 Sketching thread symbols
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