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Part III: Research Methods
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Part III: Research Methods
by Roger Leakey
Multifunctional Agriculture
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Biography
Preface
Part I: The Basics
Section 1: Agroecology and the Role of Trees
Section 1. Agroecology and the Role of Trees
Chapter 1. Definition of Agroforestry Revisited: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 1996. Agroforestry Today, 8 (1), 5–7, with permission of World Agroforestry Center
Abstract
Chapter 2. The Role of Trees in Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. Annual Review of Phytopathology 52, 113–133, with
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Understanding the Problem Before Seeking Solutions
Addressing Soil Fertility
Biodiversity and Agroecological Functions
Rebuilding Agroecological Functions
Maintaining Late Successional or Mature Agroecosystems
Filling the Niches Below the Canopy With Useful Plants
Landscape and Scaling Issues
The Big Picture: The Role of Agroecology and Agroforestry in Tropical Agriculture
Chapter 3. Trees: A Keystone Role in Agroecosystem Function: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
Section 2: Agroforestry Practices and Systems
Section 2. Agroforestry Practices and Systems
Chapter 4. Agroforestry and the Mitigation of Land Degradation in the Humid and Sub-Humid Tropics of Africa: This chapter was previously published in Cooper, P.J.M., Leakey, R.R.B., Rao, M.R., Reynold
Abstract
Summary
Land Degradation
The Role of Agroforestry
Soil Fertility Improvement
Soil Conservation
Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs as Fodder Supplements
High-Value Trees for Income Generation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 5. The Domestication and Commercialization of Indigenous Trees in Agroforestry for the Alleviation of Poverty: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Simons, A.J., 1998. Agro
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Domestication Strategies
Research in Progress
Commercialization
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Trees: Delivering Enhanced Crop Production and Income: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
Section 3: Importance of Tree Products
Section 3. Importance of Tree Products
Chapter 7. Potential for Novel Food Products From Agroforestry Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 1999. Food Chemistry, 64, 1–14, with permission of Elsevier
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Humid Lowlands of West Africa
Semi-Arid Lowlands of West Africa
Southern African Plateau—Miombo Woodlands
Western Amazonia
Conclusions
Chapter 8. Evidence that Subsistence Farmers have Domesticated Indigenous Fruits (Dacryodes edulis and Irvingia gabonensis) in Cameroon and Nigeria: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 9. Non-Timber Forest Products – A Misnomer?: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2012. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 24, 145–146, with permission of Forest Research
Abstract
Chapter 10. Trees: An Important Source of Food and Non-Food Products for Farmers: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
Part II: Genetic Selection for Added-Value and New Opportunities
Section 4: Tree Domestication
Section 4. Tree Domestication
Chapter 11. Domestication of Forest Trees: A Process to Secure the Productivity and Future Diversity of Tropical Ecosystems: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Last, F.T., Longma
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Exploitation of Natural Forest and the Needs of the Future
Domestication of Underutilized Timber Species
Domestication of Species for Fruit and Other Forest Products
Plantations in the Tropics
Acknowledgments
Chapter 12. Tree Domestication in Tropical Agroforestry: This chapter was previously published in Simons, A.J., Leakey, R.R.B., 2004. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 167–181, with permission of Springer
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Origins and Concepts of Domestication
Objectives of Tree Domestication
Tree Domestication Strategies
Germplasm Sourcing, Documentation, and Deployment
Tree Improvement Research
Participatory Domestication
Case Studies
Recommendations: Future Developments
Chapter 13. Agroforestry Tree Products (AFTPs): Targeting Poverty Reduction and Enhanced Livelihoods: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Tchoundjeu, Z., Schreckenberg, K., Shackl
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Trees
The Participatory Tree Domestication Approach—the Case of West and Central Africa
Identification, Capture, Retention, and Protection of Genetic Diversity
Cultivation and the Growth of Cultivars
Markets
Economic and Social Benefits from Trading AFTPs
The Linkages between the Domestication and Commercialization of AFTPs
Winners and Losers: Impacts on Livelihoods
Features of this Agroforestry Approach to Rural Development
Policy Guidelines
Development Issues for the Future
Chapter 14. Tree Domestication in Agroforestry: Progress in the Second Decade (2003–2012): This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Weber, J.C., Page, T., Cornelius, J.P., Akinnifesi,
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
The First Decade (1992–2002)
The Second Decade (2003–12)
Recent Developments in Agroforestry Tree Improvement
Negotiation of Access to Markets
Public/Private Partnerships: Localization and the Case of Allanblackia spp
Toward the Third Decade
Chapter 15. Trees: Capturing Useful Traits in Elite Cultivars: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
Part III: Research Methods
Section 5: Strategy and Techniques
Section 5. Strategy and Techniques
Section 5.1: Strategy
Chapter 16. Towards a Domestication Strategy for Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Akinnifesi, F.K., 2008. In: Akinnifesi, F.K., Leakey, R
Abstract
Introduction
Developing a Strategy for Creating New “Cultivars” Vegetatively
Developing a Strategy for Clonal Selection
Opportunities for Introducing New Variation
The Wise Use of Genetic Variability
Socioeconomic and Environmental Context for This Strategy
Conclusions
Section 5.2: Techniques: Vegetative Propagation
Chapter 17. Low-Technology Techniques for the Vegetative Propagation of Tropical Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Mesén, J.F., Tchoundjeu, Z., Longman, K.A., Dick, J. Mc
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Materials and Methods
The Nonmist Propagator
Results
Discussion
Chapter 18. Stockplant Factors Affecting Root Initiation in Cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum., an Indigenous Hardwood of West Africa: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Experimental and Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
Chapter 19. The Rooting Ability of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Cuttings: The Interactions Between Stockplant Irradiance, Light Quality and Nutrients: This chapter was previously published in Le
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 20. Plant Cloning: Macro-Propagation: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: van Alfen, N., et al., (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, vol. 4. Els
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
The Use of Macropropagation
Techniques of Macropropagation
Grafting and Budding
Marcotting or Air Layering
Stem Cuttings
Stockplant Environment
Conclusions
Section 5.3: Techniques: Genetic Characterization
Chapter 21. Quantitative Descriptors of Variation in the Fruits and Seeds of Irvingia gabonensis: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Fondoun, J-.M., Atangana, A., Tchoundjeu, Z.,
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 22. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic Variation in Fruit Traits: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 23. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 2. Phenotypic Variation in Nut and Kernel Traits: This chapter was previously published in
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 24. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple Trait Selection: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2005
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
Section 5.4: Techniques: Ideotypes
Chapter 25. The “Ideotype Concept” and its Application to the Selection of “AFTP” Cultivars: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Page, T., 2006. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 16
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Domestication of Agroforestry Trees
Ideotypes in Agroforestry Species
Conclusion
Chapter 26. Trees: Skills and Understanding Essential for Domestication: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
Strategy
Vegetative Propagation
Genetic Characterization
Ideotypes
Part IV: Towards Delivery
Section 6: A Bottom-Up Approach
Section 6. A Bottom-Up Approach
Section 6.1: Participatory Tree Domestication
Chapter 27. The Participatory Domestication of West African Indigenous Fruits: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Schreckenberg, K., Tchoundjeu, Z., 2003. International Forestry
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Methods
Results and Discussion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 28. Agroforestry—Participatory Domestication of Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: van Alfen, N. et al., (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Sys
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Strategy
Techniques
Outcomes
Future Impact
Section 6.2: Intellectual Property Rights
Chapter 29. Protecting the Rights of Farmers and Communities While Securing Long Term Market Access for Producers of Non-timber Forest Products: Experience in Southern Africa: This chapter was previou
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Phytotrade Africa’s Experience
Case Studies
Issues for Further Attention
Conclusion
Section 6.3: Commercialization of Agroforestry Tree Products
Chapter 30. The Role of Tree Domestication in Value Chain Development: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., van Damme, P., 2014. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 23, 116–126, with p
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Conclusion
Section 6.4: Development and Impact
Chapter 31. Underutilised Species as the Backbone of Multifunctional Agriculture—The Next Wave of Crop Domestication: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B. and Asaah, E.K. 2013. Acta
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 32. Trees: Ensuring That Farmers Benefit From Domestication: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
Section 7: Agroforestry: A Delivery Mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture
Section 7. Agroforestry: A Delivery Mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture
Chapter 33. Trees, Soils and Food Security: This chapter was previously published in Sanchez, P.A., Buresh, R.J., Leakey, R.R.B., 1997. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B, 352, 9
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Impact of Trees on Soil Functions
Trees and Overcoming Rural Poverty in Africa
The Way Forward
Chapter 34. Addressing the Causes of Land Degradation, Food/Nutritional Insecurity and Poverty: A New Approach to Agricultural Intensification in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics: This chapter was previous
Abstract
Chapter 35. Trees: A Call to Policy Makers to Meet Farmers’ Needs by Combining Environmental Services With Marketable Products: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
Section 8: Sustainable Intensification of Tropical Agriculture
Section 8. Sustainable Intensification of Tropical Agriculture
Chapter 36. The Intensification of Agroforestry by Tree Domestication for Enhanced Social and Economic Impact: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2012. CAB Reviews: Perspectives
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Three Steps to Intensification
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 37. Twelve Principles for Better Food and More Food From Mature Perennial Agroecosystems: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: Proceedings of Perennial Crops for
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
Principles
Sustainable Intensification
Chapter 38. Trees: Delivering Productive and Sustainable Farming Systems: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
Section 9: Integrating Rural Development to Deliver Multifunctional Agriculture
Section 9. Integrating Rural Development to Deliver Multifunctional Agriculture
Chapter 39. Toward Multifunctional Agriculture – An African Initiative: R.R.B. Leakey and R. Prabhu
Abstract
Summary
Introduction
What are the Issues?
Having Identified Action-oriented Targets for Sustainable Intensification, Where Do We Go From Here?
Chapter 40. Trees: Meeting the Social, Economic and Environmental Needs of Poor Farmers—Scoring Sustainable Development Goals: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey
Abstract
References
Index
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Research Methods
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