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Achatz, Reinhold, 205, 207–8
Acumen Fund, 223–25, 229, 232, 235
Advantage (Segal), 169
Africa, 37, 92, 182, 189, 232, 248
Ahlstrand, Christina, 216–17
Ahold, 180
Air Products, 112
Alcatel-Lucent, 200
Allen, Paul, 126
Amadeus Capital, 180
Amazon, 34, 118, 121
antibiotics, 38–45
AOL, 34
Appert, Nicolas, 127–28
Apple, 9, 144–45, 255, 279n 255
Aravind, 57
artificial intelligence, 92, 94, 96–98, 99, 100
Ashoka, 226–28
Aspen Institute, 164
AT&T’s Bell Labs, 5, 113, 114, 192, 199, 200
Autodesk, 257
automotive industry, 61, 67, 119, 197–98, 206, 253; clean energy technologies, 198, 214, 253–54; Progressive Automotive X Prize, 126, 198; smart systems and, 204–5
aviation industry, 128–29
BASF, 110
Bass, Carl, 257
Baumol, William, 28, 266n 28
bees, 140
Behar, Yves, 23–24
Bernanke, Ben, 84, 88, 268n 84
Bessemer Venture Partners, 275n 200
Better Capitalism (Litan), 186–87
Big Data, 82, 196–97, 255, 276n 203, 278n 255
Bigelow, Robert, 132
Billions of Entrepreneurs (Khanna), 58
Bingham, Alpheus, 3, 123
Biocon, 60
Bishop, Matthew, 228–29, 237–38, 240
Black Swan, The (Taleb), 145
black swans, 35
Bloom, Barry, 43
Blue Sweater, The (Novogratz), 223
BMW, 204, 205, 276n 204
Booz & Company, 113–14
Boston Consulting Group (BCG), 125, 258, 272n 166
Brabeck-Letmathe, Peter, 244
Brand, Steward, 155–60
Branson, Richard, 130
Braun, Robert, 133
Brazil, 11, 61–62
BRIC, 13, 26
Brilliant, Larry, 30, 142, 147, 266n 30
Brin, Sergey, 188, 269n 96
British Petroleum (BP), 126, 136, 141, 142, 181
Brookings Institution, 186
Brown, John Seely, 56, 57, 266n 56
Brown, Tim, 255
Brownstein, John, 48
Brunt, Liam, 129
business models, 54–55, 57; China and, 56, 57, 59; disruptive, 58–59, 178–79, 189, 208, 210, 251; frugal engineering and, 54–59; hybrid, 57, 226, 230, 232–37, 246; Kaiser Permanente, 215–18; localized modularization, 56, 59, 266n 56
Cambridge, England, 176, 180
Canada, 194, 274n 194
capitalism, 15–17, 29–30, 221–22, 244; creative, 246–48; creative destruction, 16, 177, 187, 190, 197; hybrid models and, 232–37; natural capital and, 219, 277n 219; profit motive, 16, 234, 241, 278n 241; purpose and, 17, 25, 226, 233–34, 262; shared value, 242–46; socially aware, 218–48, 251, 277n 220. See also philanthrocapitalists
Cargill, 61
Carlson, Curt, 183
Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, 42
Center for Global Development, 40, 104
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 67
Chesbrough, Henry, 108, 112, 113, 201, 274n 186
Chicago, 133; snowstorm (2010), 151
Chile, 147–48
China, 10, 11, 25, 26, 30, 46, 48, 61, 63, 80, 84, 145, 169, 205, 209, 210; bamboo capitalists, 58, 182; better business models and, 56, 57; Fortune 500 list and, 61; frugal innovation and, 51, 56–58, 59, 65, 171, 266n 56; government policy and innovation, 164, 171–73, 182, 273n 171; innovation and zero-sum fallacy, 16, 163–74, 272n 166; med-tech sector, 63–66; patents, 170
Chongqing, China, 56
Chopra, Aneesh, 193, 274n 186
Christensen, Clayton M., 8–11, 116, 168, 178–79, 208, 217, 259, 275n 195
Cisco, 149
citizen sector, 226–28, 230, 234, 236
CIVETS, 13
climate change, 13, 22, 26, 30, 74, 92, 141, 142, 143, 148, 149, 157, 159
Clinton, Bill, 226–27
Clorox, 112
Cloyd, Gil, 207
Club of Rome, 105, 155, 156, 159
Compaq, 34
Compartamos, 238, 240
computers/computer technology, 94, 95, 100, 106, 210–12; Intel Corporation and, 212–13. See also artificial intelligence
Cook, Scott, 201–2
corporate social responsibility (CSR), 242–46, 278n 243
corporations, 17, 68, 196–218; accelerating innovation and, 207–8; Big Data and, 82, 196–97, 255, 276n 203, 278n 255; closed innovation, silos, and, 122–23; frugal innovation and, 62–66, 197; health care industry, 214–18; as information businesses, 62, 196–97; institutionalized trust and, 222; knowledge turns, 197; legacy systems, 54–56; multinationals, 13, 24, 33, 53, 58, 61–65, 68, 109, 144, 196, 277n 230; New Economy disruption, 200, 202; open innovation and, 108–20; R&D, 108–9, 113–14, 123, 176, 199–202, 273n 184; resilience, 150–58, 260–61; reverse innovation, 196, 208–11, 218; smart systems and, 202–4; social agenda, 220, 229–30, 242–46, 278n 243; survival of, 196–218, 261, 275n 200
Council on Competitiveness, 184, 185, 273n 184, 279n 258
Cowen, Tyler, 75–77, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86
crowdfunding, 254
crowdsourcing, 107, 108, 114–24
Cubist, 44
Dahlander, Linus, 122
Darwin, Charles, 104
de Jong, Ronald, 65
Democratizing Innovation (von Hippel), 116
Denby, Jeff, 22–25, 252, 265n 22
design thinking, 255–57, 279n 255
DHL, 153–54
Diamandis, Peter, 102, 126, 129, 206, 270n 128
Dice.com, 253
Digg, 121
Digital (DEC), 9, 187, 210, 211
Dillman, Linda, 207
Direct Line, 175
Discern Analytics, 105
Doerr, John, 237–38
Doriot, Georges, 175
Dorsey, Jack, 274n 186
Drake, Edwin, 5
Drayton, Bill, 226–28, 230, 244
Drive (Pink), 233
Drucker, Peter, 174, 175, 234, 237, 259–60
Dryden, John, 6
Duncan, David, 125
EarthWeb, 253
eBay, 118, 205
Edison, Thomas, 134
Ehrlich, Paul, 92, 104, 105, 155
Eli Lilly, 2, 44
Eliot, T. S., 129
Embrace, 256, 279n 256
energy, 27, 119, 191, 212, 213, 214; carbon tax, 193; car industries and, 197–98, 253–54; clean energy, 16, 33, 34, 102, 253–54; nuclear power, 157–58; public policy and, 29, 191; shale gas industry, 191
Enriquez, Juan, 98–99, 269n 98
Enron, 222
Enthoven, Alain, 218
entrepreneurs, 27–29, 58, 182, 252, 266n 28; Asian, 176, 209; bankruptcy code and, 182, 192; European, 176, 177–79, 180; immigrants and, 185; innovative, 177–79, 186, 220, 247, 251, 252, 274n 186; micromultinationals, 186, 252; overregulation and, 181–82; philanthrocapitalists and, 225; U.S., 176, 177–78, 182. See also social entrepreneurs
environment and ecology, 6, 12, 13, 22, 26–28, 30; agriculture, 156; climate change, 13, 22, 26, 30, 39, 141, 142, 149, 159; “eco-taxation” reforms, 244, 245; externalities and, 243–44, 245; water-energy-climate nexus, 27; water scarcity, 27, 30, 100–101, 149, 209
Europe, 78, 79–80, 83, 137; entrepreneurship in, 176, 177–79, 180; government and innovation, 174–79; health care system, 215; higher education spending, 178; Icelandic-volcano, 136, 144, 153–54; innovation clusters, 175, 176, 179–81; R&D investment, 179, 181; venture capital and, 179
Evans, Harold, 188–89
evolution, 98–100, 103–6
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (MacKay), 120
ExxonMobil, 213
Facebook, 76, 117, 119, 202
fast failure, 6, 15, 200, 275n 200
Feachem, Richard, 215, 216
Field, Alexander, 82
Finland, 32, 181
Fishman, Mark, 43
Fleming, Alexander, 39
food, 27, 29, 92–93, 127–30; chickens and pandemics, 37; colony collapse disorder and, 140; genetic modification, 101, 156, 272n 156; technology and production, 93, 101
Ford, Henry, 134, 245
Fortune 500 list, 61
Foursquare, 82
France, 180, 190–91, 214–15, 274n 190
Friedman, Milton, 242, 243
Friedman, Thomas, 165
frontier economics, 252, 278n 252
FrontlineSMS, 50
frugal innovation, 13, 51–68, 171, 261; Asia and China, 62–66; better business models, 53–59; generic/biosimilar drugs, 59–61; medical technology, 52–54, 63–66’ obstacles for U.S. and, 66–68
Gann, David, 122
Gates, Bill, 32–33, 82–83, 105, 184, 200
Gates Foundation, 32, 33, 126–27, 131–34, 224, 229
Gelernter, David, 202–3, 276n 202
General Electric (GE), 65, 67, 68, 123, 171, 177, 200, 202, 221, 254, 256, 272n 166
General Motors (GM), 117, 144, 211
OnStar, 117
genomics, synthetic, 92, 93, 98–100
Germany, 180, 205
Giving (Clinton), 226
GlaxoSmithKline, 43, 134
Global Business Network (GBN), 149
Global Catastrophic Risks (Possner), 146
global financial crisis, 72, 77, 87–88, 136, 141, 143
globalization: circle of empathy and, 138; paradox of, 142–43; speed of innovation and, 192; wealth disparity and, 143; wicked problems and, 142; of world economy, 2, 6, 11, 24–25, 58, 69, 144–46, 199
Global Viral Forecasting Initiative, 47
Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism (Litan), 186
Google, 34, 48–49, 81–82, 86, 102, 110–11, 119, 202; Googleplex, 96, 197, 269n 96; philanthropic division, 30, 229; Wenda, 209
Goossens, Herman, 40–41
government policy and innovation, 16, 29, 30, 32, 46, 163–95; Apollo moon shot fallacy, 163, 165–66, 173–74; Asia, China, and, 171–74, 273n 171; “eco-taxation” reforms, 244, 245; Europe and, 174–79, 180; immigration, 70, 183–85, 187, 194; industrial policy, 163, 178, 183–84, 211; interventionist approaches, 173–74; Japan and, 168; least as best, 188, 192, 195, 275n 195; mistakes in, 194; national innovation policies, 190–95; recommendations, 181–87, 192–95; risk and, 148, 152–53; stifling of innovation, 180–82; top-down approach, 166; wicked problems and, 254
Government 2.0, 193–94
Govindarajan, Vijay, 208, 209, 244–45
Grameen Bank, 239, 240
Great Depression, 82
Great Disruption, 69–70, 88, 200
Great Leap Forward, A (Field), 82
Great Stagnation, The (Cowen), 75
Green, Michael, 228–29, 237–38
Greenspan, Alan, 72, 267n 72
Groupon, 76, 81
Grove, Andy, 211–14, 276n 211
Gullans, Steve, 99
Hacker, Jacob, 74
Hagel, John, 57, 266n 56
Haiti, 136, 141, 147–48, 152
Halkett, Richard, 135
Halvorson, George, 216–17
Hamel, Gary, 54
Hanson, Robin, 146
Haour, Georges, 180
Harley-Davidson, 144
Harrison, John, 127
Haskins, Ronald, 72, 267n 71
Hastings, Reed, 133
Hauser, Hermann, 180
health, 6, 12, 21–22; advances, 48, 101, 138–39; antibiotic development, 42–45; antibiotic resistant bacteria, 38–42, 43; Aravind, 57–58; bottom-up innovation and, 46; Britain’s NHS, 216, 218; as dinosaur industry, 212; disruptive innovation and, 214; electronic records, 193, 214, 215, 275n 194, 276n 215; Embrace, 256; European system, 215; frugal innovation, 52–54, 63–66, 267n 63; Gates Foundation, 131–32; generic and biosimilar drugs, 59–61; globalization and, 21, 37; health care inflation, 74–75, 80–81, 267n 74; Intellectual Ventures project, 33; Kaiser Permanente, 214–18, 276n 215; “lab on a chip,” 49; misaligned incentives, 16, 45–47; open innovation and, 118–19; pandemics, 13, 21–22, 36–38, 47–50, 266n 36; smart systems and, 203–4; U.S. system, 215–18, 242
Herbert, Andrew, 124
Hertz, 254
Hewlett-Packard, 149, 187
Hidary, Jack, 253–54
Homer, Peter, 133
“Homo Evolutis” (Enriquez and Gullans), 99
Honda, 168
Horn, Paul, 111
Howe, Jeff, 114
Huawei, 61
Huffington, Arianna, 70–71
Huston, Larry, 109–10, 111
IBM, 9, 10, 48, 94, 149, 177, 197; innovation and, 111–12, 122, 125, 210–11
Ideas Economy, 1–17, 25–31, 219, 249, 255; reality check, 7–8
IDEO, 255
Immelt, Jeffrey, 68, 123, 171, 200, 214, 246, 256, 272n 166
immigration policy, 70, 73, 77, 163, 183, 184–85, 187, 194
immortality, 93–94
incentive prizes, 2, 107, 108, 126–34, 254; for drug development, 131–34; effectiveness of, 129–32; Gates Foundation, 126–27, 131–32; government-sponsored, 129, 131–34, 193; history of, 127–29; Netflix and, 131, 133; problems with, 123–24, 132–34. See also InnoCentive; X Prize Foundation
India, 11, 30, 41, 227–28; Aravind, 57–58, 267n 57; “demographic dividend” in, 84; disruptive business models and, 210; Drishtee, 223, 232; economic gains of, 26, 272n 166; engineering education in, 169–70; frugal innovation and, 51–54, 57–58; generic/biosimilar drugs, 54, 59–61; government and innovation, 164, 168; innovation clusters, 195; Licence Raj, 182, 228; LifeSpring, 223; MFIs and, 238–39; mobile telephony and, 209; outsourcing and, 57; Silicon Valley and, 34–35; social entrepreneurs in, 230; software innovators, 59; Unilever’s Shakti division, 209; VisionSpring in, 232
industrial revolution, 79, 227
information technology, 58, 78–79, 192, 204–5, 207–8
Infosys, 59, 170
InnoCentive, 2–3, 14, 110, 123, 130, 131
innovation, 4–5, 29; accelerating, 98, 124, 199, 207–8, 214; analogy of a kitchen, 85; bottom-up, 14, 22, 36, 46, 47, 166, 190, 191, 261; democratization, 1–4, 5, 6, 11, 14, 106, 107–35, 199, 204–5, 249, 257–58, 261, 262; design thinking, 255–57, 279n 255; disruptive, 9, 10, 11, 12, 91, 93, 107, 110, 116–17, 163, 168, 178–79, 197, 202, 208, 252, 259 (see also business model); economic growth and, 6, 84–86; established companies and, 196–218; evolutionary basis for, 103–6; failure and, 6, 7, 15, 33–34, 198, 200, 261, 275n 200; frugal engineering, 51–68; global competitiveness and, 4, 163–74; gold-plating and, 9, 10, 55, 81, 107, 116–17, 150, 208; government policy and, 163–95; “intangible” capital, 84, 88, 255; manifesto, 8, 252; new economics of, 70, 73, 84–86; as non-linear, 105–6, 253; R&D and, 5, 108–9, 123, 172, 176, 178, 199–202; risk and, 6, 14, 15, 136–60, 198; rules for, 86–87, 260–62; sustaining technologies, 8–9, 107; talent and, 279n 257; top-down approach, 166, 191–92; venture capital and, 33–35, 176, 179, 192, 275n 200; wicked problems and, 12–13, 30–31, 91–107, 136–60, 219–48, 249; widely held views of, 7–8, 16; zero-sum fallacy, 4, 16, 166, 260. See also entrepreneurs; open innovation; reverse innovation
Innovation Nation (Kao), 183
Innovator’s Dilemma, The (Christensen), 8–9
Innovator’s Solution, The (Christensen and Raynor), 10
Institute of Large Scale Innovation, 32
intangible capital, 84, 88, 255
Intel, 164, 171, 211, 212–13
intellectual property, 123, 170, 171
Intellectual Ventures, 33–34, 266n 33
International Harvester, 130
Internet, 2, 10, 34, 50, 76, 95, 97, 178; Bill Gates on, 105; commerce, 120; Cowen’s criticism, 76–77, 78, 81–82; crisis planning and, 151; crowdsourcing and, 115, 117–22; customer data and, 196–97; democratization of, 115, 120, 193; disease detection and, 48, 50; economic rules for, 86; Japan and, 123; leapfrogging of, 103; as long-term investment, 82–83; “micromultinationals,” 186; mobile telephone access, 209; open innovation and, 119–20; as transformative, 13–14, 22
Intuit, 201–2, 276n 201
Isenberg, Daniel, 186, 274n 186
Ishrak, Omar, 67, 68
Israel, 195
ITC, 232
Jackley, Jessica, 246–48, 252
Jamming (Kao), 31
Japan, 10–11, 59, 166–68; earthquake and tsunami, 136, 144, 158; economic stagnation, 167, 168; government policy and innovation, 168, 176, 180–81; patents and, 179
Jaruzelski, Barry, 113–14
Java, 34
Jawali, Vivek, 52–53
Jeopardy! (TV show), 94, 106
Jobs, Steve, 184
Joy, Bill, 96, 113
Jung, Edward, 33–34, 266n 33
Kaiser Permanente, 214–18, 276n 215
Kalil, Thomas, 132–33, 271n 132
Kao, John, 31–32, 183
Kasparov, Garry, 94
Kassalow, Jordan, 230–32
Kauffman Foundation, 177, 186, 273n 184
Kelly, John, 94
Kelly, Kevin, 95, 97–98
Kembel, George, 256
Kennedy, John F., 165, 183
Kenny, Charles, 104
Khanna, Tarun, 58
Khosla, Vinod, 34–35, 197–98, 239, 240
Khosla Ventures, 33
Kibbey, Jason, 23
Kimberly-Clark, 112
Kiva, 118, 246–47, 248
Kleiner Perkins, 34
“knowledge turns,” 197, 214
Kodak, 9, 10
Koonin, Steven, 181
Korea, 100
Kortum, Samuel, 176, 177
Kramer, Mike, 242
Kuhn, Thomas, 248
Kundra, Vivek, 151, 269n 94
Kurzweil, Ray, 93–97, 99, 101–2
Lafley, A. G., 109, 125, 210
Lakhani, Karim, 130–31
Lanier, Jaron, 121
Laxminarayan, Ramanan, 42, 45
leapfrogging, 54–56, 61–62, 87, 102, 154, 182, 208
Lee, Rachel, 65
Lego Mindstorms, 116
Lehman Brothers, 29, 222
Leonard, Herman, 144–45, 150–52
Lepu Medical, 64
Lerner, Josh, 176, 177
Leung, Gabriel, 36–37
Lewis, Kim, 43, 44
Li, Simon, 63, 64
Li & Fung, 59
Libya, 138
Lindbergh, Charles, 128–29, 270n 128
Linux, 107, 111, 234
Litan, Robert, 186–87, 273n 184
Little, Mark, 123
Local Motors, 119
Longxin, 56
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 110
Lyons, Richard, 234–35, 237
Maathai, Wangari, 24
MacKay, Charles, 120
Macrowikinomics (Tapscott and Williams), 120
Maddison, Angus, 79–80, 268n 79
Mandelbaum, Michael, 165
manufacturing sector, 4, 11, 24, 59, 189, 272n 166; globalization and disruption, 144–46; localized modularization, 56, 59; “maker revolution,” 257, 279n 257
Marillion, 118
Martin, Roger, 222
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Lab, 48, 116
materials science, 92
Mayo Clinic, 218
McDonald’s, 4–5, 57, 201
McKinsey, 129, 203
McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), 80–81, 268n 77, 279n 255
Medtronic, 53–54, 62–63, 67, 68
Mekong River Commission, 146–47
Merck & Co, 44–45, 66, 132
meta-innovation, 14, 163, 248
Mexico, 152–53
microfinance institutions (MFIs), 238–41, 246–48, 278n 238, 278n 241
micromultinationals, 186, 252
Microport, 64
Microsoft, 124, 126
middle class: elites vs., 72, 74, 75; global, 12, 26, 51, 262; squeeze, 71–75, 77, 88, 262, 267n 71
Middle East, 83–84
Milanovic, Branko, 72–73
Mindray Medical, 64
Mirror Worlds (Gelernter), 202–3
mobile telephony, 50; Africa, 182, 189; China, 205, 209; crowdsourcing and, 115; Europe, 175, 194; Internet access and, 209; transformative power, 13–14, 22, 76, 69, 267n 69
Moore’s law, 95
Morse, Kenneth, 122
Musk, Elon, 188, 205–6, 252, 274n 186
Myers, Andrew, 44
Myhrvold, Nathan, 266n 33
Napoleon, 127
NASA, 132, 133, 205
National Endowment for Science, Technology, and the Arts, 135
Netflix, 131, 133, 202
Newell, Richard, 191, 274n 191
Newmark, Craig, 193–94
New Rules for a New Economy (Kelly), 95
Newsweek, 164
Newton, Sir Isaac, 127
New York City, 154
New Yorker, The, 79
Nightingale, Florence, 227
Nobel Prize, 129
Nokia, 115, 181, 209
Nooyi, Indra K., 27, 244
Nordhaus, William, 100
Normal Accidents (Perrow), 145
Novartis, 43, 118–19
Novogratz, Jacqueline, 222–25
nuclear science, 103
Obama, Barack, 71–72, 75, 132, 214–15, 267n 71
Oceania, 24
Omidyar, Pierre, 229, 238, 240
One Laptop per Child, 24
Only the Paranoid Survive (Grove), 212
Open Business Models (Chesbrough), 108
open innovation, 1–4, 5, 6, 11, 14, 106, 107–35, 194, 261; Booz analysis of R&D, 113–14; cognitive surplus and, 119–20, 121; corporations embracing, 108–20; crowdsourcing, 107, 108, 114–24; godfather, 108; IBM and, 111–12, 125; ideas “not invented here,” 134–35; incentive prizes, 2, 107, 108, 123–24, 126–34; intellectual property rights and, 123; Intuit and, 201–2; P&G and, 108–11, 125; patents and, 124; pitfalls, 121–22; skeptics and criticism, 122–24; talent and, 257–59
Open Innovation (Chesbrough), 108
Open Services Innovation (Chesbrough), 108
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 6, 77, 100, 172, 254–55, 268n 80, 274n 194
Orteig, Raymond, 128
Ouderkirk, Andrew, 207
Our Final Hour (Rees), 140
PACT, 23–25
Page, Larry, 197–98, 269n 96
Painter, Scott, 274n 186
Pakistan, 141
pandemic diseases, 13, 21, 22, 30
Parekh, Rajesh, 65
patents, 124, 130, 170, 176–77, 179, 266n 33
Payne, David, 43
PayPal, 205, 252
PepsiCo, 279n 258
Perrow, Charles, 145
Pfizer, 60, 132
pharmaceutical industry: antibiotic development and, 43–44; diagnostics, 46; generic and biosimilar drugs, 59–61; “knowledge turns” and, 214; misaligned incentives, 45–47; regulatory gap and, 209
Philanthrocapitalism (Bishop and Green), 237–38, 240
philanthrocapitalists, 17, 222–29, 251; metrics and, 223–24, 232–37; MFIs and, 238–41; profit motive, 238–41
Philips, 53, 64–65, 67
Pierson, Paul, 74
Pink, Dan, 233, 234, 277n 233
Pinker, Steven, 138
Polaroid, 9
Pomerantz, Roger, 44–45
Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 155
Porter, Michael E., 113, 242
Posner, Richard, 146
postindustrial revolution, 4, 8, 101, 119
Prahalad, C. K., 54–55, 115–16, 267n 57
Procter & Gamble (P&G), 108–11, 177; life cycle of consumer goods and, 207; open innovation, 109–111, 125; reverse innovation and, 210; social entrepreneurs and, 230
ProFounder, 247–48
Quora, 117–18
Ramadorai, S., 59
Rational Optimist, The (Ridley), 104
Rattner, Justin, 171
Raymond, Lee, 213
Reddy, Srinath, 41
Redefining Health Care (Porter and Teisberg), 242
Rees, Martin, 139–40, 146, 271n 139
Reich, Robert, 74
Reinert, Bill, 123
resource scarcity, 13, 26, 92
retail sector, 9–10, 22–25, 144, 203, 206–7
reverse innovation, 196, 208–11, 218, 276n 208
Ridley, Matt, 92–93, 104
Rio Tinto, 61
Rising Above the Gathering Storm (report), 164–65
risk, 6, 14, 15, 136–60, 198, 271n 143; cost of catastrophe, 141–42, 152–53; decentralization, crisis planning, and resilience, 150–58, 260–61; failure and, 6, 7, 15, 33–34, 198, 261; financial catastrophe, 136, 141, 143; globalization and, 142–46; government policy and, 148, 152–53; natural disasters, 136, 139–42, 147–48; planetary destruction, 139–40, 271n 139; prevention, prediction, and preparation for, 146–50; Steward Brand and, 155–60; systemic, 142–43; violence and, 138; world economy and, 137, 144–46
Rockefeller Foundation, 50, 149, 154
Rodin, Judith, 154
Romer, Paul, 85–86, 87
Rose, Trevor, 1–4, 14
Roubini, Nouriel, 141
Saffo, Paul, 105–6, 279n 105
Sakkab, Nabil, 109–10, 111
Salesforce.com, 211
Salzburg Global Seminar, 174–75
Sarkozy, Nicholas, 214–15
Savander, Niklas, 115
Saxenian, AnnaLee, 188, 274n 188
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 175
Schramm, Carl, 177
Schumpeter, Joseph, 16, 174, 175, 190, 252
Segal, Adam, 169, 182
Selco, 58
Shirky, Clay, 119, 121
Siemens, 205, 207
Silicon Valley, 59, 91, 94, 96, 123, 168, 183, 199, 266n 33; Boston’s Route 128 vs., 187–88, 274n 188; European emulation, 175–76, 179–81; immigrants and, 34–35, 185, 195’ secret of, 187–89, 192, 195
Simmons, David, 60
Simon, Julian, 92
Singapore, 11, 147, 174, 175, 176, 180
Singh, Shivinder, 53
singularity, 14–15, 93–98, 105
Singularity Is Near, The (Kurzweil), 93
Singularity University, 102
Sirkin, Hal, 125
Skoll, Jeff, 30, 229
Skoll Global Threats Fund, 30, 142
SKS Microfinance, 238, 239
Skype, 175–76
Slaughter, Louise, 39
Slovis, Jennifer, 216–17
smart systems (intelligent infrastructure), 148–50, 192, 202–4, 275n 194
Smith, Adam, 104
social entrepreneurs, 17, 28, 31–36, 218, 219–48; Denby, Behar, and PACT, 22–25, 252; Drayton and Ashoka, 226–28, 244; Embrace, 256; Jackley and Kiva/ProFounder, 246–48, 252; Kassalow and VisionSpring, 230–32; Novogratz and Acumen Fund, 222–25; P&G and, 230
social networking, 11, 48–49, 50, 76, 117, 119–20, 155
Solow, Robert, 84–85
Sony, 144
South Korea, 164, 174, 180–81
Soviet Union, 165, 178
space travel, 102, 103, 130, 205–6
SpaceX, 188, 205–6, 252
Stanford Research Institute, 183
Stanford University, biodesign laboratory, 53–54
Stavins, Robert, 245
Steiner, Achim, 140
Sun Microsystems, 34, 96, 113
SuperFreakonomics, 33
Surowiecki, james, 120
Swatch, 24
Swiss Re, 141, 152–53
Taiwan, 10, 59, 195
TaKaDu, 149
Taleb, Nassim, 145–46, 154
talent, 257–59, 279n 257
Tanzania, 223
Tapscott, Donald, 120
Tata, Ratan, 126
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), 59
Tata Group, 61, 126
technology, 9–10, 27–28, 35, 91–107, 199; disruptive, 10–11, 91, 93; economic growth and, 81–82, 84–86, 106; economic stagnation and, 76–77; improved standard of living and, 76, 83, 101, 104, 106, 137–39; “Internet of things,” 203; postbiological future, 92; rules for, 86–87, 88; techno-optimists, 12, 92–93, 94, 103; techno-pessimism, 82–83, 105; techno-spiritualists, 97; unintended dangers, 97; wicked problems and, 91–107. See also artificial intelligence; computers and computer technology
Tech Shop, 257
Tedlow, Richard, 212
Teisberg, Elizabeth Olmsted, 242
telecommunications equipment, 61
terrorism, 29, 30, 97, 140
Tesla Motors, 123, 188, 206, 252
Tetraphase, 44
Thailand, 48
Theravance, 43–44
They Made America (Evans), 188
Third World America (Huffington), 71
3 M, 202, 207
Time magazine, 93–94
Toyota, 123, 144, 198
tragedy of the commons, 21–22, 42, 47; pharmaceutical industry and, 45–47
Transcendent Man (film), 96
Transparency International, 237
Trauson, 64
Trelstad, Brian, 235
24/7 connectivity, 11, 25, 120, 144
2030 Water Resources Group, 100, 269n 100
Unicharm Corporations, 110
Unilever, 125, 209, 232
United Nations, 134; Environment Programme, 140; Foundation, 50
United States: aging population, 77–78; backlash in, 70, 73; carbon tax, 193; China as threat, 166, 169–74, 272n 166; economic inequity, 70, 72, 73; economic stagnation, 71, 75–79, 80, 82–83, 268n 77; economy, 4, 80–81, 84–86, 174; education, 81, 170, 163, 183, 184, 187, 189, 258–59, 262; emerging economies as threat, 13; entrepreneurship, 10, 176–78, 182, 252–53; financial crisis, 87–88, 143, 268n 87; frugal innovation, 63–67; government policy and innovation, 163, 178, 183–95; health care, 74–75, 80, 215–18, 242, 268n 80; immigration, 77, 163, 183–85, 187; improved standard of living, 137; industrial policy, 148, 190, 211; industrial revolution, 80; infrastructure/smart systems, 71, 154, 163, 183, 184, 192, 275n 194; innovative leadership and recommendations, 4, 163–74, 87, 88, 183–87, 192–95, 273n 184; innovator’s dilemma and, 10; intellectual property rights, 186, 187; Japan’s economic rise and, 166–67; middle class, 71–75, 77, 88, 262, 267n 71; new Sputnik movement, 163, 165, 169, 183; productivity in, 78, 82, 83; R&D investment, 172, 178, 184, 199, 273n 184; savings-and-loan crisis, 167; tax incentives for innovation, 184, 185–86, 187, 194
University of California, Berkeley, 108, 185
urbanization, 12, 25–26, 91, 142, 156–57
Ushahidi, 50, 152
Vandebroek, Sophie, 112
Varian, Hal, 86
venture capital, 33–35, 176, 179, 192, 223–25, 275n 200
Victorian age, 86, 105, 188, 268n 86
Vietnam, 153
Vinge, Vernor, 95
Viral Storm, The (Wolfe), 38
Virgin Galactic, 130
von Hippel, Eric, 116, 117
Wadhwa, Vivek, 169–70, 185, 273n 169
Wall Street (film), 220–21
Walmart, 10, 144, 203, 206–7
Walton, Sam, 206
Wang, 9, 187, 210, 211
Wasden, Christopher, 267n 63
Weigao, 62–63
Weinmann, Ulrich, 204
Welch, Jack, 220–22, 277n 220
West, Geoffrey, 26, 96, 265n 26
Wharton Business School, 202
Whole Earth Catalog, The (Brand), 155, 160
wicked (global) problems, 13, 21–50, 91–93, 260, 265n 16; antibiotic development, 42–45; antibiotic resistant bacteria, 38–42; capitalist solutions, 25–31, 219–48; global commons investing, 31–36; government policy, and, 254; misaligned incentives and, 45–47; nonprofit charities and, 224, 226; social entrepreneurs and, 22–25, 219–48; superbugs, 36–42, 47–50; tackling, 16, 91–107. See also risk
Wikinomics (Tapscott and Williams), 120
Wikipedia, 83, 94, 107, 118, 121, 234
Williams, Anthony D., 120
Winner-Take-All Politicas (Hacker and Pierson), 74
Wipro, 59, 210
Wired magazine, 95, 114
Wockhardt Hospital, Bangalore, 52
Wolfe, Nathan, 36, 38, 47–48, 49, 50
World Bank, 176, 180
World Economic Forum (WEF), 27, 143, 146, 258, 266n 27, 271n 143
world economy, 6, 8, 11, 12, 25, 26, 29, 73–74, 76, 101, 137, 177, 220; aging population and, 6, 77–79, 91, 258, 279n 258; elites vs. middle class, 13–14, 87; global commons investing, 31–36; globalization and Googlization of, 2, 6, 11, 24–25, 58, 69, 144–46, 199; global financial crisis, 72, 77, 87–88, 136, 141, 143; global middle class, 12, 26, 51, 262; Great Disruption, 69–70; improved standard of living and, 26, 137–39, 265n 26; inequity and wealth gap, 70, 72–73, 143, 267n 72; new rules for technology, 86–87; rising tide lifts all boats, 4, 167; turmoil in, 251–52; urbanization and, 12, 25–26. See also entrepreneurs; risk
World Health Organization (WHO), 41
World Trade Organization, 74, 143, 275n 194
Wyckoff, Andrew, 100
Xerox, 112, 187
PARC, 56, 112, 113, 199
X Prize Foundation, 102, 126, 253; Ansari X Prize, 126, 130; moon rover and, 206; oil spill clean up prize, 126; Progressive Automotive X Prize, 126, 198, 253
Yamada, Tachi, 133–34
Yock, Paul, 53–54
You Are Not a Gadget (Lanier), 121
Yucca Mountain project, 157–58
Yudkowsky, Eliezer, 96
Yunus, Muhammad, 238, 239, 240, 241
Zara, 175
Zhou Shengxian, 30
Zongshen, 56