Index

abandoned properties, 3, 82–86

accidents, motor vehicle, 53–55, 56

acid rain, 14–15, 47

advance recycling fee (ARF), 60

agricultural runoff, 124–125

air pollution, 2–4

carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, 4, 13–15, 21, 31

fine particulates, 68–72

mercury emissions, 4, 48–52, 70

nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, 4, 21, 47, 69, 73

power plant emissions, 47–52

reduction of, 68–72, 73–77

regional air management partnerships (RAMPs), 75–77

sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions, 4, 39, 47–52, 69–72, 73–75, 117

see also ozone

airsheds, 76–77

alternative energy sources. See renewable energy

alternative-fuel technologies, 23, 25

antibiotics, 110–113

ARF (advance recycling fee), 60

asthma attacks, 69, 142

atmospheric particulates, 3

carbon tax, 21

power plant emissions, 47–52

reduction of, 68–72, 73–77

automakers, 34–37

automobile insurance, 2, 6, 10, 53–56

automobiles. See vehicles

“bank account” approach, 108–109

batteries, recycling, 60

benefit-cost analyses (BCAs), 139–145

BES (Bureau of Environmental Statistics), 129–133

biomass, 28, 30, 116.See also renewable energy

bioterrorism, 87–91, 110–113

Bipartisan Presidential Commission on Food Safety Reform, 89–91

Black, Dan, 141

blackouts, 40–41, 58

bottle bill, 60

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), 87–90

Brandeis, Louis, 58

bridges, toll, 65

bronchitis, 140, 142, 143

brownfields, 3, 82–86

BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), 87–90

budget deficit, 2, 5, 19–22

Bureau of Environmental Statistics (BES), 129–133

Bush (George W.) Administration, 15, 49, 70–71

Byrd-Hagel Resolution S. 98, 105th Congress, 17

CAA (Clean Air Act), 4, 48–49, 70–72, 73–77, 140

CAFE program, 5, 34–37

CAIR (Clean Air Interstate Rule), 48–49

California, 16, 29, 38, 41–42, 58, 60, 65, 71

Canada, 18, 24, 60, 88

cap-and-trade policies

air quality, 73–74

BES (Bureau of Environmental Statistics), 130

climate change, 10, 12, 16

power plant emissions, 51

RPS provisions, 31

car accidents, 53–55, 56

car batteries, recycling, 60

car insurance, 2, 6, 10, 53–56

car manufacturers, 34–37

“Car Talk” (EPA advisory committee), 54

carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, 4, 13–15, 21, 31

carbon tax, 19–22, 31

carmakers, 34–37

carpools, 63–64

cars. See vehicles

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 87–88

CEAs (cost-effectiveness analyses), 139–145

Census of Marine Life (CoML), 115

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 87–88

CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) (1980), 78–81. See Superfund.

channel captains, 94

Chicago Climate Exchange, 12

chronic bronchitis, 140, 142, 143

Ciprofloxacin, 113

Clean Air Act (CAA), 4, 48–49, 70–72, 73–77, 140

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), 48–49

Clean Development Mechanism, 13

Clean Water Act (CWA), 5, 123–124, 127

Clear Skies, 70

climate change, 3, 5

causes, 48

reduction of, 9–13, 14–18

Climate Stewardship Act, 3, 14–15

Clinton Administration, 3, 16, 68, 71, 117

CO₂ emissions, 4, 13–15, 21, 31

coal, 2

carbon tax, 19–21

climate change, 13, 14

power plant emissions, 49–51

RPS provisions, 28, 30, 32

coastal wetlands, 114–115

CoML (Census of Marine Life), 115

commercial vehicles.See vehicles competitive markets, 39–40

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (1980), 78–81

Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act, 131

congested roadways, 53, 57–62, 63–67

Congressional Budget Office, 37, 80

Congressional Research Service, 80

Connecticut, 56

Consumer Price Index (CPI), 131–132

contamination

brownfields, 3, 4, 82–86

CERCLA, 78–81

food safety, 88, 92–94, 97, 137

controls, greenhouse gas, 9–13

cooperation, global, 10

Coral Reef Task Force, 117

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program, 5, 34–37

cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs), 139–145

credit trading, 35–37

crude oil. See oil

CWA (Clean Water Act), 5, 123–124, 127

dams, 28

deficit, budget, 2, 5, 19–22

Denmark, 112

Department of Agriculture (USDA), 4, 87–91, 93–98

Department of Commerce (DOC), 87, 131

Department of Energy (DOE), 13, 30–31, 33, 131

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 88–89

Department of Transportation (DOT), 61, 144

deregulation of electricity markets, 38–43

developing countries, 3, 13, 15–18

disclosure programs, 134–138

domestic automakers, 34–37

drug-resistant bacteria, 110–113

E. coli, 88, 94, 95

Earned Income Tax Credit, 22

ECHO (Enforcement and Compliance History On-line) database, 135–136

economic statistics, 129–133

ecosystem management, 101–105, 114–119, 133

EIA (Energy Information Administration), 30–31, 33, 131

electric power grid, 38–43

electric utilities, 10, 22, 29, 70, 109

electricity production

carbon tax, 21

competitive markets, 38–43

power plant emissions, 47–52

tradable credit systems, 28–31

electronics, recycling, 59–60

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know (EPCRA) Act of 1986, 134

emissions, greenhouse gas, 2, 5

carbon tax, 19–21

climate change, 9–13, 14–18

electricity production, 39

PAYD insurance, 53–56

reduction of, 47–48

emissions, power plant, 2, 4, 47–52

emissions caps, 14–18

emissions reductions, 73–77

emissions trading program, 14–17, 49, 76

EMS (Environmental Management Systems) approach, 101–105

Endangered Species Act, 103

energy conservation, 21, 23–25

Energy Information Administration (EIA), 30–31, 33, 131

Energy Policy Act (1992), 40

Energy Policy Act (S. 1766) (2002), 28–33

Energy Policy and Conservation Act (1975), 34

energy production, 23

Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) database, 135–136

Environmental Council of the States, 74

environmental information disclosure programs, 134–138

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) approach, 101–105

environmental pollution.See pollution

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

air quality, 73

brownfields, 83–85

CAA (Clean Air Act), 4, 48–49, 70–72, 73–77, 140

“Car Talk”, 54

CERCLA, 78–81

CWA (Clean Water Act), 5, 123–124, 127

fine particulates, 68–72

food safety, 87, 95

National Priorities List (NPL), 78

Office of Solid Waste, 61

Superfund program, 78–81

water quality, 123–127

environmental regulations, 139–145

environmental statistics, 129–133

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). See Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know) Act of 1986, 134

Escherichia coli, 88, 94, 95

European Union

ban on growth promoters, 112, 113

climate change, 10, 12, 18

energy tax, 22

road pricing, 65

SPR (Strategic Petroleum Reserve), 26

experimental federalism, 57–62

EZ-Pass, 67

Fastrak, 67

fatalities, traffic, 53, 56

FDA (Food and Drug Administration). See Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

federal budget deficit, 2, 5, 19–22

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 38, 40–42

Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) authority, 76

federal spending, 19–20

federalism, experimental, 57–62

federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs), 107

feedstock, 22

FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission), 38, 40–42

FFRDCs (federally funded research and development centers), 107

fine particulates, 3

carbon tax, 21

power plant emissions, 47–52

reduction of, 68–72, 73–77

FIP (Federal Implementation Plan) authority, 76

fishery management, 6, 114–119

fishing industry, 87, 88, 90, 93, 114–119

Florida, 65

fluoroquinolones, 113

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

antibiotics, 110, 113

food safety, 87–88, 93, 96, 97

Model Food Code, 96

food industry, 87–90, 92–97, 112, 114–119

food safety, 2

FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 87–88, 93, 96, 97

Food Standards Agency (UK), 89

foodborne pathogens, 4, 93–98, 110–112

FSIS (Food Safety Inspection Service), 93, 96

FSOs (food safety objectives), 94–95

modernization, 87–91

performance standards, 87, 90, 92–98

Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS), 93, 96

food safety objectives (FSOs), 94–95

Food Standards Agency (UK), 89

foodborne pathogens, 4, 93–98, 110–112

foreign automakers, 34–37

forest planning, 101–105

fossil fuels

carbon tax, 19–21

climate change, 15

reduction of use, 28–31, 39–40

FSIS (Food Safety Inspection Service), 93, 96

FSOs (food safety objectives), 94–95

fuel economy

automakers, 34–37

CAFE program, 5, 34–37

PAYD insurance, 53–56

taxes, 21, 25–26, 64

fuels, transportation, 12

FutureGen program, 15

GAO. See General Accounting Office (GAO)

gas mileage

automakers, 34–37

CAFE program, 5, 34–37

PAYD insurance, 53–56

taxes, 21, 25–26, 64

GDP. See gross domestic product (GDP)

General Accounting Office (GAO)

brownfields, 82

CERCLA, 80

food safety, 87, 89, 92, 93

water quality, 125

generators, electrical power

carbon tax, 21

competitive markets, 38–43

power plant emissions, 47–52

tradable credit systems, 28–31

global cooperation, 10

global positioning systems (GPS), 55–56, 67

global warming, 3, 5

causes, 48

reduction of, 9–13, 14–18

Golan, Elise, 98

GPS (global positioning systems), 55–56, 67

greenhouse gas emissions, 2, 5

carbon tax, 19–21

climate change, 9–13, 14–18

electricity production, 39

PAYD insurance, 53–56

reduction of, 47–48

grid, electric power, 38–43

gross domestic product (GDP)

BES (Bureau of Environmental Statistics), 129–132

commercial fisheries, 114

electricity sector, 39

oil industry, 23–26

groundwater contamination, 84, 124

growth promotion of livestock, 110–113

Gulf hypoxia, 125

habitat, wildlife, 101–105, 106, 114–118, 126

HACCP (Hazards Analysis and Critical Control Point) plans, 89–90, 93–94, 96

hazardous waste cleanup, 6, 78–81

Hazards Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plans, 89–90, 93–94, 96

health, public, 4

antibiotics, 110–113

brownfields, 82

CEA (cost-effectiveness analyses), 139–144

CERCLA, 78–81

fine particulates, 68–72

food safety, 87–91, 92–98

power plant emissions, 47, 52

Superfund program, 78–81

health benefits, 139–144

Heavy Duty Engine/Diesel Fuel Rule, 140, 142, 144

high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes), 6, 59, 63–66

highway deaths, 53, 56

highways, 66

homeland security, 19, 87–91, 110–113, 135–137

HOT lanes, 59, 63–66

hot spots, 130

House bill H.R. 3550, 65–66

household waste, recycling, 59

HOV lanes, 6, 59, 63–66

Humphrey, Sen. Hubert, 102–103

hybrid vehicles. See vehicles

hydrocarbons, 21

hydrogen economy, 13

hydropower, 28, 51

IAQR (Interstate Air Quality Rule), 71, 73

IFQs (individual fishing quotas), 117

illness, foodborne, 4, 87–91, 92–98

“incentive-compatible” institutional design, 106–109

income tax reductions, 19, 22, 26

individual fishing quotas (IFQs), 117

industrial revolution, 17

infectious diseases, 110–113

information disclosure programs, 134–138

insurance, automobile, 2, 6, 10, 53–56

interagency initiatives, 71, 113, 123, 127, 140

Interstate Air Quality Rule (IAQR), 71, 73

interstate highways, 66

Japan, 18, 26, 89

juice processing plants, 89–90, 93

Kennedy, Sen. Edward M., 113

Kyoto Protocol, 9, 11, 18

Land Revitalization Agenda, 84

least developed countries, 3, 13, 15–18

Lieberman, Sen. Joseph, 3, 5, 14–15

light-duty trucks. See vehicles

livestock, 110–113

load-serving entities (LSEs), 40–42

Low Income Heating Assistance Program, 22

lower-carbon content fuels, 22

low-income households, 22, 65–66, 96–97, 112

LSEs (load-serving entities), 40–42

mad cow disease, 87–90

marine protected areas (MPAs), 117

marine resources, 114–119

Maryland, 30, 56

Massachusetts, 58

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 15

McCain, Sen. John, 3, 5, 14–15

McCain-Lieberman proposal, 3, 14–15

McDonald’s, 94, 96

meat industry, 87–90, 92–97, 112

Medicaid, 110, 111, 143

Medicare, 19, 110, 111, 143

medicine, 110–113

mercury emissions, 4, 48–52, 70

metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), 61, 66

Mexican spotted owl, 103

Middle East, 23–25

mileage-based insurance, 53–56

minivans. See vehicles

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 15

Model Food Code (FDA), 96

monopolies, 39, 41

Montreal Protocol, 11

motor oil recycling, 60–61

motor vehicle accidents, 53–55, 56

motor vehicles. See vehicles

MPAs (marine protected areas), 117

MPOs (metropolitan planning organizations), 61, 66

Multiple-Use Sustained Yield (MUSY) Act of 1960, 102

NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards), 68–72, 73–77

NAS (National Academy of Sciences), 34–35, 62, 87–89, 92–94, 125

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 3, 4, 106–109, 127

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 34–35, 62, 87–89, 92–94, 125

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 3, 4, 106–109, 127

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 68–72, 73–77

National Electronics Product Stewardship Initiative, 60

National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976, 102

National Forest System (NFS), 101–103

national forests, 2, 101–105

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 34–35

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 87, 114–115

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 115

national parks, 65

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, 127

National Priorities List (NPL), 78

National Research Council (NRC), 62, 125

National Science Foundation (NSF), 127, 137

National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, 124

natural gases, 20, 21

NAWQA (National Water-Quality Assessment) program, 124

NERC (North American Energy Reliability Council), 41

New Jersey, 30, 65, 84

New York, 58, 65, 84

New Zealand, 117

NFMA (National Forest Management Act) of 1976, 102

NFS (National Forest System), 101–103

NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 136

NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), 34–35

nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, 4, 21, 47, 69, 73

NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service), 87, 114–115

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 115

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 136

non-industrialized countries, 3, 13, 15–18

North American Energy Reliability Council (NERC), 41

NO_x emissions, 4, 21, 47, 69, 73

NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) program, 127

NPL (National Priorities List), 78

NRC (National Research Council), 62, 125

NSF (National Science Foundation), 127, 137

Ocean Project, 115

oceans, zoning, 114–119

odometer inspections, 55

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 5, 139–140, 144

oil

CAFE program, 35

dependency, 23–25

greenhouse gases, 14

motor oil recycling, 60–61

OPEC, 24–26

PAYD insurance, 53

petroleum sites, 86

prices, 25–27

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), 23, 26–27

supply, 2, 34

taxes, 25–26

zones, 118

OMB (Office of Management and Budget), 5, 139–140, 144

One Cleanup Program, 84

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 24–26

open spaces, 82–86

Oregon, 56, 58

Organic Act of 1897, 102

OTAG (Ozone Transport Assessment Group), 74

OTC (Ozone Transport Commission), 16, 74–76

overfishing, 115.See also fishing industry

owl, spotted, 103

ozone, 4

pollution, 47–48, 68–72, 73–74

reduction of, 11, 140

Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG), 74

Ozone Transport Commission (OTC), 16, 74–76

particulates, atmospheric, 3

carbon tax, 21

power plant emissions, 47–52

reduction of, 68–72, 73–77

passenger cars. See vehicles

pathogens, 4, 93–98, 110–113

pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) insurance, 53–56

pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) pricing, 61

pay-at-the-pump (PATP) insurance, 54

performance standards, 87, 90, 92–98

petroleum. See oil

Pew Oceans Commission, 115

pharmaceutical industry, 110–113

PM_2.5. See fine particulates

policy auction, 6, 57, 62

pollution

air pollution, 2–4, 68–72, 73–77, 130

from electricity production, 28

power plant emissions, 47–52

regional air management partnerships (RAMPs), 75–77

water quality, 84, 123–128

see also fine particulates; ozone

poultry industry, 87–90, 92–97

power generation

carbon tax, 21

competitive markets, 38–43

power plant emissions, 47–52

tradable credit systems, 28–31

power grid, 38–43

power outages, 40–41, 58

power plant emissions, 47–52

Preservation of Antibiotics for Human Treatment Act of 2002, 113

President’s Commission on Moon, Mars and Beyond, 107

privacy issues, 56, 66, 131–132, 134, 137

product stewardship, 57, 59, 60

production tax credits (PTCs), 32

Progressive Insurance Company, 56

properties, abandoned, 3, 82–86

property values, 83

PTCs (production tax credits), 32

public awareness, 123–128

public health, 4

antibiotics, 110–113

brownfields, 82

CEA (cost-effectiveness analyses), 139–144

CERCLA, 78–81

fine particulates, 68–72

food safety, 87–91, 92–98

power plant emissions, 47, 52

Superfund program, 78–81

Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) (1978), 40

quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), 143–144

RAMPs (regional air management partnerships), 75–77

Reason Foundation, 66

RECLAIM markets, 16

recreation, 102–103, 114–115, 118, 125, 126

recycling, 6, 57–62

redevelopment of brownfields, 82–86

Reed, Sen. Jack, 113

regional air management partnerships (RAMPs), 75–77

regional transmission organizations (RTOs), 30, 38–43

regulation of electricity markets, 38–43

regulations, environmental, 139–145

remote sensing, 128

renewable energy, 5

carbon tax, 21

electricity production, 39–40

power plant emissions, 49

RPS provisions, 28–33

Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), 28–33

research and development

climate change, 13–16

funding for, 23, 25

power plant emissions, 49–50

space program, 107

water quality, 123, 127–128

resistance to antibiotics, 110–113

Resources for the Future (RFF), 15, 31, 49, 70, 74, 80, 117

Resources Planning Act (RPA) of 1973, 102

responsible parties, 79–80

“right to know” policies, 134–138

rights-based approaches, 117

road congestion, 53, 57–62, 63–67

road tolls, 6, 59, 63–67

roadless area initiative, 103

road-pricing initiatives, 63–67

RPA (Resources Planning Act) of 1973, 102

RPS provisions, 28–33

RTOs (regional transmission organizations), 30, 38–43

runoff, 85, 124–125

salmonella, 93, 96

sea turtles, 116

seafood industry, 87, 88, 90, 93, 114–119

September 11, 136–138

single-occupant vehicles, 64

SIPs (state implementation plans), 72, 73–77

Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act (2002), 83

smog, 68–72

solid waste, 59–61

space program, 106–109

sport utility vehicles. See vehicles

spotted owl, 103

SPR (Strategic Petroleum Reserve), 23–27

Staphylococcus aureus, 110

state implementation plans (SIPs), 72, 73–77

state policies, 5, 32, 62

statistics, environmental, 129–133

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), 23–27

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 110

sulfates. See sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions

sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions, 4, 117

power plant emissions, 39, 47–52

reduction of, 69–72, 73–75

“superbugs”, 110

Superfund program, 78–81.See CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) (1980)

SUVs. See vehicles

Sweden, 113

tax incentives

brownfield projects, 84–86

Earned Income Tax Credit, 22

mileage-based insurance, 53–56

PTCs (production tax credits), 32

tax-and-subsidy policies, 60–61

taxes

carbon tax, 19–22, 31

fuel economy, 21, 25–26, 64

TEA-21 (Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century), 65–66

technology, research and development, 13, 14–15, 49, 107, 123

telecommunications industry, 39, 109

terrorism, 87–91, 110–113, 135, 137

Texas, 29–30, 56, 58, 63

Third Word countries, 3, 13, 15–18

Tier II Emissions Standards, 140, 144

timber production, 101–105

TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Load) program, 124, 130

toll roads, 6, 59, 63–67

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program, 124, 130

toxic waste cleanup, 6, 78–81

Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), 134–135, 137

tradable credits, 35–37

traffic accidents, 53–55, 56

traffic congestion, 53, 57–62, 63–67

traffic deaths, 53, 56

Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), 65–66

transportation fuels, 12

Transportation Research Board, 62

TRI (Toxics Release Inventory), 134–135, 137

truck manufacturers, 34–37

trucks. See vehicles

turnpikes, 6, 59, 63–67

turtles, sea, 116

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992), 9, 17

underused properties, 3, 82–86

United Kingdom, 10, 12, 89

USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), 4, 87–91, 93–98

USGS (U.S. Geological Survey), 124, 127

utilities, electric, 10, 22, 29, 70, 109

value of a statistical life (VSL), 141, 144

Value Pricing Pilot Program (VPPP), 66

vehicles, 21, 34–37, 70

volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 69–72

Washington (state), 88

Washington DC, 106

Water Office (EPA), 125

water quality, 84, 123–128

wildlife habitat, 101–105, 106, 114–118, 126

wind power, 21, 28, 30. See also renewable energy

Wisconsin, 30, 32, 85

working poor, 22, 65–66, 96–97, 112

World Health Organization (WHO), 113

Wyoming, 32, 58

zero-based budgeting, 78, 81

zero-emissions coal plant, 13

zonal management system, 114–119