You can create a reference to an existing variable or subroutine by prefixing it with a backslash:

$a = "fondue";
@alist = ("pitt", "hanks", "cage", "cruise");
%song = ("mother" => "crying", "brother" => "dying");
sub freaky_friday { s/mother/daughter/ }
# Create references
$ra = $a;
$ralist = @alist;
$rsong = \%song;
$rsub = &freaky_friday; # '&' required for subroutine names

References to scalar constants are created similarly:

$pi = 3.14159;
$myname = "Charlie";

Note that all references are prefixed by a $, even if they refer to an array or hash. All references are scalars; thus, you can copy a reference to another scalar or even reference another reference:

$aref = @names;
$bref = $aref;            # Both refer to @names
$cref = $aref;           # $cref is a reference to $aref

Because arrays and hashes are collections of scalars, you can create references to individual elements by prefixing their names with backslashes:

$star = $alist[2];       # Refers to third element of @alist
$action = $song{mother}; # Refers to the 'mother' value of %song