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by Stephen Spainhour, Ellen Siever, Nathan Patwardhan
Perl in a Nutshell, 2nd Edition
Perl in a Nutshell, 2nd Edition
Preface
How This Book Is Organized
Conventions in This Book
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments for the First Edition
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition
I. Getting Started
1. Introduction to Perl
1.1. What’s Perl Good For?
1.2. Perl Development
1.3. Which Platforms Support Perl?
1.4. Perl Resources
1.4.1. The comp.lang.perl.* Newsgroups
1.4.2. Frequently Asked Questions Lists (FAQs)
1.4.3. Mailing Lists
1.4.4. CPAN
1.4.5. www.perl.com
1.4.6. Perl Mongers ()
1.4.7. The Perl Journal
1.4.8. Perl Conferences
1.4.9. Books
2. Installing Perl
2.1. The CPAN Architecture
2.2. How Is CPAN Organized?
2.3. Installing Perl
2.3.1. Installing on Unix
2.3.1.1. Perl examples
2.3.1.2. Patches
2.3.2. Installing on Win32
2.3.2.1. ActivePerl
2.3.2.2. Standard Perl distribution
2.4. Getting and Installing Modules
2.4.1. Locating Modules
2.4.2. Module Installation
2.4.3. Installing Modules with ActiveState Perl
2.4.3.1. Using MakeMaker
2.4.3.2. Using the Perl Package Manager
2.4.4. Installing Modules with the CPAN Module
?
!
a
autobundle
b
clean
d
force
h
i
install
look
m
make
o
q
r
readme
recompile
reload
test
u
2.5. Documentation
2.5.1. Installing the Documentation
2.5.2. The Perl Manpages
II. Language Basics
3. The Perl Executable
3.1. Command Processing
3.2. Command-Line Options
3.3. Environment Variables
3.4. The Perl Compiler
3.5. Threads
4. The Perl Language
4.1. Program Structure
4.2. Data Types and Variables
4.2.1. Numbers
4.2.2. String Interpolation
4.2.3. Here Documents
4.2.4. Lists
4.2.5. Variables
4.2.5.1. Arrays
4.2.5.2. Hashes
4.2.6. Scalar and List Contexts
4.2.7. Declarations and Scope
4.3. Statements
4.3.1. Conditionals and Loops
4.3.1.1. while loops
4.3.1.2. for loops
4.3.1.3. foreach loops
4.3.1.4. Modifiers
4.3.1.5. Loop control
4.3.1.6. goto
4.4. Special Variables
4.4.1. Global Special Variables
4.4.2. Global Special Arrays and Hashes
4.4.3. Global Special Filehandles
4.4.4. Global Special Constants
4.4.5. Regular Expression Special Variables
4.4.6. Filehandle Special Variables
4.5. Operators
4.5.1. The Arrow Operator
4.5.2. Unary Operators
4.5.3. Arithmetic Operators
4.5.4. Comparison Operators
4.5.4.1. Relational operators
4.5.4.2. Equality operators
4.5.5. Autoincrement and Autodecrement
4.5.6. Assignment Operators
4.5.7. Pattern Match Operators
4.5.8. File Test Operators
4.5.9. Logical Operators
4.5.10. Bitwise Operators
4.5.11. Miscellaneous Operators
4.5.11.1. Range operator
4.5.11.2. Conditional operator
4.5.11.3. Comma operator
4.5.11.4. String operator
4.6. Regular Expressions
4.6.1. Pattern-Matching Operators
4.6.2. Regular Expression Syntax
4.6.3. Escaped Sequences
4.6.4. Character Classes
4.6.5. Anchors
4.6.6. Quantifiers
4.6.7. Pattern Match Variables
4.6.8. Extended Regular Expressions
4.7. Subroutines
4.7.1. Calling Subroutines
4.7.2. Passing Arguments
4.7.3. Passing References
4.7.4. Private and Local Variables
4.7.5. Prototypes
4.8. References and Complex Data Structures
4.8.1. Creating References
4.8.1.1. Referencing anonymous data
4.8.2. Dereferencing
4.8.2.1. Arrow dereferencing
4.9. Filehandles
4.9.1. Perl 5.8 and PerlIO
4.10. Signals
4.11. Unicode
4.12. Formats
4.13. Pod
4.13.1. Paragraph Tags
=back
=begin
=cut
=end
=for
=head1
=head2
=item
=over
=pod
4.13.2. Interior Sequences
4.13.3. Pod Utilities
perldoc
pod2fm
pod2html
pod2latex
pod2man
pod2text
5. Function Reference
5.1. Perl Functions by Category
abs
abs
accept
accept
alarm
alarm
atan2
atan2
bind
bind
binmode
binmode
bless
bless
caller
caller
chdir
chdir
chmod
chmod
chomp
chomp
chop
chop
chown
chown
chr
chr
chroot
chroot
close
close
closedir
closedir
connect
connect
cos
cos
crypt
crypt
dbmclose
dbmclose
dbmopen
dbmopen
defined
defined
delete
delete
die
die
do
do
dump
dump
each
each
endgrent
endgrent
endhostent
endhostent
endnetent
endnetent
endprotoent
endprotoent
endpwent
endpwent
endservent
endservent
eof
eof
eval
eval
exec
exec
exists
exists
exit
exit
exp
exp
fcntl
fcntl
fileno
fileno
flock
flock
fork
fork
formline
formline
getc
getc
getgrent
getgrent
getgrgid
getgrgid
getgrnam
getgrnam
gethostbyaddr
gethostbyaddr
gethostbyname
gethostbyname
gethostent
gethostent
getlogin
getlogin
getnetbyaddr
getnetbyaddr
getnetbyname
getnetbyname
getnetent
getnetent
getpeername
getpeername
getpgrp
getpgrp
getppid
getppid
getpriority
getpriority
getprotobyname
getprotobyname
getprotobynumber
getprotobynumber
getprotoent
getprotoent
getpwent
getpwent
getpwnam
getpwnam
getpwuid
getpwuid
getservbyname
getservbyname
getservbyport
getservbyport
getservent
getservent
getsockname
getsockname
getsockopt
getsockopt
glob
glob
gmtime
gmtime
goto
goto
grep
grep
hex
hex
index
index
int
int
ioctl
ioctl
join
join
keys
keys
kill
kill
last
last
lc
lc
lcfirst
lcfirst
length
length
link
link
listen
listen
local
local
localtime
localtime
log
log
lstat
lstat
map
map
mkdir
mkdir
msgctl
msgctl
msgget
msgget
msgrcv
msgrcv
msgsnd
msgsnd
my
my
next
next
no
no
oct
oct
open
open
opendir
opendir
ord
ord
our
our
pack
pack
package
package
pipe
pipe
pop
pop
pos
pos
print
print
printf
printf
prototype
prototype
push
push
q/string/
q/string/
quotemeta
quotemeta
rand
rand
read
read
readdir
readdir
readline
readline
readlink
readlink
readpipe
readpipe
recv
recv
redo
redo
ref
ref
rename
rename
require
require
reset
reset
return
return
reverse
reverse
rewinddir
rewinddir
rindex
rindex
rmdir
rmdir
scalar
scalar
seek
seek
seekdir
seekdir
select
select
select
select
semctl
semctl
semget
semget
semop
semop
send
send
sethostent
sethostent
setgrent
setgrent
setnetent
setnetent
setpgrp
setpgrp
setpriority
setpriority
setprotoent
setprotoent
setpwent
setpwent
setservent
setservent
setsockopt
setsockopt
shift
shift
shmctl
shmctl
shmget
shmget
shmread
shmread
shmwrite
shmwrite
shutdown
shutdown
sin
sin
sleep
sleep
socket
socket
socketpair
socketpair
sort
sort
splice
splice
split
split
sprintf
sprintf
sqrt
sqrt
srand
srand
stat
stat
study
study
sub
sub
substr
substr
symlink
symlink
syscall
syscall
sysopen
sysopen
sysread
sysread
sysseek
sysseek
system
system
syswrite
syswrite
tell
tell
telldir
telldir
tie
tie
tied
tied
time
time
times
times
truncate
truncate
uc
uc
ucfirst
ucfirst
umask
umask
undef
undef
unlink
unlink
unpack
unpack
unshift
unshift
untie
untie
use
use
utime
utime
values
values
vec
vec
wait
wait
waitpid
waitpid
wantarray
wantarray
warn
warn
write
write
6. Debugging
6.1. The Perl Debugger
6.2. Debugger Commands
-
.
/ pattern /
? pattern ?
<
<<
<CR>
>
>>
{
{{
!
!
!
!!
|
||
=
A
a
b
b
b
b
b
c
command
D
d
f
H
h
L
l
m
m
n
O
p
q
R
r
S
s
T
t
t
v
V
w
X
x
6.3. Using the Debugger
6.4. Customizing the Debugger
6.5. The Perl Profiler
6.6. The perlbug Program
III. Modules
7. Packages, Modules, and Objects
7.1. Namespaces and Packages
7.2. Modules
7.3. Object-Oriented Perl
7.4. Object Syntax
8. Standard Modules
8.1. AnyDBM_File
8.2. Attribute::Handlers
8.3. attributes
8.4. attrs
8.5. AutoLoader
8.6. AutoSplit
autosplit
autosplit_lib_modules
8.7. autouse
8.8. B
8.9. B::Asmdata
8.10. B::Assembler
8.11. B::Bblock
8.12. B::Bytecode
8.13. B::C
8.14. B::CC
8.15. B::Concise
8.16. B::Debug
8.17. B::Deparse
8.18. B::Disassembler
8.19. B::Lint
8.20. B::Showlex
8.21. B::Stackobj
8.22. B::Terse
8.23. B::Xref
8.24. base
8.25. Benchmark
new
clearallcache
clearcache
debug
disablecache
enablecache
timediff
timeit
timestr
timethese
timethis
8.26. bigint
8.27. bignum
8.28. bigrat
8.29. blib
8.30. bytes
8.31. ByteLoader
8.32. Carp
carp
cluck
confess
croak
8.33. CGI
8.34. CGI::Apache
8.35. CGI::Carp
carpout
fatalsToBrowser
8.36. CGI::Cookie
new
as_string
domain
expires
fetch
name
parse
path
raw_fetch
value
8.37. CGI::Fast
8.38. CGI::Pretty
8.39. CGI::Push
do_push
8.40. CGI::Switch
8.41. charnames
8.42. Class::ISA
self_and_super_path
self_and_super_versions
super_path
8.43. Class::Struct
struct
8.44. Config
config_sh
config_vars
myconfig
8.45. constant
8.46. CPAN
8.46.1. Session and Cache Managers
8.46.2. Bundles
8.46.3. Configuration
8.46.4. CD-ROM Support
8.47. CPAN::FirstTime
8.48. CPAN::Nox
8.49. Cwd
cwd
fastcwd
getcwd
8.50. Data::Dumper
new
Dump
Dumper
DumperX
Dumpxs
Reset
Seen
Values
8.51. DB
8.51.1. API Methods
8.51.2. Client Callback Methods
8.52. DB_File
del
fd
get
put
seq
sync
8.53. Devel::DProf
8.54. Devel::PPPort
8.55. Devel::SelfStubber
stub
8.56. diagnostics
8.56.1. Options
8.57. Digest
reset
add
addfile
b64digest
digest
hexdigest
8.58. Digest::MD5
new
reset
add
addfile
b64digest
digest
hexdigest
md5
md5_base64
md5_hex
8.59. DirHandle
new
close
open
read
rewind
8.60. Dumpvalue
8.61. DynaLoader
8.61.1. Using DynaLoader
8.61.2. Extending to New Architectures
bootstrap
dl_error
dl_expandspec
dl_findfile
dl_find_symbol
dl_install_xsub
dl_load_file
dl_undef_symbols
8.62. encoding
8.63. English
8.64. Env
8.65. Errno
8.66. Exporter
export_fail
export_ok_tags
export_tags
export_to_level
import
require_version
8.67. ExtUtils::Command
cat
chmod
cp
eqtime
mkpath
mv
rm_f
rm_rf
test_f
touch
8.68. ExtUtils::Command::MM
8.69. ExtUtils::Constant
assign
autoload
C_constant
constant_types
C_stringify
dump_names
memEQ_clause
params
perl_stringify
return_clause
switch_clause
XS_constant
8.70. ExtUtils::Embed
ccdlflags
ccflags
ccopts
ldopts
perl_inc
xsi_body
xsi_header
xsinit
xsi_protos
8.71. ExtUtils::Install
install
install_default
pm_to_blib
uninstall
8.72. ExtUtils::Installed
new
directories
directory_tree
files
modules
packlist
validate
version
8.73. ExtUtils::Liblist
8.74. ExtUtils::MakeMaker
8.75. ExtUtils::Manifest
filecheck
fullcheck
manicheck
manicopy
manifind
maniread
mkmanifest
skipcheck
8.76. ExtUtils::Miniperl
writemain
8.77. ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap
8.78. ExtUtils::Mksymlists
Mksymlists
8.79. ExtUtils::MM
8.80. ExtUtils::MM_Any
8.81. ExtUtils::MM_BeOS
8.82. ExtUtils::MM_DOS
8.83. ExtUtils::MM_NW5
8.84. ExtUtils::MM_OS2
8.85. ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Reference Section
catdir
Reference Section
catfile
Reference Section
dir_target
Reference Section
file_name_is_absolute
Reference Section
find_perl
Reference Section
guess_name
Reference Section
has_link_code
Reference Section
libscan
Reference Section
lsdir
Reference Section
maybe_command
Reference Section
maybe_command_in_dirs
Reference Section
needs_linking
Reference Section
nicetext
Reference Section
path
Reference Section
perl_script
Reference Section
prefixify
Reference Section
replace_manpage_separator
8.85.1. Methods to Produce the Makefile
8.86. ExtUtils::MM_UWIN
8.87. ExtUtils::MM_VMS
8.88. ExtUtils::MM_Win32
catfile
constants
dynamic_bs
dynamic_lib
canonpath
dist_ci
dist_core
manifypods
pasthru
perl_script
pm_to_blib
static_lib
test_via_harness
tool_autosplit
tools_other
top_targets
xs_o
8.89. ExtUtils::MY
8.90. ExtUtils::Packlist
new
packlist_file
read
validate
write
8.91. ExtUtils::testlib
8.92. Fatal
import
8.93. Fcntl
8.94. fields
8.95. File::Basename
basename
dirname
fileparse
fileparse_set_fstype
8.96. File::CheckTree
8.97. File::Compare
cmp
compare
8.98. File::Copy
copy
cp
move
mv
8.99. File::DosGlob
8.100. File::Find
find
finddepth
8.101. File::Path
mkpath
rmtree
8.102. File::Spec
8.103. File::Spec::Cygwin
8.104. File::Spec::Mac
canonpath
catdir
catfile
curdir
file_name_is_absolute
path
rootdir
updir
8.105. File::Spec::OS2
8.106. File::Spec::Unix
canonpath
catdir
catfile
curdir
file_name_is_absolute
join
no_upwards
path
rootdir
updir
8.107. File::Spec::VMS
catdir
catfile
curdir
file_name_is_absolute
path
rootdir
updir
8.108. File::Spec::Win32
canonpath
catfile
8.109. File::stat
lstat
stat
8.110. File::Temp
8.111. FileCache
cacheout
8.112. FileHandle
new
new_from_fd
fdopen
getpos
open
setpos
setvbuf
8.113. Filter::Simple
8.114. Filter::Util::Call
filter
filter_add
filter_del
filter_read
filter_read_exact
import
8.115. FindBin
8.116. GDBM_File
8.117. Getopt::Long
config
GetOptions
8.118. Getopt::Std
getopt
getopts
8.119. Hash::Util
8.120. I18N::Collate
8.121. I18N::Langinfo
langinfo
8.122. I18N::LangTags
alternate_language_tags
encode_language_tag
extract_language_tags
is_dialect_of
is_language_tag
locale2language_tag
same_language_tag
similarity_language_tag
super_languages
8.123. I18N::LangTags::List
8.124. if
8.125. integer
8.126. IO
8.127. IO::File
new
new_tmpfile
open
8.128. IO::Handle
new
new_from_fd
clearerr
error
fdopen
flush
getline
getlines
opened
ungetc
untaint
write
8.129. IO::Pipe
new
handles
reader
writer
8.130. IO::Seekable
seek
tell
8.131. IO::Select
new
add
bits
can_read
can_write
count
exists
handles
has_error
remove
select
8.132. IO::Socket
8.133. IPC::Msg
new
id
rcv
remove
set
snd
stat
8.134. IPC::Open2
open2
8.135. IPC::Open3
8.136. IPC::Semaphore
new
getall
getncnt
getpid
getval
getzcnt
id
op
remove
set
setall
setval
stat
8.137. IPC::SysV
ftok
8.138. less
8.139. lib
8.140. List::Util
first
max
maxstr
min
minstr
reduce
shuffle
sum
8.141. locale
8.142. Math::BigFloat
new
fabs
fadd
fcmp
fdiv
ffround
fmul
fneg
fnorm
fround
fsqrt
fsub
8.143. Math::BigInt
new
babs
badd
bcmp
bdiv
bgcd
bmod
bmul
bneg
bnorm
bsub
8.144. Math::BigInt::Calc
8.145. Math::BigRat
new
denominator
numerator
parts
8.146. Math::Complex
emake
display_format
make
8.147. Math::Trig
8.148. MIME::Base64
decode_base64
encode_base64
8.149. MIME::QuotedPrint
decode_qp
encode_qp
8.150. NDBM_File
8.151. Net::Cmd
code
dataend
datasend
debug
message
ok
status
command
debug_print
debug_text
getline
parse_response
read_until_dot
response
tied_fh
ungetline
unsupported
8.152. Net::Config
requires_firewall
8.153. Net::Domain
hostdomain
hostfqdn
hostname
8.154. Net::FTP
8.155. Net::hostent
gethost
gethostbyaddr
gethostbyname
8.156. Net::netent
getnet
getnetbyaddr
getnetbyname
8.157. Net::Netrc
8.158. Net::NNTP
8.159. Net::Ping
new
close
ping
pingecho
8.160. Net::POP3
8.161. Net::protoent
getproto
getprotobyname
getprotobynumber
getprotoent
8.162. Net::servent
getserv
getservbyname
getservbyport
getservent
8.163. Net::SMTP
8.164. Net::Time
inet_daytime
8.165. O
8.166. ODBM_File
8.167. Opcode
8.167.1. Functions
define_optag
empty_opset
full_opset
invert_opset
opcodes
opdesc
opdump
opmask
opmask_add
opset
opset_to_hex
opset_to_ops
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ReadParse
Name
raw_cookie
Synopsis
raw_cookie( )
Returns the value of the HTTP_COOKIE header.
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