INDEX
abandonment
candidates, and MBO, 86
inability, and non-performance, 162–164
adversary relations, Japan, 176
Alliance for Progress, 68
allocation of resources, and MBO, 88
Altmeyer, Arthur, 161
Aluminium Corporation of Canada, 71
American Medical Association, 110
American Power Co., 23
Andean Pact, 72
animal painting, Japan, 185
anticipating, and planning technology, 40–43
antitrust bias, and science, 147–149
Aquinas, Thomas, 202
Argyris, Chris, 102
art. See Japan
assembly line, beginnings, 101–102
automation, social impacts, 52–54
automobile industry
unions, U.S. versus Japan, 176–177
Autumnal Ivy Leaves with Bamboo (Kōrin), 187
Bacon, Francis, 152
banking, productivity increase, 9
benefits, and part-time older workers, 134–135
Bethlehem Steel Corp., 100
birth control, and environment, 34
blacks, on boards of directors, 122
board of directors
constituency representatives, 120–123
responsibilities, 118
as window on world, 118
boss, and scientific management, 100
Boulding, Kenneth, 57
brain drain, and educational policy,
developing countries, 85
Brazil, multinationals in, 62
Bretton Woods Conference,
and Bancor, 17
British Health Service, 82, 158
Brown, Jerry, 110
Bruening, Heinrich, 181
Budget Reform Act (1974), 87
Bunraku, 203
bureaucracy, and MBO, 80; See also government; public service organizations
business. See also industry
and law of diminishing productivity of capital, 47
businessman, as manager of technology, 44–45
California, University of, student on Board of Regents, 110
Cameralists, 4
Canada, development, and foreign capital, 65–66, 67–68
capital
absorptive capacity, 66
foreign, and development, 65–68
law of diminishing productivity of, 47
and productivity, 13
capital formation
and cost of capital, 13
decline, 10
and Keynesian economics, 2
and Mercantilism, 4
capital markets, polycentric, 73
career paths, multiple, 141
Ceylon, malaria and pesticides, 33
Chase Manhattan Bank, 72
Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 203
Chikutō, Nakabayashi, 199
Child Holding a Spray of Flowers (Sōtatsu), 187
children, upbringing, Japan, 189
Chinese painting, versus Japanese, 192–194
church, performance measurement, 88
co-determination, and board of directors, 112, 120
commitment, and MBO, 92
communications, and concentration of goals, 84
computers
and impact of technology, 52–53
and monitoring need, technology, 54
technology and lead time, 44
Comte, Auguste, 59
conflict of interests, and board of directors, 120
conglomerates, and antitrust, 147–148
conscience, as board of directors role, 116–117
consensus, decision by, Japan, 92
constituency representatives, board of directors, 120–123
consumer demand, in Keynesian economic theory, 11
control, of multinational branches, 74–75
corporations, pension fund ownership, 121
cost
of capital, and capital formation, 13
of cleaning environment, paying, 23–24
Credit Anstalt, Austria, 110
DDT
and environment, 33
and impact of technology, 50–51
and technology monitoring need, 54–55
decision
by consensus, Japan, 92
and MBO, 95
dependency ratio, and retirement, 128–129
Deutsche Geschichte in Neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Schnabel), 59
developing countries. See also multinationals
educational policy and priorities, 85
and extractive industries, 62, 63
importance of foreign resources and capital to, 65–68
dissent, informed, and MBO, 90–91
Doering, Otto, 101
domestic-content policy, developing countries, 69
early warning system, on technology impacts, 56
economic policy, Japan, 168–171
economics
Classic, 5
and macro-economy, 16
Mercantilism, 4
and national government, 17–18
Neo-Classic, 5
rational expectations school, 2
economist, and technology, 57
economist-king, and Keynesian economic policy, 12
economy. See also economics; world economy and productivity, Taylor’s view, 103–104
education
and environmental crisis, 26
on environmental needs, 35
explosion, and estrangement of science and industry, 151–152
policy and priorities, developing countries, 85
and university board of directors, 111–112, 113, 117
effort, splintering, and non-performance, 158–159
electrical industry, technology and lead time, 44–45
employees
part-time, and retirement, 134–136
relations with company, Japan, 176–177
and scientific management, 103–106
entropy, law of, 47
environment
crisis, and emphasis on growth and industrial output, 24–27
and incentives to reach goals, 27
as issue in Japan, 173
paying costs of cleaning, 23–24
and pesticides, 33
and punitive legislation, 27
and technology, 22
and Union Carbide plant, 30
experience, failing to learn from, 161–162
exporting, developing countries, 69–70
extractive industries, and developing countries, 62, 63
feedback
and learning from experience, 162
and performance measurement, 89–90
firm theory, and profit maximization, 14
Ford, Henry, 101
Ford Motor Co.
and Edsel, 86
and seat belts, 56
foreign exchange, and developing countries, 69
foremanship, functional, 100, 106
Franklin National Bank, 110
Friedrich, Caspar David, 202
functional foremanship, and scientific management, 100, 106
General Accounting Office, 87
goals
concentration, and communication, 84
MBO, 93
government. See also public service organizations
doubts about science, 145
multiplier impact of money, 67
and science, 148
what objectives are and should be, 81
Great Depression, 7
growth, and environmental crisis, 24–27
growth industry, and technology, 38
Growth rate, business, in developing countries, 63
guest workers, western Europe, 70
Gulf Oil Corp., 111
Gulick, Luther, 79
gypsy moth, and pesticides, 33
Haiku,185
Hanna, Mark, 181
Harrod, Roy, 8
Harvard University, Board of Overseers, 117
health care, and environmental crisis, 26
Health, Education, and Welfare Department (HEW), 91
Herzberg, Frederick, 102
historians, and technology, 58–59
A History of Technology (Singer), 58
Hōitsu, 187
Hoover, Herbert, 181
Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 186
hospital
maternity ward performance measurement, 88–89
what objectives are and should be, 81–82
Housing and Urban Development Department (HUD), 91
human resources, and productivity, 13
Ieyasu, 188
import dependence, developing countries, 69
import substitution policy, developing countries, 69
in-and-out workers, and retirement, 137
individualism, in Japanese art, 184
industrialization, and Third World ecology, 31–32
industrial output, and environmental crisis, 24–27
industry.See also multinationals
dangers of science’s drift from, 152–154
doubts about science, 145
estrangement of science from, 149–152
fears, and technological innovation, 42
growth, and technology, 38
and human relations, Japan, 190
taxes, and investment, 146–147
inflation, and industry, 145–146
informed dissent, and MBO, 90–91
initiative, and scientific management, 98
inner city, costs, and environmental crisis, 26
innovation
anticipating and planning, 40
and business, 38
and productivity, 9
innovative organization, 46–49
Input-Output Analysis, 3
International Monetary Fund, 17
invention
anticipating and planning, 40
heroic age of, 39
investment
in Keynesian economic theory, 10
Iwasaki, Yataro, 179
Japan
adherence to rules in, 177–181
adversary relations in, 176
animal painting, 185
children’s upbringing, 189
versus China, painting, 192–194
decision by consensus, 92
development, and foreign capital, 65
employee relations with company, 175–177
human relations and industry, 190
individualism in art, 184
Living National Treasure, 199
and myth of Japan Inc., 167–168
national interest, and business policy, 171–173
prepackaged technology, 153
retirement policy, 133–134, 173
tensions and polarities, 188–191
top management and relations, 174–175
Zen concept of learning in, 197–201
The Japanese (Reischauer), 202
Japanese Society (Nakane), 184
job descriptions, and MBO, 94
Johnson, Lyndon, 158
joint ventures, in Japan, 74, 75
judges, retirement standards for, 131
Kachōga painting, 185
Kantei, 188
Katsura Villa, 188
Kazan, Watanabe, 188
Kennedy tax cut, 11
key currency, and world economy, 17
and Bancor, 17
influence on today’s economics, 1–3
and technology, 57
Knapp, Georg Friedrich, 6
Knight, Frank, 15
knowledge work, and scientific management, 106–107
knowledge workers, retirement standards, 130–131
Kōrin, Ogata, 187
Kranzberg, Melvin, 58
Labor Theory of Value, 5, 19–20
Laffer curve, and Kennedy tax cut, 12n
Landes, David S., 59
landscape painting, Japan, 191–192
language, Japan, ideographs and syllabaries, 189, 190
Lasswell, Harold, 166
lead time, and technology, 44–45
learning, Zen concept of, 197–201
legislative, punitive, and environment, 27
Lenin, V. I., 6
Leningrad, sewage, and pollution of Stockholm beaches, 28
Lerner, Abba, 8
Lilienthal, David, 159
Living National Treasure, in Japan, 199
Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 111, 115, 117
McGregor, Douglas, 102
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 181
McLuhan, Marshall, 202
macro-economics
and Kennedy tax cut, 11
and Mercantilism, 4
and Next Economics, 16
malaria, and pesticides, 33
management. See also Management by Objectives (MBO); non-performance; productivity; scientific management
and board of directors, 115–116, 117–118
and innovative organization, 47–49
Japanese women in, 173
what it is and should be, 90–96
Management by Objectives (MBO), 79–81. See also management; non-performance; productivity; scientific management
goal-setting, 93
and performance measurement, 88–90
popularity in government, 79–81
and priorities, 84
what management is and should be, 90–96
what objectives are and should be, 81–90
managers
from developing countries, training, 71
role in developing countries, 64
and technology, 39
of technology, businessmen as, 44–45
March of Dimes, 164
Marcuse, Herbert, 59
Marietta, Ohio, and Union Carbide environmental pollution, 30
and law of diminishing productivity of capital, 47
and technology, 59
matrix organization, and scientific management, 100, 106
Medieval Technology and Social Change (White), 58
membership, board of directors, 119–123
mental work, and scientific management, 106–107
mercantilism, 4
micro-economics
and Classics versus Marxists, 5–6
and Kennedy tax cut, 11
middle management, and computers, 52–53
Midvale Steel Co., 101
Mill, John Stuart, 5
Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan (MITI), 168
and automobile industry, 169–171
Mitsubishi group, 175
Monet, Claude, 197
money
multiplier impact, and development, 66–67
transnational, 17
Montgomery Ward Co., 132
Morgan, Arthur, 159
Morikage, Kusumi, 186
Moscow, air pollution, 28
motivation, and scientific management, 98
multinationals.See also Industry
board of directors, 113
global strategy, and developing countries, 68–72
importance of developing countries to, 62–64
multiplier effect of money, 67
and ownership of companies in developing countries, 72–74
ownership versus control by, 74–75
multiplier, and productive resources, developing countries, 70–71
multiplier impact, money, and development, 66–67
Mumford, Lewis, 58
Murasaki Shikibu, Lady, 203
Nakane, Chie, 184
national economies, and world economy, 16–17
National Health Service, British, 82, 158
national interest, and business policy, Japan, 171–173
national sovereignty, and environmental pollution, 31–32
Nestlé, 71
Nijō Castle, 188
Nobutada, Konoe, 199
non-performance. See also Management by Objectives (MBO); productivity
and assumption of immortality, 163–164
and applying untested theories, 160–161
and failing to learn from experience, 161–162
and inability to abandon, 162–164
public service organizations, lack of concern about, 165–166
and splintering effort, 158–159
Northrup Corp., 111
objectives. See also Management by Objectives (MBO)
lofty, and non-performance, 157–158
what they are and should be, 81–90
Office of Technology Assessment, 50, 54
Okyo, Maruyama, 186
organization
overstaffing, and non-performance, 159–160
ownership, of multinational branches, 74–75
paper industry, as technology prone, 41
Parsons, Talcott, 59
participation, and MBO, 93
part-time employees, and retirement, 134–136
Penn Central Railroad, 110
pension funds, and corporate ownership, 121
pension plans
and retirement, 127
Pension Reform Act, 121
performance, measurement, and MBO, 88–90
Perkins, Frances, 161
personality, development, and scientific management, 99
personnel decisions, and MBO, 94
pesticides, and environment, 33
pharmaceutical companies
profitability, and developing countries, 63
and regulation of new high-potency drugs, 56
physical resources, and productivity, 13
physical strain, and scientific management, 99
planning, and anticipating technology, 40–43
polarities, and tension, Japan, 188–191
police department, what objectives are and should be, 82–83
pollution, and technology, 22
population explosion
and technology, 51
posteriorities, and timing of priorities, 85–86
poverty areas, and environmental crisis, 26
power companies, and regulation to cut air pollution, 55
prediction, difficulty of, 53–54
Principles of Scientific Management (Taylor), 99
private flying boom, prediction of, 51–52
production, deemphasis, and unemployment, 25–26
production factors
and Next Economics, 13
and productivity, 13
productive facilities, developing countries, 69
productivity, 8–9. See also management; Management by Objectives (MBO); non-performance; scientific management
and economic value, 20
and economy, Taylor’s view, 103–104
and environmental crisis, 26
and Keynesian economics, 2
and Mercantilism, 4
and production factors, 13
and scientific management, 100–101
and underdevelopment, 65
professional board members, 123
and cost of cleaning environment, 23–24
profitability, pharmaceutical industry, in developing countries, 63
profit maximization, and Theory of Firm, 14
public sector employees, retirement, 138–139
public service organizations. See also government
assumptions of immortality, and non-performance, 163–164
failure to set attainable goals, and non-performance, 165
measurement of performance, 88–90
priorities and posteriorities in, 84
quality of life, and scientific management, 102–103
rate of return on investment, and innovative organization, 48–49
Rathenau, Walter, 181
rational expectations school of economics, 2
Reischauer, Edwin O., 202
relations, and top management, Japan, 174–175
resources
allocation, and MBO, 88
and concentration of goals, 84
responsibility
board of directors, 118
for impact of technology, 49–53
and MBO, 92
retirement
and in-and-out workers, 137
and part-time employees, 134–136
public sector employees, 138–139
and rights of older people who stay on job, 132–134
setting standards for, 129–132
Robbins, Lionel, 9
Rockefeller, John D., and board of directors, 114
Roosevelt, F. D., 159, 160, 182
and board of directors, 114
Rosenblum, Robert, 202
Rosetsu, Nagasawa, 186, 198, 201
Runge, Otto, 202
Rural Electrification Administration, 158
sales and profits, multinations in developing countries, 62–63
savings, in Keynesian economic theory, 10–11
Say, J. B., 46
Schnabel, Franz, 59
Schumpeter, Joseph, 9, 10, 14, 57
science
attitude of responsibility, 154–156
dangers of drift from industry, 152–154
estrangement from industry, 149–152
and tax effects and industrial investment, 146–147
scientific management. See also management; Management by Objectives (MBO); productivity
myths about, 97
Scientific Revolution, Keynesian, and productivity, 9
Sears, Roebuck & Co., 72, 101 mission, 88
second careers, and retirement, 140–141
self-control, and MBO, 93
senility, and retirement, 131
services and activities, candidates for abandonment, 86
sewage treatment, and technology, 22, 25
Shackle, G.L.S., 15
Shapiro, Irving, 174
Shibuzawa, Eiichi, 172, 173, 179–180
Shijō school, 186
Shop Management (Taylor), 98
Sierra Club, 25
Simpson’s of Canada, 72
Singer, Charles, 58
Sloan, Alfred P. Jr., 79
Social Security, and retirement, 127, 137–138
Society for the History of Technology, 58
Sociologists, and technology, 59
Soviet Union, prepackaged technology, 153
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), 17
and multinationals, 76
standards, for retirement, 129–132
steel industry, as technology prone, 41
Stockholm, beaches polluted by Leningrad sewage, 28
strategies, and MBO, 88
strip mining, and environment, 23
structure
of innovative organization, 49
success, and environmental crisis, 28
supply
and government deficits, 11
and Mercantilism, 4
and Next Economics, 13
survivors, and retirement, 128
targets, and MBO, 87
“Task Study” (Taylor), 9
taxes, and investment, industry, 146–147
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 9
and scientific management, 97–107
teamwork, and scientific management, 101
Technics and Civilization (Mumford), 58
technology
anticipating and planning, 40–43
and difficulty of prediction, 53–54
and environment, 22
and innovative organization, 46–49
prepackaged, 153
responsibility for impact of, 49–53
Technology and Culture, 58
Technology in Western Civilization (Kranzberg and Pursell), 58
Technology, Management & Society (Drucker), 58
The Temple Bell at Dōjō-ji (Rosetsu), 201
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 159
tension and polarities, Japan, 188–191
thermal pollution, and power plants, 24
Third World.See developing countries
time, and productivity, 13
timetables, and MBO, 87
top executives. See also board of directors; management
totalitarian regimes, and economics, 3
Transportation Department, 91
Two Wagtails (Sanraku), 187
underdevelopment, and productivity, 65
under-saving, and Keynesian economics, 10
understanding, and MBO, 90 unemployment
and environment, tradeoff, 28
and part-time older workers, 135–136
and production deemphasis, 25
and retirement, 126
Union Carbide Corp., environmental pollution, 30
unions, Japan, 171–172, 176–177
United Nations, and environmental pollution, 32
U.S. Steel Corp., 101
university, board of directors, 111–112, 113, 117
Unsen, Kushiro, 187
Veblen, Thorstein, 149
vesting, of public service pensions, 138–139
Vienna, West Virginia, and Union Carbide environmental pollution, 30
wages
and productivity, 101
and scientific management, 98
Wallace, Henry, 92
Walras, Leon, 5
water pollution, and technology, 22
Weber, Max, 59
White, Lynn Jr., 58
wire mesh screen, and population explosion, 22, 51
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 7
women in management, Japan, 173
workers. See employees
industry and antitrust bias in, 147–149
WPA, 161
Wright Brothers, 40
Yin T’o-lo, 196
Zaibatsu, 185