Chapter 12

1. Vincent, Theories of the State, P. 39.

2. Chandra, Bipan, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee, India After Independence, Penguin Books: New Delhi, 1999, P. 248.

3. Vincent, Theories of the State, P. 69.

4. Heywood, Political Theory, P. 197.

5. Barker, Greek Political Theory: Plato and His Predecessors, B. I. Publications: New Delhi, 1980, P. 2.

6. Laski, An Introduction to Politics, PP. 29–30.

7. Heywood, Politics, P. 94.

8. Except Telangana, all the three demands have been met and states have been created.

9. Wayper, Political Thought, P. 8. Idiotes means ‘one's own private affair’ as contrasted from the public affair.

10. Wayper, Political Thought, P. 8 and Barker, Greek Political Theory, PP. 172–4.

11. Hall, ‘The State in Question’, P. 3.

12. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, P. 152 and Nelson, Western Political Thought, P. 86.

13. Vincent, Theories of the State, P. 35.

14. Ibid., P. 33.

15. Hall, ‘The State in Question, P. 3.

16. Vincent, Theories of the State, P. 33.

17. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, P. 177.

18. Mansabdari system—granting of mansab by the emperor in lieu of military support, for example, was same as that prevailed in Europe.

19. Armstrong, Islam, P. xi.

20. Manu's Dharmashastra translated by G. Buehler, Chapter V, paragraph 96.

21. Rangarajan, L. N. Kautilaya: The Arthasastra, Penguin Books:New Delhi, 1992, P. 15.

22. Rangarajan, Kautilaya: The Arthasastra, P. 820.

23. Ibid., P. 15.

24. Armstrong, Islam, P. 26.

25. Verma, Modern Indian Political Thought, P. 23.

26. Ibid., PP. 153–4.

27. Dutt, R. Palme, India Today, Manisha Granthalaya (P) Ltd.: Calcutta, 1992, PP. 83–96.

28. Ibid., P. 91.

29. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, P. 753.

30. Absolutist states amongst others would include the French State under Louise XVI and Napoleon Bonaparte, the German state under Hitler and the Italian State under Mussolini.

31. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, P. 398.

32. Heywood, Political Theory, P. 199.

33. Wayper, Political Thought, P. 58.

34. Readers may refer to his The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau, his autobiographical outpouring, for a vivid and heart touching account of his childhood and youth and the due that the friends paid to this soul both by affection and conspiracy, Rupa & Co.: New Delhi, 2000.

35. Wayper, Political Thought, P. 176.

36. Ibid., PP. 182–3.

37. Vincent, Theories of the State, PP. 38, 175–7.

38. Nelson, Western Political Thought, P. 59.

39. Wayper, Political Thought, P. 77.

40. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, P. 493.

41. These two classes are called ‘analytical classes’; they are the main classes in the capitalist-industrial society that are in conflict. Certainly, Marx was not unaware of other classes, such as the petty bourgeoisie, lumpen proletariat and peasantry. However, he felt that as capitalist exploitation would progress, the other classes, other than the two, would become part of the proletariat and when revolutionary upheaval takes place, there would be only two classes.

42. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, P. 742.

43. Heywood, Politics, P. 217.

44. Rangarajan, Kautilaya: The Arthashastra, P. 157.

45. Ibid., P. 159.

46. Ibid., P. 162.

47. Verma, Modern Indian Political Thought, P. 528 (ix).