SQL Reserved Words

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Appendix E. SQL Reserved Words

SQL is a language made up of keywords—special words that are used in performing SQL operations. Special care must be taken to not use these keywords when naming databases, tables, columns, and any other database objects. Thus, these keywords are considered reserved.

This appendix contains a list of the more common reserved words found in major DBMSs. Please note the following:

Keywords tend to be very DBMS-specific, and not all the keywords that follow are used by all DBMSs.
Many DBMSs have extended the list of SQL reserved words to include terms specific to their implementations. Most DBMS-specific keywords are not listed in the following section.
To ensure future compatibility and portability, it is a good idea to avoid any and all reserved words, even those not reserved by your own DBMS.

`ABSOLUTE`	`ANY`	`AUTOINC`
`ACTION`	`ARE`	`AVG`
`ACTIVE`	`AS`	`BACKUP`
`ADD`	`ASC`	`BEFORE`
`AFTER`	`ASCENDING`	`BEGIN`
`ALL`	`ASSERTION`	`BETWEEN`
`ALLOCATE`	`AT`	`BIT`
`ALTER`	`AUTHORIZATION`	`BLOB`
`AND`	`AUTO`	`BOOLEAN`
`BOTH`	`CONDITIONAL`	`DEC`
`BREAK`	`CONFIRM`	`DECIMAL`
`BROWSE`	`CONNECT`	`DECLARE`
`BULK`	`CONNECTION`	`DEFAULT`
`BY`	`CONSTRAINT`	`DELETE`
`BYTES`	`CONSTRAINTS`	`DENY`
`CACHE`	`CONTAINING`	`DESC`
`CASCADE`	`CONTAINS`	`DESCENDING`
`CASCADED`	`CONTAINSTABLE`	`DESCRIBE`
`CASE`	`CONTINUE`	`DISCONNECT`
`CAST`	`CONTROLROW`	`DISK`
`CATALOG`	`CONVERT`	`DISTINCT`
`CHAR`	`COUNT`	`DISTRIBUTED`
`CHARACTER`	`CREATE`	`DO`
`CHECK`	`CROSS`	`DOMAIN`
`CHECKPOINT`	`CSTRING`	`DOUBLE`
`CLOSE`	`CUBE`	`DROP`
`CLUSTERED`	`CURRENT`	`DUMMY`
`COALESCE`	`CURSOR`	`DUMP`
`COLLATE`	`DATABASE`	`ELSE`
`COLUMN`	`DATE`	`END`
`COMMENT`	`DATETIME`	`ERRLVL`
`COMMIT`	`DAY`	`ERROREXIT`
`COMMITTED`	`DBCC`	`ESCAPE`
`COMPUTE`	`DEALLOCATE`	`EXCEPT`
`COMPUTED`	`DEBUG`	`EXCEPTION`
`EXEC`	`GROUP`	`LEFT`
`EXECUTE`	`HAVING`	`LENGTH`
`EXISTS`	`HOLDLOCK`	`LEVEL`
`EXIT`	`HOUR`	`LIKE`
`EXTERNAL`	`IDENTITY`	`LINENO`
`EXTRACT`	`IF`	`LOAD`
`FALSE`	`IN`	`LOCAL`
`FETCH`	`INACTIVE`	`LOGFILE`
`FILE`	`INDEX`	`LONG`
`FILLFACTOR`	`INDICATOR`	`LOWER`
`FILTER`	`INNER`	`MANUAL`
`FLOAT`	`INPUT`	`MATCH`
`FLOPPY`	`INSERT`	`MAX`
`FOR`	`INT`	`MERGE`
`FOREIGN`	`INTEGER`	`MESSAGE`
`FOUND`	`INTERSECT`	`MIN`
`FREETEXT`	`INTERVAL`	`MINUTE`
`FREETEXTTABLE`	`INTO`	`MIRROREXIT`
`FROM`	`IS`	`MODULE`
`FULL`	`ISOLATION`	`MONEY`
`FUNCTION`	`JOIN`	`MONTH`
`GENERATOR`	`KEY`	`NAMES`
`GET`	`KILL`	`NATIONAL`
`GO`	`LANGUAGE`	`NATURAL`
`GOTO`	`LAST`	`NCHAR`
`GRANT`	`LEADING`	`NEXT`
`NO`	`PARTIAL`	`RESERV`
`NOCHECK`	`PASSWORD`	`RESERVING`
`NONCLUSTERED`	`PERCENT`	`RESTORE`
`NONE`	`PERM`	`RESTRICT`
`NOT`	`PERMANENT`	`RETAIN`
`NULL`	`PIPE`	`RETURN`
`NULLIF`	`PLAN`	`RETURNS`
`NUMERIC`	`POSITION`	`REVOKE`
`OF`	`PRECISION`	`RIGHT`
`OFF`	`PREPARE`	`ROLLBACK`
`OFFSETS`	`PRIMARY`	`ROLLUP`
`ON`	`PRINT`	`RULE`
`ONCE`	`PRIOR`	`SAVE`
`ONLY`	`PRIVILEGES`	`SCHEMA`
`OPEN`	`PROC`	`SECOND`
`OPTION`	`PROCEDURE`	`SECTION`
`OR`	`PROCESSEXIT`	`SEGMENT`
`ORDER`	`PROTECTED`	`SELECT`
`OUTER`	`PUBLIC`	`SEQUENCE`
`OUTPUT`	`RAISERROR`	`SET`
`OVER`	`READ`	`SETUSER`
`OVERFLOW`	`READTEXT`	`SHADOW`
`PAD`	`REAL`	`SHARED`
`PAGE`	`REFERENCES`	`SHUTDOWN`
`PAGES`	`RELATIVE`	`SINGULAR`
`PARAMETER`	`REPLICATION`	`SIZE`
`SMALLINT`	`TRAILING`	`WAITFOR`
`SNAPSHOT`	`TRAN`	`WHEN`
`SOME`	`TRANSACTION`	`WHERE`
`SORT`	`TRANSLATE`	`WHILE`
`SPACE`	`TRIGGER`	`WITH`
`SQL`	`TRIM`	`WORK`
`SQLCODE`	`TRUE`	`WRITE`
`SQLERROR`	`TRUNCATE`	`WRITETEXT`
`STABILITY`	`UNCOMMITED`	`YEAR`
`STARTING`	`UNION`	`ZONE`
`STARTS`	`UNIQUE`
`STATISTTICS`	`UPDATE`
`SUBSTRING`	`UPDATETEXT`
`SUM`	`UPPER`
`SUSPEND`	`USAGE`
`TABLE`	`USE`
`TAPE`	`USER`
`TEMP`	`USING`
`TEMPORARY`	`VALUE`
`TEXT`	`VALUES`
`TEXTSIZE`	`VARCHAR`
`THEN`	`VARIABLE`
`TIME`	`VARYING`
`TIMESTAMP`	`VIEW`
`TO`	`VOLUME`
`TOP`	`WAIT`

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Appendix E. SQL Reserved Words

Table of Contents for
SQL Reserved Words